PAZZI, James, a banker, of Florence, of an llustrious family. He headed the faction which pposed the Medicis, and conspired to seize pon the sovereign power of Italy; but was ta- PELETIER, Claude de, a Parisian, counselen and suffered death, about 1478. lor of the Chatelet, and of the parliament, prePEACOCK, Reginald, an Englishman, made sident of the chamber of requests, provost of uke of Gloucester, bishop of St. Asaph, and the merchants, and builder of the quay at Paris, fterwards of Chichester; but denying transub-which bears his name, and, finally, counsellor of tantiation, he was banished, and his books pub-state; he died in 1711. icly burnt; he died in 1486.

PECHMEJA, John de, a Frenchman, profes-in sor of eloquence. He wrote a eulogium on Colbert, and was a most amiable and friendly man. He died in 1785.

PECK, Francis, an eminent English antiquary, biographer, and critic, was born in 1692, PELLETIER, Bertrand, distinguished at Paand died in 1743. He wrote several books; ris for his knowledge of chymistry and pharamong which are the lives of Milton and Crom-macy, and author of various dissertations in well.

and afterwards in Boston; he published several sermons, and died in 1777.

PEMBERTON, Thomas, a distinguished American historian, born in 1728, and died in 1807. He devoted himself to the history of his country, and wrote 15 historical and other manuscript volumes, which now belong to the Massachusetts Historical Society.

PEMBLE, William, an English divine, who ranked high as a scholar, died in 1623.

PEMBROKE, Thomas, an excellent English portrait and historical painter, died in 1730. PENDLETON, Edmund, an eminent lawyer and statesman, of Virginia, was distinguished for his support of the rights of the colonies, and for his patriotism during the war of the revolution. He was a member of congress, in 1774, and afterwards a judge of the court of appeals in Virginia; he died in 1803.

PENHALLOW, Samuel, of New-Hampshire, author of a "History of the early Indian War of New-England;" he died in 1726.

PENRY, John, or AP-HENRY, a Brownist, educated at Oxford. He wrote against episcopacy, under the name of Martin Mar-Prelate. His writings were considered seditious, and he was tried and executed in 1593.

PENS, George, of Nuremberg, a very distin guished painter and engraver, in the 16th cen tury.

PEPIN the Short, son of Charles Martel, the first monarch of the second French dynasty, was elected in 752. He was a heroic and firm prince, and died in 768.

PEPIN the Fat, mayor of the palace, and governor of Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy. He was a man of wisdom and vigour, and died in 714.

PEPPERELL, sir William, a native of Maine, and lieutenant-general in the British ser vice; he commanded the expedition which toot Louisburg, and died in 1759.

PEPUSCH, Dr. John Christopher, one of the greatest theoretic musicians of modern times. PENN, William, a distinguished British ad- He became, so early, a proficient on the harpi miral, who commanded at the reduction of Ja-chord, that at the age of 14 he was sent for t maica, in 1655, and was knighted by Charles II., court, and appointed to teach the prince, father for his services; he died in 1670. of the king of Prussia. At 33 he went over to PENN, William, a distinguished quaker, England, was retained at Drury-lane, and assist founder and legislator of the colony of Pennsyl-ed in setting the operas which were performed vania, was born in London, in 1644. At the age there. He died in 1752.

of 24, he became a preacher among the qua PEPYS, Samuel, a learned Englishman, kers. In 1681, Charles II., granted Mr. Penn and known as the indefatigable secretary of the ad his heirs, by letters patent, the province of Penn-mirality, in the reigns of Charles II, and bis sylvania, and made them absolute proprietors brother; he died in 1703. and governors of that country. He died in England, in 1718.

PENN, Thomas, son of William Penn, was born in 1702. For nearly fifty years after the death of his father, he took an active and influential part in the administration of Pennsylvania, and was distinguished for his liberality to the literary, charitable and religious institutions of that colony. He died in London, in 1775.

PENN, John, a member of congress, from North Carolina, in 1776, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence.

