we may come to that," in a war, everything you, nor even NAPOLEON, can afford sufficient depends on moments. Opportunity lost is a forces for that war there. He cannot say, as campaign lost-may be even more. Poland is you can, let us send our last soldier-police your only remedy even to-day; but how much will do at home. He cannot; he has many surer and easier would it have been six months things to guard-Paris, France, Algiers, and ago? I do not speak from even patriotic watch to the north and to the south. You egotism; this war, such as it is, and as it may have not too much of men-he has too much be carried on, or arranged in the worst possi- of exigences. I repeat my words of yore:ble manner, is manifestly an indication of re- come what may in this war, England stands tributive justice, slow but sure in its decrees. more in need of Poland and Hungary than Much against the will of your Government, Poland and Hungary stand in need of Engand whatever Lord PALMERSTON may diplo- land. With us, victory-without us, defeat, matize at Paris, or even at Vienna, as some or a disreputable, insufficient armistice. You people say, the freedom of Hungary is sure to know the tale about the nine Sybilline books. come. It were sad for myself not to see the Poland will be your Sybilline books. Three day, but that is only a question of individual already are lost-hasten to buy the remaining happiness, not worth while to speak of. If I six, or else, like the Roman King of old, you die to-day, I die sure of the fact that my dear shall have to pay the price of all the nine for Hungary will be free. I speak not from the last three. Mine is the advice-yours is egotism. I speak as England's friend. Neither the choice. From The Athenæum. Notes of a Theological Student. By James Mason wondrous house of Harmony,-a little opening of the door to catch a moment's outsounding melody. The above is from the dictionary of Jean Paul not of Jonathan-if we mistake not. Mr. Hoppin, however, is not always German. To those who think we are too severe, we recom mend his entire chapter on the Harz, as a yet more astounding specimen of fustian. We can but treat them to a Brocken sunrise:— ALL who are acquainted with the Continent must also be familiar with "the American in Paris," who knows the best hotel, the best tailor, the best restaurateur (and his best dish), with an excruciating minuteness of intimacy, distancing the best Parisian knowledge of home ways and means of enjoyment. They will have seen, also, "the American in Germany," another and a bet. By-and-by a slight tinge of the most delicate ter description of man,-more studious, more rosy light blushed around the upper border of the reverential, but not less national in his resolute thick clouds, and smiled the sun's coming. As if determination to Germanize himself on the spot, to add more pomp to the morning-coronation of than the denizen of Alabama, whom they en- the great lord of day, and light, and heat, the winds countered on "Phillipe's" threshold, had been began to swell with a deep roaring, like the pro in his desire to Frenchify himself. Need we say phetic sighing of the ocean before a storm, or the that neither the one nor the other represents the far-off thundering of Niagara; and when the sun at man of taste-the man of thought-the man of length appeared, his red disc vastly rose above the real artistic capacity, whom the New World globes of fire in one, and yet more increased by rent curtains of the clouds, flaming like myriad sends forth to the old land of his ancestors, to the earthly mists through which it rose. I watchgather, to enjoy, to learn, and to compare? Suched its orb, filling with its inflamed vapory cincture a disclaimer, perhaps, was needed ere we began almost one quarter of the heavens, until like a great to deal, in a few paragraphs, with Mr. James and good name, it had purged itself from the fogs Mason Hoppin. This student's "Notes" seem of a base world, and had commenced its unclouded, to us not so much honest notes of admiration as golden sweep to the meridian. I wonder not that cuckoo-notes, imitating the raptures and rhapso- the ancients, having fallen from God's worship, did dies of those who have gone before him. 64 Let not America," says he, "be ashamed of herself, or of her own independent mentality." Why The "theological student" touches other should a "theological student," who preaches so scenes as well as German ones: Delphi, Parnas sound a sentiment in his first chapters, be so sus, Athens, and some of the localities of the willing to ape the most individual and personal Holy Land; describing Bethlehem, Nazareth, quaintnesses of a quaint German writer, when he and Gethsemane, with an exuberance of style to sets himself to note German things? Hear how which we recollect nothing comparable, except it one who stands up for "independent mentality" be in certain rhapsodies by Mr. Gilfillan. We can speak of the privilege of attending a Leipsic are sorry for Mr. Hoppin's congregation that is, or that is to be, if his studies abroad are to end in home sermons as gay, grand, and glorious as concert: next adore the sun. I thus, an unskilled one, had a glimpse into the these "Notes." From Chambers's Journal. being the stronger fibre of the two, linen rags make stronger paper than cotton rags. The sweepings of cotton mills also contribute toOUR readers can hardly be ignorant of the wards the supply. As to the veritable linen rags fact, that the materials for English paper are be- themselves, we import some from abroad-our coming somewhat scarce. Not many weeks ago, own shirt-wearers do not yield sufficient for the the proprietors of a leading London journal