police duties inherent in the existing methods of discipline. This disaffection was not slow in spreading to the students, and a turbulence such as had never been known vexed the closing years of the old regime. To Dr. Church, the new ideas of college discipline, chiefly emanating from

members of his faculty before the trustees for refusing to do their part of the patrol duty allotted to each professor in turn. With the arraignment he presented his own resignation, as being powerless to control the students with such a state of insubordination in the faculty. The board,

the University of Virginia, that the student should be left in great measure to himself, and his obedience to college discipline be the result of appeals to his sense of honor and manliness, were utterly futile and impracticable. Against their acceptance thirty years of the old system had crystallized both his judgment and his will. He did not hesitate to arraign four prominent

still in sympathy with the president, called for the resignation of the whole faculty, and then restored Dr. Church to office with a new faculty committed to the old order.

The four men thus left off were Charles Venable, William Leroy Brown, John Le Conte, and Charles F. McCay; and it is a remarkable fact that each of them in succeeding years has attained high renown Venable as professor of mathematics in the University of Virginia, and for a long time the head of that faculty; Le Conte as the high priest of science in the University of California; Brown as the distinguished president of the Alabama Agricultural College at Auburn; and McCay as the actuary of a large life insurance company, where he won a fortune as well, a part of which comes by bequest to this University.

For three years longer Dr. Church continued in charge, resigning finally in 1859, followed by a resolution of great esteem from the board he had served so long and well. Close upon the heels of Dr. Church's resignation came a plan for the entire reorganization of the institution. There had been a growing sentiment in the state, and an ever increasing conviction in the board, that the one-sided development of the college failed to touch that important field of education of which scientific thought was the inspiration and scientific experts the outcome. Lawyers, judges, statesmen,

and teachers had been going forth from the walls of the college for fifty years or more, but where were the men educated in science, who might take direction of the material development making itself felt within the state? The state herself began to find the Senatus Academicus too cumbersome a body to legislate in behalf of the college. Its membership from the senate alone was over forty, to which the board of trustees now added the further number of twenty-eight. It was deemed wise to abolish the dual organization, and bestow all its powers and rights on the board of trustees alone.

The new board reported a plan of reorganization, concerning which the language of the record is as follows:

i. To establish an institution combining all of the instruction given in a well-regulated village academy with that of the freshman and sophomore classes in college, having sufficient capacity to board its pupils from a distance, and observing such watchfulness as to secure and protect the morals of its pupils and advance their education as rapidly and as certainly as natural endowments would admit; in a word, to so organize this fundamental feature of the programme that the citizen of the state, bringing his son or ward here to be trained, will feel that he is as safe here or safer than at home, and that his mind will certainly be educated.

3. To establish university schools, each independent of the other and of the college proper so far as such schools can be made self-sustaining: 1. A School of Law, with three professors. 2. A School of Agriculture, the foundation of which has been laid by the donation of the late Dr. William Terrell, and which, so far as the lectures are concerned, shall be free to the public. 3. A School of Civil Engineering and Applied Mathematics, the professors to be paid in part from the treasury of the university until, as we may hope from the practical nature of the department, it shall become self-sustaining.

In this plan the first approximation of the college to the university system of organization is seen, and likewise its first recognition of the need of scientific development. The title of President, hitherto enjoyed by the head of the faculty, was increased in dignity by being changed to that of Chancellor of the University.

It is doubtless true that the above plan, which was put in operation with some slight modification from 1860 to 1872, would have developed even greater changes of policy and method, had adequate funds been available. The struggle of new ideas, both within the faculty and the board of

trustees, assumes at

this time large pro

portions. Dr. Andrew A.

2. To establish a college proper with only junior and senior classes, each of one year's duration, as at present, with the same curriculum, relieved of a few studies more properly belonging to the university schools, hereafter to be men

tioned, in order that more time may be given to the seven liberal arts and sciences which are regarded as the true training studies for the youthful mind.

Lipscomb, the able chancellor during several years, presented to the board a series of reports, which are remarkable documents in exposition of the principles which underlie the proper constitution and development of a state university.

In 1872 the institution became, under contract with Governor Smith, the recipient

of the land scrip, allotted by the general government to each state and territory, by the act of 1862, for the establishment of Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges in the same. It became necessary under the conditions of this trust to establish a distinct organization whose specific object should be to provide instruction in those departments of science that have most intimate relations to scientific agriculture; and by the terms of the contract, a faculty embracing nine professors and an instructor in military tactics, and having a separate president, became a part of the institution. The trustees could now, for the first time in reality, present the institution to the state as the University of Georgia. They included under that title:

Ist. Franklin College, with the old curriculum, conferring the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts, and in addition the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy where the modern languages replaced a portion of the classics of the A.B. course.