PENNANT, Thomas, an English gentleman, of eminent knowledge in natural history and antiquities; he wrote a number of valuable books, and died in 1798, aged 72.

PENNI, Giovanni Francisco, an eminent Italian painter, and disciple of Raphael; he died in 1528, aged 40.

PENNIČUIK, Alexander, a Scotch physician, who published a topographical account of Tweedale; he died in 1722.

PENNINGTON, lady, wife of sir Joseph, bart.-Family misunderstandings having separated her from her children, she wrote for their use, "An unfortunate Mother's advice to her absent Daughters," a work of great merit; she

died in 1783.

PERANDA, Santa, a native of Venice, and an eminent historical painter, died in 1738.

PERAU, Gabriel Lewis Calabre, a French ecclesiastic, of the Sorbonne, who wrote "Live of Illustrious Frenchmen," and edited Bossuet's works, &c. He died in 1767.

PERCEVAL, Spencer, son of the earl of Egmont, was born in 1762. He was educated at Cambridge, and became an eminent lawyer An assassin named Bellingham, shot him with a pistol, in the lobby of the house of commons in 1812.

PERCIVAL, Dr. Thomas, an eminent physi cian, and medical and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1740, and died in 1804, and left be hind him an excellent moral character.

PERCY,William, progenitor of the illustrious house of that name, and one of the courtiers of William the Conqueror. His descendants, distinguished by their zeal in the cause of their sovereigns, were raised in 1377, to the rank of earl of Northumberland, by Richard II. The most celebrated among them was, Henry, sur named Hotspur, who was at last defeated at the battle of Shrewsbury, in 1403.

PERCY, George, succeeded capt. John Smith, as president of the colony of Virginia, in 1609, and was superseded the following year.

PENNINGTON, Isaac, son of a lord mayor of PERCY, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, Ire London, was converted by Fox, and became a land, was educated at Oxford, and died at Dro zealous quaker. As a writer and travelling more, in 1811; he was author of several works. minister, he was active in spreading the tenets PERDICCAS, one of the generals and suc he had embraced, for which he was much per-cessors of Alexander; he was slain in his tent, secuted; he died in 1679.

PENNY, Thomas, a celebrated English naturalist, who travelled over England and other countries, in search of botanical knowledge. PENROSE, Thomas, an English divine and ingenious poet, died in 1779, aged 36.

PENRUDDOCK, John, a colonel during the civil wars, in the royal service, who was beHeaded in 1655. He was a man of great piety and many virtues.

by some of his officers, 321 B. C.

PEREFIXE, Hardouin de Beaumont de, archbishop of Paris, and author of a very ex cellent "History of Henry IV. of France;" he died in 1670.

PEREIRA-GOMEZ, George, an eminent Span ish physician, author of a "Treatise to prove the Brute Creation to be mere Machines."

PEREIRA DE FIGUEIREDO, Anthony, & Portuguese divine, who took part in the dispe

who being in an anatomical room during an earthquake, was so frighted at the motion of he skeletons, that he died in 1692. PEUTINGER, Conrad, a learned German, ecretary of the senate of Augsburg, and an ble negotiator. He published many learned works, and died in 1547.

PHARNACES, son of Mithridates, king of Pontus, revolted against his father. Cæsar defeated him with such facility that he wrote to the senate only the following: "Veni, vidi, vici."

PHERECRATES, a Greek comic poet, who flourished about 330 B. C.

PHERECYDES, a philosopher, of Scyros,

There was another of the same name 456 B. C., author of "A History of Athens."

PEYER, John Conrad, a German physician, n the 17th century, distinguished for having ||560 B. C., and master of the great Pythagoras. irst given an account of the intestine glands. PEYRERE, Isaac, a French heretical writer, orn in 1594, and died in 1676. He believed that Adam was not the first man. PEYRESC. See PEIRESC PEYROUSE. See PEROUSE.

PHIDIAS, the most famous sculptor of antiquity, an Athenian, and cotemporary of the celebrated Pericles; he died in 432 B. C.