of wants of our paper-makers. The rag-merchants fered a prize or premium of £1000 to any one buy from Germany, Hungary, Italy, Sicily, and who could discover a new material for paper. other continental countries-from any and every Certain conditions were attached, relating to the where, indeed, where rag-export is permitted; continuous and abundant supply of the material, for it is worthy of remark, as a proof of the im the capability of converting it into fine pulp, the portance attached to this subject, that many forpower of bleaching it, and the price at which it eign governments prohibit the exportation of could be sold. We are not aware that, up to this material. Italy and Sicily are linen-wearing the present time, the premium has been claimed. but not book-making countries; and this is, to a It is not to be wondered at that men should great extent, the case in Hungary and South seek for new materials for paper. Rags are lim- Germany; hence those countries have rags to ited in quantity, and flax is expensive if grown sell, and have no particular objection to sell professedly for paper making purposes; and them. There are some rags, however, obtained hence an inquiry would naturally arise, whether from more northern parts of Europe. Here the any cheap substitute could be found. We scem rag-dealers are furnished with a peculiar sort of to be busy on this subject just now, but men exponent of social advancement: they always were quite as busy in the last century. We have know English rags from foreign by being in a now before us a remarkable exemplar of this ac- cleaner state; and German from Italian, by betivity. It is in the form of a book, descriptive ing cleaner. The English housewife will mend of the manufacture of paper from various vege- and mend her boy's pinafore, or her husband's table substances; and the leaves of the book are shirt, as long as it will hold decently together; made of the very paper so described. The au- but whether sound or dilapidated, she washes it thor and maker of the book was Jacob Christian well and oft, and it reaches the rag-bag in a Schäffer, a pastor at Ratisbon. The book is a cleaner state than the cast-off garments of most little volume of about sixty leaves, all formed of other countries. Five or six thousand tons of different substances, the bark of the willow, the foreign rags are imported yearly by or for our beech, the aspen, the hawthorn, the linden, and paper-makers, in addition to that which reaches the mulberry; the down of the catkins of the black the shops of the "marine store" dealers in all poplar, the silky down of the asclepias, the ten- our large towns. About twenty guineas a ton is drils of the vine, the stalks of nettle, mugwort, a sort of average price given for foreign rags-a dyers weed; leaves, bark, liber, stalks, reeds, guinea or so per hundred weigh'. The rags come straws, moss, lichens, wood-shavings, saw-dust, over in bags containing 400 or 500 pounds each. potatoes, fir-cones-nothing came amiss to Schäf- But there are two or three points of serious imfer he made paper from all of them. He was portance here. Foreign countries require so almost paper mad; and people were wont to much more paper-making materials than formerbring all kinds of odd substances to him, with a ly, and America puts forth such an insatiable dequery as to whether he could convert them into mand, that the foreign rags at the disposal of paper. These specimens of paper, made about England are actually less than they were in eighty years ago, are certainly the homeliest of amount twenty years ago. And this, too, at a the homely-queer in color and queer in texture. time when our paper-making is so largely inSoon afterwards, a French marquis, unknown to creasing. From present indications, it appears fame in other respects, printed a small volume of probable that British paper-making in 1854 will his own poems on paper derived from some of not fall far short of 200,000,000 pounds. these unusual sources; but so far as we can judge, the poems and the paper seem to be about equal in quality. It is obvious, at a glance, that the supply of rags must depend upon the quantity of worn-out garments. A garment, so long as it is worth That fibrous vegetable substances can be beaten anything in wear, must certainly be worth more into a pulp, and then made into paper, has been than 2d. or 3d. per pound-its value when reabundantly proved. At this present time, there garded as linen rag; its flaxen career as a shirt are various kinds of straw-paper manufactured; or a pinafore must have been finished ere its caand not very long ago, a highly sanguine an- reer as a rag begins. There is a curious metanouncement was made of a new process for con- morphosis observable in the history of these verting deal shavings into paper. We may be vegetable fibres. It has been remarked, as being allowed to say that these attempts, up to the pre- within the bounds of possibility-almost of prosent time, have never exactly met the require-bability-that the papier-maché ornament of a ments of paper consumers. Either the paper is too weak, or too brittle, or too spongy, or too rough, or too badly colored, or too scanty in quantity, or too high in price; there is something wrong in each or all of them. The rags employed in paper-making are mostly linen, prepared from flax; but cotton rags, from calico, also assist in making up the supply. Flax man's room may once have been a book which he had read, and that this book may once have been a shirt which he had worn. However, passing over this fanciful hypothesis, we come to this practical question: "If flax be plentiful, and worn-out linen garments be scarce, why not use flax itself as a material for paper?" Just because price affects it; a pound of dressed flax sells for very much more than a pound of linen rags; and a pound of clean cotton sells for much more than a pound of dirty fragmentary sweepings from a cotton mill; hence, although the flax and the good cotton are more abundant than the rags and the sweepings, their price is such as would revolutionize the paper trade if they were adopted. Unless this question of price be borne in mind, the real nature of the paper difficulty cannot be well understood. vate until the inventors ascertain whether they can obtain any profitable results from them.