and is found only in Arabic and Persian words; as: .mémnoon glad ممنون dost friend, a دوست .p d) Silent vav, which is found only in some Persian words, between the letters khi and \ élif, and is not pronounced; as: khajé teacher, 。 khanéndé singer. § 31. Yé has three sounds: a) Consonantal yé, which has the value of the consonant y, whether it be initial, medial or final, simple or reduplicated; as: yél wind, séyr looking, méy wine. می b) Orthographic or vowel yé, which stands to show only the vowel ésré, it is used only in Turkish and foreign words; as: qish winter, Dublin. c) Elongated yé, which is used only in Arabic and Persian words and lengthens the ésré; as: p. peer old man, a. .valee governor والی § 32. Hé has three sounds: A a) Consonantal hé, which is a guttural and aspirated as the h in horse; as: p. is hûnér skill, qahvé coffee. b) Orthographic or vowel hé, which stands for ûstûn; as: asma vine, p. béndé slave. The vowel hé, when in the middle or at the end. of words, is never joined to the next letter in writing; as: géléjéyim, .asmaya آصمه یه ,galajeyim کله جكم c) Substitutive hé, which is changed from té, and is found only at the end of Arabic words; as: K hikyaiyé for hikyaiyét story. § 33. gaf, kéf. The Ottoman alphabet distinguishes sharply between the hard letter qaf and the soft letter kéf. The transliteration of this present work in accordance with the judgment of the ripest scholars, represents the by q and with k. The common. people pronounce the qaf as ghayn at the beginning and the middle of words, and as khi at the end. The kéf also at the end of words is pronounced kh by the common people. Ex.: qan com. ghan (blood), qochaq com. ghochakh (brave), qayish com. ghayish (thong), Egidéjék com. gédéjékh (he will go). § 34. kef is appropriate only to soft syllables or words; it is so pronounced as to represent in Turkish four different sounds; to distinguish these four sounds the letter may be slightly modified in form. But in general, in Ottoman, the alone is used to express all four sounds, and the student can learn how to pronounce it only by practice. I. The first of these four forms is called kéf or kāîf (kéfi Arabi, Arabic kéf, by the grammarians); it is pronounced as k. Ex.: kéor blind, kitab book, .kalashes کول II. The second is called géf or gîaf (kéfi Farisi, Persian kéf, by the grammarians), and it is pronounced as hard g; it is sometimes distinguished by a modification in shape, thus . Ex.: geor see, J5 geôl lake, gél come. Note. When represents the sound either of k or of g hard, and is followed by an élif, it takes before the vowel a short and incipient sound of i, which we have united thus a. Ex.: kaghid paper, kamil perfect, ba-giah aware: not ka-ghid, ka-mil, a-gah; be cause being a soft letter cannot go with vowel a (§§ 22, 37). Turkish Conv.-Grammar. III. The third is called saghir kéf, or néf (surd kéf), and is pronounced as ng in the words ring, sing etc.; it is a nasal n, and is represented by ñ. It is sometimes written with three dots over it. It is never to be, found elsewhere than at the middle of Turkish words; and consequently never can be initial. Ex.: ɔ déñiz sea, yalîñîz alone, 3: séniñ your. ,deniz دگر IV. The fourth is called yaf, and is pronounced like the English y consonant; it is found only in Turkish words. Ex.: déyil it is not, séyri crooked, Exercise g. دكل .bey prince بك 3. 2 قاو ، كاو ، آقمق ، أكمك ، أكمك ، اكتق ؛ قول ، گول ؛ 3. بنده بنده کز : یازدق قار ، كار ؛ آك ؛ اك : الك ؛ قبو قبونك ؛ دَكِرْ مَنْ ياز ديكر ؛ كول قول ؛ كاتب : اوكود : اوكوز 3, 1. 2,4 طوكوز ، طقوز : وكراته : ؛ Key. Qaf élif vav ûstûn qar, géf élif vav ûstûn gîav; aqmaq, ékmék, éymék, añmaq; qol, geòl; qar, kar etc. § 35. 'ayn. ¿'ayn. The The ayn has no equivalent in European languages; it characterizes only Arabic words. Its phonetic value in Arabic and in the mouth of an Arab, is a harsh guttural catch or hiatus. As pronounced by a Turkish scholar the letter is either entirely silent or only the slightest hiatus is perceptible. The common people pronounce it like an elif, and there is no harm in pronouncing so. In this work sometimes, when necessary, the vowel sound is accompanied by the sign and it is generally marked by an apostrophe. a-za-lém. وع a'-lem or' عالم ,ma'-lim or ma-a-lim معلوم § 36. ¿ghayn is represented by gh; as \¿) a-gha or com. a-a' sir, ¿ bagh vineyard, è, oghlan com. o'lan, ou-lan boy. After a vowel vav,, with the sounds o, ou, has very much the sound of w; like the gh of throughout. Thus ov-laq or ogh-luq kid; qova not gogha (a pail); sovouq not soghouq cold; صفوق .ovalamag to rub اوغه لامق ;qoomag to expel قوغمق § 37. Note. In the transliteration of the foreign proper names or nouns, the hard g, when followed by a hard vowel, is represented by ¿ and not by 5. Ex.: Hugo hou-gho, Gladstone gladiston, guardianghardiyan, gazetta ♫ ghazeta newspaper, gas je ghaz. § 38. Hémzé. The clif at the beginning of words is a consonant (§ 29), which is called hémzé or hémzé élif, because naturally there is a sign of hémzé over the élif, which is not generally written. Jol is originally . أيت is ايتال is الأثر e-ser is اثر أول § 39. The combination of hémzé élif with a vowel élif ( is expressed by medda, which is the vowel élif put over the consonant hémzé élif (§§ 29 d, 47) Í=T; as: . آت or اَت = أات tات almag آلمق = أالمق § 40. But when hémzé is found in the middle of words, if it ends the syllable, it is like an accent or Ex.: té-e-sir influence, a hiatus. officer. S41. mé-é'-mour At the beginning of syllables it is pronounced as y consonant; as: fi qayil, jis dayir. Note. The pronunciation of hémzé and the changes it undergoes, are in accordance with the rules of Arabic Grammar. C2. Other Orthographic Signs. a) Jezma § 42. The letters in a syllable are either vowelled or quiescent; the first letter of any syllable is naturally vowelled, the others quiescent. The vowelled letters are accompanied by a vowel sign, but those which are quiescent, are marked with the sign ('), called Jézma. Ex.: Elbesh-lik: the letters b and I are vowelled, as they are the first letters of the two syllables; → sh and are quiescent; therefore marked with Jezma. bés are vowelled ب berber barber): the two بربر and both of the rés quiescent and therefore marked. mim and té are vowelled, مكتب mek-teb (school) § 43. The vowel letters cannot have the mark of quiescence, as they are substituted for the vowel signs, and indicate their kind; as baliq (fish), where élif stands for ústûn, and does not need the sign. بالق قامش ، چالش ، راحت ، چيچن ، چيلك ، ديلك ، وشنه ، گلدى گیتدی ، گندی ، تخته ، بشقه ، کتاب Key. Sin élif ûstûn sa, ayn té ûstûn at, sa-ut; Lam élif ûstûn la, yé qaf ésré yiq, la-yiq; Tî élif ûstûn ta, vav qaf éòtré vouq, ta-vouq: yé and vav are consonants, because they begins the syllable. II آخشام ؛ اِسلام ، اقرار ، اقبال ، اثبات ، اسراف ، انسان ؛ |