PHILANDER, William, a Frenchman, archPEYSSONNEL, Charles, a French writer, deacon of St. Antoninus. He wrote a commenwho went secretary of an embassy to Constan-tary on Vitruvius, and another on Quintillian; nople, and was afterwards consul at Smyrna. he died in 1565.

He was a philosopher and antiquary, and wrote PHILELPHUS, Francis, a learned Italian, aueveral learned dissertations; he died in 1757.thor of several works, professor of eloquence His son was also consul at Smyrna, and a man at Venice, and secretary of an embassy to Conf science, and general information, and died in stantinople. His son Marius was also a man 790. of learning, and died in 1480.

PEZAY, Masson, marquis of, he instructed PHILEMON, a comic poet, of Athens, flourewis XVI., in military exercises, and was re-ished 274 B. C.; he is said to have died at 101 arded with the place of inspector-general of years of age. e coasts, but was afterwards disgraced, and sed in 1778.

PEZENAS, Esprit, a learned jesuit, professor f philosophy, and hydrography, at Marseilles. He died in 1776.

PEZRON, Paul, a very learned and ingenious rench historian and antiquary, born in 1639, nd died in 1706.

PFANNER, Tobias, called, from his extensive owledge, the living Archives of the house of ахону. He died in 1717.

PHILETUS, a Greek poet and grammarian, of Cos, preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. PHILIDOR, Andre Danican, the most skilful chess-player perhaps that ever was known. He was also an excellent musician, and produced many French dramatic pieces of considerable merit. He died in 1795, aged 69.

PHILIP, St., a native of Bethsaida, was the first whom Jesus called to become his disciple. He was a fisherman, and left a family at home. Another of the same name, who was a deacon in the church, converted a eunuch of Candace. PHILIP II., king of Macedon, and father of Alexander the Great, was equally renowned as Ja legislator, politician, and warrior. PFEFFEL, author of "A History of Germa-assassinated at a banquet, by Pausanias, a cap

PFEFFERCORN, John, a famous converted Ew, who had nearly persuaded Maximilian to arn all books except the Bible. He wrote on e Scriptures, and died in 1520.

y." died at Paris, in 1807, aged 81.

PFIEFFER, Augustus, a learned orientalist, rofessor of oriental languages at Wittemberg, eipsic, and other places. He published several ole works, and died in 1698.

PFEIFFER, Lewis, a native of Lucerne, and famous general in the service of Charles IX. France, whose life he once preserved; he ed in 1594.

PHÆDON, a native of Elis, the disciple of ocrates, and founder of the sect called Elean losophers.

tain of guards, 336 B. C.

He was

PHILIP V., king of Macedon, succeeded to the throne 220 B. C. His jealousy of the Roman power, and his alliance with Hannibal proved his ruin. His dominions were invaded by the consul Lævinus, and he was conquered. He put to death his eldest son, Demetrius, and died 178 B. C.

PHILIP, Marcus Julius, an Arabian, who, from the rank of a common soldier, ascended the imperial throne of Rome, by the murder of the younger Gordian, in 244. He was assassi

PHEDRUS, an ancient Latin author, ad-nated in 249.
hired for the elegance of his language; he
ved in the reign of Tiberius.

PHÆDRUS, Thomas, professor of eloquence
Rome, early in the 16th century, and called
e Cicero of his time.

PHAER, Thomas, an English physician, who blished various medical works, chiefly com led from the French. He also translated a art of the Æneid; he died in 1560.

PHALARIS, a celebrated tyrant of antiquity, orn at Crete; he was particularly cruel to ard his enemies. He was put to death by his bjects, in his brazen bull that Perilius made, d in which he was the first to suffer death, 3 B. C.

PHILIP I., king of France, succeeded his father, Henry I., in 1060. He was a wicked and ambitious prince. Dissatisfied with his queen, Bertha, he carried away Bertrande, wife of the count of Anjou, and married her. He was at war with England and the Flemings, and was defeated by both. He died in 1108.