* While individual inventors have been thus engaged, the government has not been altogether idle in the matter. In the early part of the present year, the Treasury drew the attention of the Board of Trade to the scarcity of the materials for paper. It was urged that the supply of rags had lessened, and the price increased, and that it was incumbent to inquire whether any A few weeks ago, a correspondent of the other material could be substituted. To aid in Builder, in allusion to the reward of £1000 this inquiry, it was suggested that the Foreign offered for the discovery of a new paper-making Office should transmit circulars to all British material, asked, "Might I suggest that if a si- consuls abroad, requesting them to collect such milar reward was offered to our chemists or information as might be within their reach, manufacturers for a plan to reduce paper again bearing on this point. The Secretary to the to its primitive pulp, and then to discharge from Treasury said: "In doing this, it would have to it the printer's ink, the same end would be ob- be borne in mind, that the great essential of such tained In the present day, there are tons of an article must be its cheapness, to cover the paper stained with productions of an ephemeral high freights now prevailing, and which, it may nature-returns to parliament, to wit-which be anticipated, will prevail for some time. As might do duty over and over again, with no loss regards the nature of the article, my lords are to the public; on the contrary, there are few informed, that with the exception of jute, canpersons, even with a moderate supply of printed vas, and gunny bagging, every description of material, who would not be happy to contribute vegetable fibre is now capable of being bleached, to the paper-bleacher, saving both binding and and is available for fine paper. Reeds and shelf room." This communication brought up a rushes, the inner bark of many trees, and several correspondent to the Athenæum a week or two af- kinds of vegetable fibre in warm or tropical cliterwards. He stated that, having had his atten- mates, are substances likely to be of service, estion brought to the subject, it had struck him pecially where they could be imported as dunthat the removal of the ink from printed paper nage among the cargo, or in compressed bales; might be effected with ease by a very simple but quantity and steadiness of supply are essenchemical process. He therefore put his theory tial. As regards price, my lords understand that to the test of experiment, and met with a satis-if the article could be laid down so as to cost factory result. He enclosed to the editor a spe- from 2d. to 24d. per pound, without reckoning cimen of an octavo leaf, which had been printed the cost of preparation, it would be sufficiently on both sides; he had subjected it to a particu- low to answer the purpose in view." lar process, whereby it had been reduced to the state of a clean pulp; but not having at command any efficient apparatus for pressing and finishing, the newly-prepared leaf presented a certain coarseness and roughness of appearance. The editor confined himself simply to a statement of the fact, that the leaf of paper enclosed was certainly free from ink. This communication, in its turn, called forth another from a correspondent, who gave his name, and who had visions of patent property in his mind. He stated that, ever since the announcement of the increasing scarcity of paper, he had directed his attention experimentally to the matter, and had succeeded in devising a beautiful, inexpensive, and effective method of utilizing waste paper. Having brought his process to a satisfactory point, he lodged a specification, and applied for letters patent in July last. In the verbose and formal language of the Patent-office, his invention is "for a method of treating all kinds of papers whereon any printing, etc., has been printed or impressed, so that the same may be completely removed, discharged, or obliterated, from the paper; and so that it may be either re-used in sheets, or be re-converted and worked up again into its primitive pulp by the ordinary methods, and be again manufactured into and used as paper." Thus much, then, for the projects for re-employing old printed paper. They are, it will be perceived, in the same condition as many other projects-not yet openly described, but kept pri To this communication, a reply was sent some time afterwards by Dr. Lyon Playfair, on the part of the Board of Trade. Dr. Playfair mentioned many curious facts in connection with the scarcity of paper-making material. The strikes and lock-outs at Preston and elsewhere had been found to affect the supply, by lessening the quantity of cotton worked up at the mills, and consequently lessening the amount of waste resulting from the working. Another fact is, that the railway companies use now so much cotton waste in oiling and wiping their machinery, that this again lessens the quantity available for the paper-maker. A third point is, that the Americans, having no paper duty or stamp duty to pay, can afford to give more for rags than our own paper-makers can; and they buy rags in London and Liverpool for the American market, thereby further lessening our store. Dr. Playfair points out that the cause of failure in most other attempts to provide paper making material, has usually been one of these three-that the expense of preparing the fibre is too great; that the loss of weight in preparing is too great; or, that the material cannot be well bleached. He mentalists, to try to ascertain the process by which Has it never occurred to any of the experipapers of their objectionable articles? A process the Russian police authorities clear foreign newsemployed in such a manner must needs be inexpensive, and might therefore be expected to prove available for the object in view.