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§ 234. 2. Post-positions with the Dative case.

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Istambola'der, Istambola' deyin, qadar استانبوله دك ، دكين ، قدر

up to Constantinople, as far as Const. • aqlima geore according to my judgement.

Bizé qarshi against us. Shehre doghrou towards the city. ,,Séndén ouzaq Allaha yaqin'" far from you, near to God. Kitaba' dayir concerning the book.

§ 235. 3. Post-positions with the Ablative case.

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. Misal'ler Examples.

Shéhirdén' ouzaq far from the city.

Irmaqdan côté beyond the river.

Sizdén' ma'da, onlardan bashqa except you, them.
Yirmi bésh sénédén bérou for the last 25 years (25 years ago).
Bou ishden dolayi, -'éôtûrû concerning this business.
Béndén év vél before me. Béndén sonra after me.

Gélmésindén i-sé gél ́mémési éyi dir his not coming is better than his coming.

§ 236. 4. Declinable Post-positions requiring the Genitive.

dishara out of طیشاری ، دیشاری

.icheri inside ایچری ایچه ری

ich in ایچ

yan by, near.

.aare on, upon اوزره

.alt under آلت

.arga behind آرته

.on before اوك

on me,

thee, him

or it.

azerime, azerine, azerine او زرمه ، اوزرکه ، اوزرینه

( azerimde, azerinde, üzerinde اوز رمده ، اوزر کده ، اوزرنده

in us, in you, in

them. us, you,

them.

,ichimize, ichinize ایچیمزه ، ایچیکزه ، ایچلرینه

ichlériné

chimizde, chinade, among ایچیمزده ، ایچیکزده ، ایچلرنده

ichlérindé

.yanima to my side یا نیمه

oliyanîmda at, by my side.

§ 237. These eight post-positions, when in the

locative case, indicate a state of location or rest, and answer to the questions; nérédé? where? They require the dative after the question whither? or where to? voj néréyé? with a verb denoting direction or motion from one place to another.

1.

3.

5.

6.

Examples with the Locative [rest].

The book is on the table.

ichindé dir. The birdling is in the nest.

lar. They dwelt [on] [the] outside [of] the city.

landi. The boy hid himself behind the tree.

I stood in front of my father.

.Kitab sofranin üzerinde dir کتاب فرانك اوزرنده در Qoushour yaorousou youranim قوشك يا وروسى يووانك ايچنده در 2.

-Shehrin disharisinda_otourdou شهرك ديشار يسنده اوطورديلر

-Chojong aghajim ardinda saq چوجوق آغاج آردنده صاقلاندى 4

.Pederin eonande dourdoum پدرك اوکنده طوردم

Baling gelin chinde dir. The باليق كولك ایچنده در

.Kitabt sofranim azerine atdim کتابی صفرانك اوزرینه آتدم

Qoush yaorousounou youranin قوش يا وروسنى يووانك ايچينه قويدى 2.

.Sherine disharisina chaqdalar شهرك ديشاريسنه چيقديلر

.Choong agha jin ardina gachdi چوو آغاجك آردینه قاچدى

.Pederin conane doghrou gitdim يدرك اوكنه دوغرى كيتدم

1.

3.

4.

5.

fish is in the lake.

Examples with the Dative [motion].

I threw the book on the table.

ichiné qodou. The bird put its young into the nest.

They went [to the] out[side] of the city.

The boy ran behind the tree.

I went towards the father.

Baliq gelin achine atildi. The fiel باليق كولك ايچينه

jumped into the lake.

آتلدی

قاره یه ، استانبوله ، شهره ؛ ?Motion, where to? whither? nereye قابونك يانينه ، أوك ايجريسنه ، صويك ايچينه ، باغه ، باغچه یه ، اَوه ، دگیره

ایر ماغه .

6.

دکیزده ، کتابده ، باغچه ده ، باغده ، ?Location, where? nerede اوده ، صوده ، قپونك ياننده ، اوك ايچريسنده ، صويك ايچينده ، تارلاده ، آغا جده ، کتابده .

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اوطه دن طیشاری . اوطه نك طيشار يسنده . اوطه نك .ایچریسنده .