PHILIP II., surnamed Augustus, king of France, succeeded his father, Lewis VII.,in 1180. He was a wise and politic prince, an intrepid warrior, an enlightened legislator, and an impartial judge. In conjunction with Richard I., of England, he made a crusade to the Holy Land, with 300,000 men, but, though victorious, he returned with little glory. He afterwards invaded England, and was crowned king, at London, but the nobles throwing off their alleOngiance, he retired, and died in 1923.

PHARAMOND, was first king of France,
nd institutor of the Salique law, which pre-
ents women from inheriting real estate.
us law is founded one which excludes females
om inheriting the throne of France. He died
128.

PHILIP II., or the Hardy, was proclaimed king of France in 1270, while in Africa, on a crusade with his father Lewis IX. He defeated

grace. Another of his queens was treated within the streets of Paris; but found an equal and equal indignity. He became odious to his sub-a rival in Robespierre, who finally outlawed jects, and was killed by his brother, in 1369. him, and set a price on his head. He perished PETER the Great, ezar of Russia, who ci- by starvation, in 1793. vilized that nation, and raised it from ignorance and barbarism to politeness, knowledge, and power, was born in 1672. The history of his life and reign would demand a volume, and is so eventful, as to defy abridgment. He spared no pains nor fatigues to obtain knowledge which he thought would be beneficial to his subjects, and was emphatically and justly called the "Father of his Country." He died in 1725.

PETIS DE LA CROIX, Francis, interpreter of the oriental languages to Louis XIV., bora in 1654, and died in 1713, after having compiled several useful works relating to oriental history. PETIT, John Lewis, a celebrated surgeon. born in Paris. He was invited to visit the king of Poland, and afterwards went to Spain to a tend on Ferdinand. He invented some valu ble surgical instruments, and wrote on surgery, and died in 1750.

PETER II, emperor of Russia, son of Alexis Petrowitz, succeeded the empress Catherine at PETIT, Peter, of France, celebrated for hi the age of 15. He banished the favourite mi-mathematical and philosophical writings; be nister, Menzikoff, and died in 1738, aged 15. died in 1667, aged 69.

PETER III., emperor of Russia, ascended the PETIT, Samuel, an eminent French schola, throne in 1761. His attempts to reform his sub-and professor of theology, Greek, and Hebrew, jects proving abortive, he was dethroned by his at Geneva. He wrote on classical literature queen, Catherine II., who assumed the reins of and died in 1645. government. He died in 1762.

PETIT, Anthony, an eminent physician,

PETER NOLASQUE, a native of Langue-Paris, and afterwards at Orleans. He was doc, in the service of James, king of Arragon. copious and learned writer on several parts He established the order of mercy, whose sole his profession, and died in 1794. business was the redemption of Christian slaves from the power of infidels. He died in 1256.

PETER of Sicily, author, in the 8th century, of a curious and interesting history of the Manichees, in Greek and Latin, in 1604.

PETIT, Peter, a learned Frenchman, born a Paris, was the author of various works of grea interest, and died in 1687.

PETITOT, John, an eminent painter and chymist, born at Geneva, in 1607. To him ascribed the invention of painting in enamel; he di in 1691.

PETER of Cluni, or, the Venerable, was a man of great learning, who granted a friendly asyium to the unfortunate Abelard, in 1130. He received pope Innocent II. at his abbey with be-nist. coming magnificence.

PETER, an ecclesiastic, preceptor, and then secretary, to William II., king of Sicily. He was invited to England by Henry II., and was made archbishop of Bath, and then of London. He died in 1200.

PETIVER, James, F. R. S., an English bota

He collected a museum, for which t Hans Sloane offered 40007. He was author several works on botany, and died in 1718.

PETRARCH, Francis, an Italian, eminent for great parts and learning, and who has beet called the father of modern poetry. At Vaucluse near Avignon, in 1327, he commenced an ame PETER, the wild boy, a youth found in the with a young damsel named Laura, who live woods in Hanover, in 1726, and carried to Eng-in the neighbourhood, and whom he has mad land by the order of queen Caroline; but no care uor pains could ever make him articulate a word; he died in 1785.