-ED. It is not improbable that British consuls are at this time collecting information in foreign countries respecting fibrous materials available for paper, and that we shall learn more on the matter by and by. further states that, having consulted with the on all sides of us. The Long Island Vindicator chief paper manufacturers, he finds that any describes a recent invention for utilizing a plant new fibrous material must, to be serviceable, be which grows abundantly in poor lands, and obtainable at a lower price than that named by which can be brought into the state of pulp for the Treasury-not exceeding one penny or three- one-sixth of a cent per pound; while another halfpence per pound. invention can make this pulp into paper at four cents per pound. Then there is the invention of M. Vivien, of Paris, whereby the leaves of ordinary trees are gathered, compressed into cakes, steeped in lime-water or alkaline solution, washed clean, ground to pulp, and made into paper. About Easter last, Dr. Forbes Royle read be- Then, again, there is MM. Hartmann and fore the Society of Arts a valuable paper on the Schlesinger's wood-pulp process, which is, to say fibrous substances of India. He entered into a the least of it, curious and interesting. A tree minute examination of the various plants of is cut into blocks or logs; each block is pressed this kind where they grow; to what extent they heavily against a grindstone; the grindstone is are abundant; from what port they might be made to rotate two hundred times per minute; shipped; at what price they could be obtained; and the wood, wetted and ground at once, is to what purposes they are already applied; to rubbed off in the shape of a very fine pulp. This what other purposes they might probably be ap-wood-pulp, mixed with rag-pulp in ratios varying plicable. From the discussion which followed the reading of this paper, it appears that naturalists have had their attention strongly directed to this subject for some time past. There has been even talk of a company for making paper from West India plants. The inventors are looking out sharply for new processes, to be rendered available as soon as the botanists and naturalists have done their part of the work. We meet with sanguine descriptions from 10 to 90 per cent., produces paper of various kinds. The goodness of the paper, and the price at which it can be sold, will of course determine the fate of this as well as other new projects in paper-making. The reader will now be in a position to know something concerning the nature and extent of the Paper Difficulty, and to welcome any improvements bearing on the subject. From the Literary Gazette. But he who treads it first, or treads it last, Sonnets on Anglo-Saxon History. By Ann Hawk- Venturing where all is silent as the dead shaw. John Chapman. In a series of about a hundred sonnets, the accomplished author gives a comprehensive and ́interesting sketch of Anglo-Saxon history. Few of the facts of importance recorded by the old chroniclers are here omitted; and references occur to traditional tales, which, if less authentic, are now inseparable from our early English annals. Prefixed to each sonnet is an extract from some author of note, or some explanatory remarks by which the thread of the metrical story is sustained. Some of the sonnets are written with spirit and force, and the poetry is pleasantly made the vehicle of historical facts and allusions. Here is one, with its introductory explanation : "When he (Edwin, King of Northumbria) inquired of the high priest (Coifi) who should first profane the altars and temples of their idols, with the enclosures that were about them, he answered: "I; for who can, more properly than myself, destroy those things which I worshipped through ignorance?" *** As soon as he drew near the temple he profaned the same, casting into it the spear which he held ; * * * the place where the idols were is still shown, not far from York, to the eastward, beyond the River Derwent, and is now called Godmundingham. See Bede's Ecclesiastical History. CHRISTIANITY RECEIVED BY THE SAXONS. 'Tis casy on the accustomed path to tread Worn by the feet of generations past; Or lingering there when all besides are fled His fateful arrow at the idol's shrine, From the Economist. CAPITAL AND LABOR.