§ 63-67. RITUAL AND LITANIES: HYMNS OF THE SALII, ARVALES, ETC. 101

of Sabidius (SCHOL. VERON. to Aen. 10, 241) rests only on Mai's arbitrary assumption. Preference of later antiquarians, HoR. 1.1. CAPITOLIN. M. Ant. 4. SYMMACH. ep. 3, 44.

3. Collection and explanation of the fragments, e.g. BERGK, opusc. 1, 477. CORSSEN, Origg. poes. rom. 43. 55. WORDSW., EL. 564. FPR. 29. Cf. HJORDAN, krit. Beitr. z. Gesch. der lat. Spr. 211. LHAVET, de versu Sat. 243; rev. d. phil. 4, 15.

4. In the time of the decay of the old religion even the praises of princes were inserted in the songs of the Salii, e.g. of Augustus (Dio 51, 20. Mon. Anc. 2, 21 (nomenque meum senatus consulto incl) usum est in saliare carmen-CIL. 3, p. 790. 791), Germanicus (Tac. A. 2, 83), Drusus (Tac. A. 4, 9), Verus (Iul. Cap. M. Ant. 21, 5) and Caracalla (SPARTIAN. Carac. 11, 6).

65. The Arvalian brotherhood, who held their annual festival with solemn sacrifices, field-processions etc. in the second half of May, a short time before the harvest, had also their unvarying ancient songs, one of which, together with the minutes of a meeting of this order in A.D. 218, has been preserved. It was recited with lively dance-like movements (tripudium) and in alternate singing.

1. Very important fragments (14-241 A.D.) of the acta collegii fratrum Arvalium have been frequently found since 1570 in the grove of the dea Dia (who was worshipped by this brotherhood) near the 5th milestone of the via Campana (now the Vigna Ceccarelli), especially in 1777, and again in 1866 and following years. The principal of the early works is: G. MARINI, gli atti e monumenti de' fratelli arvali, Rome 1795 II. Recent: Acta fratrum Arvalium quae supersunt, restituit et illustr. GHENZEN. Acc. fragmenta fastorum in luco Arval. effossa, Berl. 1874 and CIL. 6, 2023 sqq. In addition to these other finds e.g. Ephem. epigr. 2, 211; bull. arch. 1882, 72. 201. 1883, 110; bull. di commiss. arch. di Roma 12, 4. 14, 361 Selection in WILMANNS 2870 sqq. Cf. in general MARQUARDT, röm. Staatsverw 32, 447. THBIRT in Roscher's Lex. d. Myth. 1, 970.

2. In the record of the year 218 (CIL. 6. 2104; cf. ib. 1, 28. WILM. 2879. DIE. 392) we read: Ibi sacerdotes clusi succincti libellis (text-books) acceptis carmen descindentes (WEISSBRODT, obss. in S. C. de Bacc. 31) tripodaverunt in verba haec. Here follows the text of the song. Facsimile of the same in RITSCHL, PLM. Tf. 36 (also JORDAN 1.1. 192). Recent treatises concerning the chant: FBÜCHELER, ind. schol., Bonn 1876, 3. LHAVET, de versu Sat., Par. 1880, 218. HJORDAN, krit. Beitr. z. Gesch. d. lat. Spr. 189. MBRÉAL, rev. crit. 1880, 123; mém. de la soc. de linguist. 4 (1881), 373. GÉDON, restit. et interpret. du chant des fr. Arv., Par. 1882; nouv. étude sur le chant Lémural (!), les fr. Arv. etc., Par. 1884. CPAULI, altiatl. Studd 4 (1881), 1. LMÜLLER, d. saturn. Vers 99.

66. 67. It may be safely assumed that other sacerdotal bodies also had their old hymns and litanies. There existed also ancient maxims and prophecies in saturnian metre, attributed by popular opinion to Faunus, Carmentis and others, many of which were collected at an early date, though far more were interpolated and forged.

1. ENNIUS ann. v. 222 V. versibus quos olim Fauni vatesque canebant. vates means a priestly singer (as opposed to poeta, the artistic poet): the origin of the word is obscure. MOMMSEN Herm. 16, 620, 4 even thinks it may be Gallic in its derivation. FEST. 325 versus antiquissimi, quibus Faunus fata cecinisse hominibus videtur, Saturnii appellantur. Similarly Carmentis gave éμμéтpovs Xpησμoús (PLUT. quaest. rom. 56), that is in the saturnius (VARR. LL. 7, 88). Similiter Marcius et Publicius vates cecinisse dicuntur (Cic. div. 1, 115). HOR. E. 2, 1, 26 annosa volumina vatum, and also PORPHYRIO: veteres libros Marci vatis Sibyllaeque et similium. Cf. FEST. 326 ex libris sibyllinis et vaticinio Marci vatis. CORSSEN, Origg. 6. 162.