PETER LOMBARD. See LOMBARD.
PETER MARTYR.

See MARTYR.

famous by his poetry.

He died in 1374. PETRE, sir William, LL. D., he had the at to continue in power under the dissimilar reg of Cromwell, Henry VIII., Edward VI.,and Me ry; and under Elizabeth he was made secret PETER D'OSMA, a Spanish ecclesiastic, inry of state. He was a man of great talents, as the 15th century, who was, perhaps, the fore-died in 1574. runner of the reformation, as he wrote and PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, a Roman senato preached against the infallibility of the church who assassinated Valentinian III., and seize of Rome. the throne, in 455.

PETERS, Gerard, of Amsterdam, a distin- PETRONIUS ARBITER, Titus, a polite wr guished landscape painter, in the 16th century.ter of antiquity, who flourished in the reign of PETERS, Bonaventure, of Antwerp, a paint-Nero. He was bled to death by order of Ñem, cr, whose marine pieces are much admired; he|A. D. 65. died in 1652. PETTUS, sir John, deputy governor of the PETERS, Francis Lucas, an eminent land-royal mines, and member of parliament, unde scape painter, born at Mechlin, died in 1654. Charles II. He wrote on mining, and on histo PETERS, Hugh, a turbulent Englishman, ry, and died in 1690. who became an actor, then a bishop and lecturer, then an adulterer, for which he was obliged to flee to America; but returned to England, where, for his violence against Charles I., he was hanged and quartered, in 1660.

PETERS, Hugh, an English jesuit, known in istory as the friend and confessor of James II., by whose advice the ruin of that monarch was hastened.

PETTY, sir William, an eminent English physician, bot chiefly celebrated for his know ledge in mathematics and mechanics, and his writings upon political arithmetic; he die in 1687, aged 64.

PETYT, William, a native of Yorkshire, eminent for his knowledge of ancient law, which he wrote several works; he died in 16 PEUCER, Gaspard, an eminent physic PETERS, Charles, an English divine, cele-and mathematician, professor of medicine, & brated for his theological writings, died in 1777. Wittemberg. He was a Lutheran, and marred PETHION DE VILLENEUVE, Jerome, Melancthon's daughter. His opinions caused s mayor of Paris, and member of the national imprisonment for 10 years, during which time, convention. He was a violent opposer of roy he wrote several learned works; he died in alty, and his influence hastened the downfall 1602. Louis XVI. He permitted riot and murder

PEUTEMAN, Peter, a painter, of Rotterdam.

PHILO, Judæus, an ancient Greek writer, on moral philosophy, and of a noble family among the Jews, flourished at Alexandria in the reign of Caligula. He was twice seut by the Jews of that city to Rome, to plead their cause against Apion, and on his second mission is said to have become a Christian.

condemned on a false accusation of treason, by his ungrateful fellow-citizens, and put to death, by poison, 318 B. C.

PHOCYLIDES, a Greek poet, of Miletus, about 540 B. C.

PHORMIO, a peripatetic philosopher, of Ephesus.

PHORMIO, an Athenian general, who displayed great bravery during the Peloponnesian war. He sold his property to supply the army but refused to be commander-in-chief.

PHOTINUS, bishop of Sirmium, was deposed for supporting that Christ was only a man; PHOTIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, in the 9th century, and the greatest man of the age in PHILO, an architect, of Byzantium, 300 B. C. which he lived. Of his works, the most consiHe is the author of a treatise on military ma-derable is his "Bibliotheca." He died in 886. chines, &c.

PHILO, a grammarian, of Byblos, who trans-he died in 376. lated Sanchoniathon, from the Phoenician into Greek.

PHRAATES III., king of Parthia, was mur

PHILOLAUS, of Cretona, an ancient philo-dered by his two sons, 36 B. C. sopher of the Pythagorean school. He made the heavens his principal object of contemplation, and is generally supposed to have been the author of that system which Copernicus afterwards revived, and which is now known to be the true system of astronomy.

PHRAATES IV., was raised to the Parthian throne by his father, whom he soon murdered; but he at last perished himself by the hand of his own son.