-RUSSIA AND ENGLAND. BY DR. MICHELSEN edge how to unite it with labor; and being unproductive, it becomes of less value than in any other country of the civilized world; though, in purchasing land in Russia, the power of labor (the serfs) is included in the bargain. What England is, on the other hand, with her flourishing agriculture, excellent farms, and the enorOPINIONS Still vary as to the extent of the in-mous price of her acres, are facts too well known ternal resources of Russia and the possibility of to need recapitulation. At a sale of a farm in her protracting the present war for a length of England, a hundred individuals will attend and time. The following observations may perhaps bid for its possession, while in Russia there may assist us in solving the question at issue. By be offered for sale a hundred farms before one capital, we now understand not only money, goods single bidder will present himself for the specuand other material property, but also each and lation. To draw a comparison between the conall things from which an income or rent is de- ditions of the laboring classes in the two countries rived. Capital embraces both bodily and mental is to draw a parallel between the light of a bright labor, physical and intellectual skill; capital is sun and that of a dim rush-light. The lowest in short the fundamental stock by which we earn laborer in the factories at Manchester eats finer an income, whether by lending out money or by bread than the richest Boyer in the interior of cultivating land, or even by practising a trade, Russia; the poorest girl employed in the looms art, or science. The more, consequently, that at Leeds would turn sick at the sight of the capital is increased in value by improvement, couch on which reposes the maiden of one of the employment, and usefulness, the more ought it richest Crown peasants in Russia. The stable to become lucrative and profitable. Capital lies man in a farm-yard in Durham occupies a cleaner without and within man; it must frequently be room, consumes more healthy food, wears much turned over by renewed labor, work, and opera- better clothes, and bears under all circumstances tion, to enhance its value and render it more pro- more pride and independence in his heart, than ductive. We thus clearly see that capital and the head steward of one of the wealthiest nobles labor, instead of being two opposite interests, are in the Crimea. Also the capital of the Russian on the contrary congruous elements, by whose laborer, his physical strength, his mechanical skill union wealth, power, and greatness may be ob- is valueless, because the great benefits derivable tained. Nay, without that union there can be from the union of capital and labor are things as no real acquisition, no material gain, no produc-yet unknown in the vast empire of the Czar. tion, and consequently no increase of private Labor in the interior of Russia commands, thereriches or national wealth. A capital that re-fore, not the fourth part as much as labor commains unemployed and withdrawn from the op- mands in England, and commands still less than rations of labor, is a dead, unfruitful, and self- labor commands in the United States, though consuming capital, and, like the energies of the the population of the latter is in proportion to mind and body, proves fatal to the possessor by the extent of the area not much more dense than lying idle and dormant. The State and the in- that in Russia. In the United States, there is dividual not less, the more they have put faith still a closer union between capital and labor by and reliance upon the barren dross, the more are the absence of all restrictive laws in the free disthey sure to hasten towards ruin, decay, and in-posal of landed property, by the non-existence solvency. The vast quantities of gold and silver of primogeniture, sinecures, entails. etc. In the that flowed into the coffers of the Crown of Spain from Peru and Mexico during the 16th century, have, no less than despotism and the Inquisition, contributed to ruin the finest of all European countries, and demoralize the noblest of all European nations. A comparison between the conditions of England and Russia will practically demonstrate our position. Let us cast an economical glance at the largest capital of the aristocracy of the two countries, their landed property. The area of the Russian nobility is a hundred times more extensive than that of the English, and yet how valueless, how little productive, is a square mile even in the best and finest parts of Southern Russia as compared with only the tenth part of that space even in the worst part of England. Narrowed liberty more than bad climate has converted blissful labor upon Russian soil into a curse and calamity, has checked the increase of her population, has left the country, with all its natural riches, in a state of abject poverty, and plunged the inhabitants into filth, misery, and gross ignorance. The immense stock, the capital of the landowners, remains almost unproductive, for want of knowl interior of Russia, it is true, provisions are uncommonly cheap, but cheapness there is the result of general poverty, and want of proper means for internal communication. transport, and intercourse. Nor are the consequences of that cheapness less fatal to the country at large. Trade is thereby in a state of stagnation; intercourse in the exchange of production is checked; productions prove unprofitable; labor is considered a low, mean, and contemptible occupation; excess and abundance exist in some provinces, and dearth and scarcity in others; the same article that costs at one place 10 roubles, fetches six or seven times the price at another place, not perhaps 100 miles distant; and, finally, the Russian Government, with all its boasted treasures in the fortress vaults at St. Petersburg, a portion of which it managed to lend to some great Powers of Europe, has within the last few years not been able to obtain a loan of some millions sterling at the great stock exchanges of Europe, even at an exorbitant rate of interest. It would, however, on the other hand, be absurd to deny to Russia the possession of all the rich elements and undeveloped resources by which she might |