2d. The State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, offering with proper courses the degrees of Bachelor of Agriculture, Bachelor of Engineering, and Bachelor of Chemical Science.

3d. The University School, to form which each chair of the university was placed under conditions to furnish postgraduate and special courses, leading to such certificates or post-graduate degrees as the courses might justify. The professional schools of Law and Medicine bestowed the usual diplomas.

A further expansion of the university lay in the association with itself and the partial maintenance of a number of branch agricultural colleges, located in the several sections of the state. The presidents of these were to be appointees of the university board.

With this expansion the trustees made considerable expenditures, looking to the increased accommodation of students and to completer outfits for the scientific chairs. The Moore Building, erected through the liberal donations of the citizens of Athens, containing commodious drawing-rooms, lecture-halls, and laboratories, with an excellent modern equipment valued at $50,000, became the comfortable habitation of the departments of chemistry, physics, and engineering. These departments, together with the other scientific chairs, have done

effective and practical work ever since, winning renown for the institution and supplying the educational factor necessary to a well-rounded influence upon the life of the state.

To meet the expenditures entailed by the new plan, the combined income arising from the Franklin College Endowment, tuition fees in the same, and the landscrip fund were applied. The state college offered a free scholarship in each county, so that practically no tuition was paid in that college. In 1881 the tuition was made free, by act of legislature, in both the academic colleges. The Law School, and the Medical School in Augusta, made part of the university in 1873, still require tuition fees and sustain themselves from this source without drain on the general treasury.

In the eighteen years previous to 1889 the membership of the board of trustees increased from twenty-eight to forty-one. Four of the new members were elected from time to time by the Alumni Society, four more came in as agricultural trustees, and the five others were members by virtue of being charged with the control of the Georgia School of Technology. The state constitution provides that the legislature can donate moneys to no educational institution but the state university; thus the legislative aid extended to the School of Technology, on its establishment in 1888, made it a department of the university. This school was the outcome of those ideas of technical education promulgated from the similar institutions of the North and East which have taken healthy root in Georgia.

A board so large, and liable to further increase whenever a new feature in education should please the fancy of the legislature, stood in its own way as an effective board of control. With this conviction, the legislature of 1889 substituted a board of eighteen members. The governor of the state and the president of the technological board are members ex officio; the remaining sixteen members, four from the state at large, ten from the respective congressional districts, and two from the city of Athens, are appointees of the governor and hold office eight years. The adjustment is such that two places become vacant and are newly filled every two years.

In looking back over the personnel of the several governing boards, the number

of illustrious names found there is found to be very large. There has never been a time when the board did not rank as the most brilliant and cultivated body that annually gathered in the state; and by far the greater number of these men were proud to own the university under their control as their alma mater.

We turn now to glance at the history of the university from the standpoint of its directors and students. When the Rev. John Brown had resigned in 1816, and the hopes which the accession of Dr. Robert Finley, a distinguished pulpit orator of New Jersey, had been cut short by his death within a year, the institution "well nigh languished to despair." An interregnum of two years ensued before Dr. Moses Waddell, "immortal in the annals of the university," undertook the office of president. He came from South Carolina, where he had won fame as the strict and effective teacher of some of the most eminent men in that state, among whom were John C. Calhoun and James L. Pettigru. Writes Governor Gilmer: "When he took charge of the university there were neither funds, professors, nor students." With a free field for the exercise of his marked talents as an organizer and disciplinarian, he performed the difficult task of constructing the university de novo, and gave to its educational work during ten years such success and reputation as called forth repeated commendations from the Senatus Academicus and won the confidence of the people. The attendance reached gratifying numbers, and 161 graduates went forth to attest his faithfulness.

Dr. Waddell's resignation was a cause of no little regret to the friends of the college, even though his mantle fell on the shoulders of Dr. Alonzo Church, at that time professor of mathematics in the university, and destined to renown during a thirty years' able administration of the affairs of the university. Dr. Church had come to Georgia several years before from Brattleboro, Vermont, and had been a strong support to Dr. Waddell from the time of his first connection with the faculty. In White's Statistics of Georgia, the author, writing in 1848, says: "The character of Dr. Church is so favorably known to the people of Georgia that it is almost superfluous to say anything in relation to him. With a mind richly furnished with the

stores of learning, with manners proverbially captivating, with uncommon kindness of disposition, and with the prudence and firmness requisite to those to whom the people of Georgia commit the education of their sons at a period the most critical in the life of youth, Dr. Church has every qualification for the exalted position which he has so long filled." This confidence was universal in the state, and well placed, as attested by the large attendance throughout his presidency, and by the 678 graduates who received their diplomas from his hands.