PHILOPOEMEN, of Megalopolis, celebrated as a general in the Achæan league, against the Spartans and Ætolians. He was poisoned by Dinocrates, 183 B. C.

PHILOPONUS, John, an Alexandrian, author of a Commentary on the Creation, and head of the tri-theists in the 7th century. PHILOSTORGIUS, an ancient ecclesiastical historian, who flourished in Cappadocia about the year 420.

PHILOSTRATUS, Flavius, an ancient Greek sophist and critic, who wrote the Life of Apollonius Tyanens, which is highly celebrated. He died in 244.

PHILOXENUS, a dithyrambic poet, at the court of Dionysius, of Syracuse. He died 380 B. C.

PHILPOT, John, a native of Hampshire, a warm advocate for the reformation, was made archdeacon of Winchester, by Edward VI. ; but in the next reign, was convicted of heresy, and burn at Smithfield, in 1555.

PHRANZA, George, a Greek author, who wrote a Chronicle of his own Times, to 1461. PHREAS, or FREAS, John, an English writer of the 14th century.

PHRYNE, a celebrated courtezan, of Athens, the mistress of Prexiteles, 328 B. C.

PHRYNICUS, a Greek orator, of Bithynia, under Commodus.

PHRYNIS, a musician, of Mitylene, who is said to have added two strings to the lyre, 438 B. C.

PIA, Philip Nicholas, an eminent chymist, and chief surgeon of the hospital at Strasburg; he died in 1799.

PIAZZI, Jerome Bartholomew, a historian of the "Inquisition in Italy," of which court he was formerly a judge; but became afterwards a convert to the church of England, and died at Cambridge, in 1745.

PIAZETTA,John Baptist, a celebrated painter, of Venice, died in 1754.

PIBRAC. See FAUR.

PICARD, John, a French ecclesiastic. He acquired celebrity as an astronomer, and died 1683.

PICART, Bernard, a very famous French engraver; he died in 1733, aged 60.

PHINEHAS, son of Eleazar, was commend-in ed for his zeal in the cause of God, for killing] the Israelite and the Midianitish woman, who committed fornication in the camp of Israel, 1455 B. C.

PHIPPS, Constantine John, lord Mulgrave, an eminent English circumnavigator; he died in 1792, aged 46.

PHIPS, sir William, governor of the colony of Massachusetts, was born of obscure parents, in 1650, and died in 1695. He was knighted for his success in obtaining a large property from a Spanish wreck, which laid the foundation of his fortune.

PHLEGON, a native of Tralles, wrote several works full of erudition. He was the emperor Adrian's freedman.

PHOCAS, a Chalcedonian noble, who seized on the empire of the East by the murder of the emperor Maurice and his children, in 602. Heraclius, governor of Africa, conspired against him, and cut off his head, in 610.

PICÁRT, Michael, professor of philosophy and poetry, at Altorf, died in 1620.

PICCINI, Nicholas, an eminent musical composer, of Naples, died in 1800.

PICCOLOMINI, James, an Italian, made cardinal by Pius II., was author of a history of his own times, and died in 1479.

PICCOLOMINI, Alexander, an Italian, and archbishop of Patras, the author of dramatic pieces, &c., was the first who used the Italian language in philosophical subjects; he died in 1578.

FICCOLOMINI, Francis, of the same family, wrote Commentaries on Aristotle, and died in 1604.

PICHEGRU, Charles, a distinguished French general, born at Arbois, in 1761. He subjugated Holland; was exiled to Cayenne, whence he escaped to England. He returned to Paris, in 1804, where he was imprisoned, and died on the 6th of April.

PICHON, John, a French jesuit, and author, died in 1751.

PHOCAS, John, a monk of the 12th century, born in Crete. He built a small church on Mount Carmel, where he fixed his residence. He wrote a description of the Holy Land, &c. PHOCION, a renowned Athenian general and philosopher, the disciple of Plato. He was

PICHOT, Peter, a physician of eminence at Bourdeaux, in the 16th century.