اوطه نك قپوسنده ، اوطه نك قپوسته ۲۰ باغه ياقين . اوه ياقين . ال ايله .

آياق ايله . الى ايله

1

=

اليله . آیاق ایله ، آیا غم ایله . آیاغی ایله

=

آیا غیله ٠ ٣ كوز ایله کوزم ایله . كوزيكز ایله = كوزيكزله ؛ کوزی

ایله = کوزیله ٠ ٤ اور مانك ایچینده ، اورمانده . اورمانك ايچينه

.

=

1

اورمانه ، او رماندن . ه آغاج ایچون ، آغاجی ایچون آغا جیچون .

1

کتابم ایچون کتابی ایچون = کتابیچون . ٦ كتابلريمك آرقه سنده كوزل آلتون یازیلر وار بو سوزلری کتابکه باز ٧٠ الکی بنم اوزريمه قوى ! الك بنم اوزريمده در . قوش آغاجده در . قوش آغاجه اوطوردی ۹۰ قدحی صویه قوی . قدح صوده در ۱۰۰ قد حلریچون

.29 Translation ترجمه ۲۹

1. Towards the mountains: on the mountains; by the mountains (rest), by the mountains (motion). 2. From the door: by the door; with the door; for the door. 3. For me, for him; like you, like them; with me, with 4. As far as Sivas; as far as London; until him.

are added to nouns to which the pronominal ایله ، ایچون If 1

affixes of the 3rd person Sing. and Pl. are attached, the is omitted, but the sound is retained.

to-day. 5. There is nobody except us. 6. What have you in your purse? -There is nothing in my purse except ten paras. 7. After to-morrow come at half past eleven. 8. He went ten days earlier than my father. 9. There is a thief among you. 10. Come among us (motion).

.Conversation مكالمه

کتابکزده نلر وار ? اك قيصه آی هانكييسيدر؟ استانبول چوق اوزاق میدر ؟ اوطه نك اوكنده كيم وار ؟

باغچه ده کی آغاجارده میوه وار می ?

ایر ماقده بالیق چوق میدر

شهردن پك اوزاق میز ؟

كوزل تصویر لر وار در. اك قیصه ای شباط آیی در.

خير افندم ! حلب قدر اوزاق دکلدر.

فقیر بر قاری وار. خانم افندی ! هیچ یوقدر. خیر اوت بكم ! يك چوقدر.

خیر آغام ! چوق ياقين ايز .

آلتیم زده کی حیوان آت ايدى. آلتیکزده کی حیوان نه ایدی ?

.15 Lesson درس ١٥

The Substantive Verb. (Continued.)

§ 238. We have already treated of the Present and Past (Preterite) tenses of the substantive verb. (§§ 65, 73.) The Perfect and Conditional tenses of the verb remain to be spoken of.

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If (or though or perhaps) I am, if thou art, if he is

The Negative Conditional.

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ايسه ك = دكاسك

=

دكاسم devilsem دكل ايسهم

deyilzen دكل ايسه ك = دكلسك کز = دکاسکز

Builsék

etc.

deyilse دکل ایسه = دکلسه .deyilseler دکل ایسه لر = دكلسار

If I am not, if thou art not, if he is not —, etc.

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This tense, which is also called in Turkish Dubitative, denotes mere hearsay or report, founded on the authority of others (§ 312). The Negative is us! J déyil imishim (They say that) I have not been.'

.Remarks مطالعات

§ 239. a. When > -dé is added to the Conditional tense of the substantive verb, it expresses the meaning of "but" or "yet":

ایسه لرده ، ایسکزده ، ايسك ده ؛ ایسه ده ، ايسك ده ، ايسم ده

isém dé, iséñ dé, isé dé;

If (or though) I am

is yet -.

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§ 240. b. By the addition of the 3rd person sing., to the Past tense (§ 73), the Past Conditional is obtained:

ایدیلر سه ده ، ایدیکز سه ده، اید که ده؛ ایدیسه ده ، اید که ده ، ایدمسه ده پارسه

idimisé dé, idiñsé dé, idiysé dé; idikisé dé, idiñizisé dé, idilérisé dé Though I was—, yet ; thou wast -, yet; he was , yet

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