Dr. Andrew A. Lipscomb, D.D., LL.D., of Alabama, was called to succeed Dr. Church in 1860, and for fourteen years was the acceptable and beloved occupant of the chancellorship. He came as the apostle of a new order of things both in discipline among the students and in the plan of instruction to meet the advance of thought and to bring the institution into closer contact with the people. His work extends over both sides of the Civil War, and at its close exhibits the institution placed upon a broadened basis, strengthened by the land-scrip fund, and possessed of a large measure of confidence and patronage. The crusades which his able reports had preached had borne gratifying fruit even within the term of his office. He retired on account of feeble health in 1874, but he still remains a venerable figure in Georgia, an honored citizen of Athens, and a warm friend of the university. Upon the death of Chancellor Mell in 1888, he consented to fill the chair of mental and moral philosophy thus made vacant until a permanent officer could be chosen.

Dr. Henry H. Tucker, chosen to succeed Chancellor Lipscomb, remained in that office four years, retiring in 1878. The memory of his tragic death in Atlanta during the summer of the past year, caused by a fall from his window, is still fresh.

Dr. Patrick H. Mell became the next chancellor. He had for many years been prominent as a professor in the college, and was even more eminent in the pulpit of the Baptist denomination, over whose Southern Convention he was for many years the able and beloved presiding officer. He had held the office of vicechancellor since the first establishment of the new organization, and when called to

the higher office he soon harmonized the antagonisms which which had existed both within and without the institution, and wrought renewed confidence throughout the state. His administration was one of gentleness and courtliness. The current of events both in the faculty and among the students flowed smoothly along the high plane which lies between gentleman and gentleman. Few instances of harsh discipline ruffled the period, and the register of the college shows an increase of attendance to higher figures than had ever before been realized. Dr. Mell died while still in armor, January 26, 1888, and was buried with impressive ceremonies from the university chapel.

His successor is the Rev. William Ellison Boggs, D.D., LL.D., originally of South Carolina, but called to his present high office from one of the largest pulpits of the Presbyterian church in the city of Memphis. He brings with him not only a just fame for eloquence, purity, and ability, but also an energy and devotion to duty which augur success for his administration. He has already obtained a strong hold upon his associates in the faculty, and upon the students, and upon the people of the state. Of the many devoted and conscientious men who have taught in the university in the past, any just notice here is impossible. To the witness of their faithfulness and ability is added the glory reflected from a list of graduates which challenges comparison with that of any institution in the country- -a list including such names as those of Toombs, Hill, Cobb, Lumpkin, Alexander H. Stephens, and Henry W. Grady.

The social life of the university, as displayed in the ordinary intercourse of the students, their association in the literary societies, and their participation in the commencement exercises, present many features of interest. Before the war the patronage of the college was derived almost entirely from the sons of well-to-do planters, the only class then able to send their sons to college. These young men were held together under close discipline in the dormitories. There, amid common labors and trials, they formed an intimacy and friendship extending throughout their lives. The same friendship and intimacy exist to-day, though the dormitory system has been abolished and though the stu

dents themselves come from every walk and condition of life. In both periods the number of the students here gathered has been in the neighborhood of two hundred each year, and the association has been such that each student has known all of his fellows by name. The most democratic feeling has been noticeably characteristic. Brains, energy, and determination are what have determined leadership, and no class ostracism has marred the general harmony. Only he who has ventured to violate the high standard of honor under which the examinations and competition for honors are conducted has suffered scorn and contempt. Even at the time when the free scholarships of the Agricultural College were contrasted with the existence of tuition fees in Franklin College, no strong antagonistic class feeling was manifest. He is a shrewd dissembler who can pass in this democracy of mind for more than he is worth; while merit, though in uncouth exterior, meets unfailing recognition.

In the halls of the two literary societies the students down to 1872 presented an interesting picture. Fed at first on the stirring patriotism of their forefathers, and stirred in later days by the issues involved in the Civil War, taught to look upon the orator as the sublimest figure in history, and statesmanship as the highest goal of ambition, they weekly strove to conquer in these halls awkwardness of body and of tongue, and with perennial enthusiasm contested for the public honors of their societies. In this way many of them won a state reputation before leaving the college halls, and it is undoubtedly true that the foundation of the future power and usefulness of many of the most distinguished men of the state has been laid amid these associations.

The fruition of the efforts put forth by the students in the literary societies appeared at the college commencements, when to the presence of the distinguished men who composed the Senatus Academicus was added that of large numbers of notable people, whom the exercises attracted. There being no railroad facilities for many years, everybody came in private carriages, those from Savannah and the lower portions of the state making Athens their stopping-place on the way to Madison Springs and the picturesque summeringplaces around Tallulah Falls. Those con