III. AUSTRIA. This lies to the northwest of Tur. Austria. key in Europe, including the kingdom of Hungary, and part of Poland. The other part of Poland has been

divided between Prussia and Russia.

IV. ITALY.-To the southwest of Austria, lies Italy, Italy. which resembles a boot. In the northeast of Italy, is Venice, which gives name to the Gulf of Venice. In the north, is Piedmont, in which is Turin the capital of the King of Sardinia's continental dominions. In the northwest, is Genoa. The southern part of Italy, is

called the kingdom of Naples.

land.

V. SWITZERLAND.-This lies to the northwest of SwitzerItaly. In the southwestern part of it, is the lake of Geneva, the ancient Lemanus; and the city of Geneva.

VI. FRANCE.-This lies adjoining Switzerland, on France. the west, extending to the Atlantic Ocean, or Bay of Biscay.

VII. SPAIN. This lies to the south of France.

Spain.

VIII. PORTUGAL.-This lies to the west of Spain. Portugal.

IX. BRITISH EMPIRE.-This lies to the north of France; and is separated from it, by the British channel and strait of Dover. In the southwestern part of the island of Great Britain, is the kingdom of England; and in the western part of England, is the Principality of Wales. At the north of England

British

Empire.

is the kingdom of Scotland.

To the west of the

island of Great Britain, is Ireland.

Germany. X. GERMANY.-This lies to the east of France, north of Switzerland, and west of Austria. It includes a number of newly erected kingdoms, and principalities-the chief of which are Saxony and Hanover, in the north; and Wirtemberg and Ba. varia, in the south.

Belgium and
Holland.

Denmark.

Prussia.

XI. BELGIUM AND HOLLAND.-To the north of France, and on the coast, are the Netherlands, now called Belgium; and to the north of Belgium, is Holland.

XII. DENMARK. To the north of Germany, lie Holstein, Sleswick, and Jutland, which, with some neighbouring islands, form the kingdom of Denmark.

XIII. PRUSSIA.-This lies on the Baltic Sea, to the east of Germany, and the north of Austria; including a part of the kingdom of Poland.

Sweden and XIV. SWEDEN AND NORWAY.-To the north of Norway

Lapland and
Finland.

Prussia, and on the west of the Baltic Sea and gulf of Bothnia, is Sweden-and to the west of Sweden, is Norway. Sweden and Norway, were united into one kingdom, A. D. 1814.

XV. LAPLAND AND FINLAND.-In the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Russia, is Lapland; divided into Danish or Norwegian, Swedish, and

Russian Lapland. And between the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, is Finland, divided between Russia and Sweden.

I. SEAS.-Sea of Azoph, is at the southwestern part of Russia in Europe-south of this, is the Black Sea-southwest of this, is the Sea of Marmara—to the west of this, is the head of the Archipelago Sea, which extends south to the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean, which lies between Europe, Asia, and Africa, is two thousand miles long, and it extends west, to the Atlantic Ocean. The North Sea, or German Ocean, lies between Great Britian, on the west; and Denmark, on the east. The Baltic, lies between Russia, on the east; Prussia, and Germany on the south; Sweden, on the west; and Lapland, on the north. The White Sea, is in the northeastern part of Russia.

Seas.

II. GULFS.-The Gulf of Venice, is in the Medi- Gulfe. terranean Sea, between Turkey in Europe, and Italy. The Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga, are arms of the Baltic Sea.

III. STRAITS.-The strait of Jenikale, connects Straits. the Sea of Azoph and the Black Sea. The strait of Constantinople, connects the Black Sea, and Sea

Islands.

of Marmara. The Dardanelles, connect the Seas of Marmara and Archipelago. The strait of Gibraltar, connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. The strait of Dover, connects the English Channel with the North Sea, or German Ocean.

SECTION V.

EUROPEAN ISLANDS.

Archipelago. I. IN THE ARCHIPELAGO SEA.-In the northwestern part of this sea, off the coast from Carvale, or Carvalla, is Thasso-southeast from this, is Samothrakisouth of this, is Lemnos-and a little west of south from Lemnos, is Skiro-west of Skiro, and near the Grecian shore, is Egripo, sometimes called Negropont. To the southwest of Egripo or Negropont, are the ancient Cyclades, a cluster of islands, which spread, in a semicircular form, round Delos, as the centre.

Mediterra

mean.

Atlantic.

II. IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.-To the south of the Morea, is Candia. At the toe of Italy, is Sicily; and to the south of Sicily, is the small, but noted Island of Malta. South of Genoa, and west from Rome, is Corsica; and south from Corsica, is Sardinia. To the east of Spain, are Ivica, Majorca, and Minorca.

III. IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.-About midway between Europe and America; west from Portugal, and east from New-York; are the Azores. The Islands of Great Britain and Ireland, lie to the north of France.

North of Great Britain, are the Orkney Islands; and

north of these, the Shetland,

Seas.

IV. IN THE NORTHERN SEAS.-The principal is Northern lands in these seas, are Iceland, to the north from Ireland-Zeland, in the Baltic, in which is Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark-and Nova Zemba, in the Arctic Ocean.

SECTION IV.

PRINCIPAL RIVERS.

Rivers.

Kama.

1. THE VOLGA, OR WOLGA.-This rises in the Val. Volga and dai Mountains-its course is south and east-receives the Kama, which rises in the Uralian Mountains; and after running about three thousand miles, falls into the Caspian Sea.

2. THE DON.-This rises near Moscow, and flowing about eleven hundred miles, empties into the Sea of Azoph.

Don.

3. THE DNIEPER.-This rises in the government of Dnieper. Smolenco, west of Moscow; and running twelve hundred miles, falls into the Black Sea.

4. THE DNIESTER.-This rises in Austria; and Dniester. flowing about seven hundred miles, empties into the Black Sea.

5. THE DANUBE.-Perhaps the noblest river in Danube. Europe. It rises in Germany-flows about eighteen