2. Marcius (Cic. 1.1. Liv. 25, 12 and MHERTZ on that passage and JJ. 109, 268; MACR. Sat. 1, 17. PLIN. NH. 7, 119. PORPHYR. 1.1.; cf. FEST. 165: in carmine Cn. Marcii) lived some time (uncertain how long) before the second Punic war (vates hic Marcius illustris fuerat etc. Liv. 1.1.). Several of this name are mentioned by Cic. div. 1, 89 (Marcii fratres, nobili loco nati). 2, 113 (nec Publicio nescio cui, nec Marciis vatibus). SERV. Aen. 6, 70. SYMMACH. ep. 4, 34 Marciorum vatum divinatio caducis corticibus inculcata est. Cf. § 84, 2. Reconstruction in saturnians of the specimens in LIVY 1.1. by WESTPHAL, Form d. ält. röm. Poesie 58. But there are unmistakeable instances of the hexameter rhythm, and accordingly we must assume either a later recasting in hexameters (RIBBECK, JJ. 77, 204) or corruption (BÄHRENS FPR. 21). ISID. or. 6, 8, 12 (an improbable statement) apud Latinos Marcius vates primus praecepta composuit, ex quibus est illud 'postremus dicas, primus taceas.' Cf. WORDSW. EL. 288. FPR. 36. 294.

B) POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS.

68. The following treaties of alliance are mentioned in the Regal period: 1) the apocryphal treaty of Romulus with the Veientines of 100 years' duration; 2) Tullus Hostilius' treaty with the Sabines; 3) Servius Tullius' treaty with the Latins; 4) Tarquinius' (Superbus ?) peace with Gabii.

1. DIONYS. antiq. 2, 55 orýλaus éveɣápaže тàs duoλoylas, according to Greek custom.-2. DIONYS. 3. 33 σTýλas ávтiypápovs Oévres, cf. Hor. E. 2, 1, 24 sq.

8. Dionys. 4. 26 στήλην κατασκευάσας χαλκὴν ἔγραψεν ἐν ταύτῃ etc., and it was γραμμάτων χαρακτῆρας ἑλληνικῶν, οἷς τὸ παλαιὸν ἡ Ἑλλὰς ἐχρᾶτο. Historical ? cf. MomSEN, RG. 1o, 216. IHNE RG. 1, 58. DETLEFSEN, Phil. 20, 448.-4. It was written on the hide of the ox then sacrificed, yρáμμaoi ȧpxaïkoîs, and preserved in the temple of Sancus, DIONYS. 4, 58. Cf. PAUL. Festi 56. HOR. 1.1. Mommsen is against connecting it with Tarquinius Superbus, RG. 16, 216. See also SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 18. 21. 87. 43. 789.

69. In the oldest time of the Republic we find 1) the document comprising the maritime and commercial treaty with Carthage, supposed to date from a. U.c. 245/B.C. 509 the first year of the Republic; 2) the treaty with king Porsena; 3) the treaty of alliance with the Latins dating 261/493; 4) the Foedus Ardeatinum in the year 310/444. To these we may add 5) the

lex tribunicia prima of the year 261/493 and 6) the lex Icilia de Aventino publicando, of the year 298/456.

1. POLYB. 3. 22 dialĥjкai ἃς καθ ̓ ὅσον ἦν δυνατὸν ἀκριβέστατα διερμηνεύσαντες ἡμεῖς ὑπογεγράφαμεν. τηλικαύτη γὰρ ἡ διαφορὰ γέγονε τῆς διαλέκτου καὶ παρὰ ̔Ρωμαίοις τῆς νῦν πρὸς τὴν ἀρχαίαν ὥστε τοὺς συνετωτάτους ἔνια μόλις ἐξ ἐπιστάσεως διευκρινεῖν. This frequently controverted statement of Polybios has been more and more confirmed by the inscriptions found in recent years, of which some date back to the 3rd cent. u.c. (§ 83).

2. PLIN. NH. 34, 139 in foedere quod expulsis regibus populo rom. dedit Porsena nominatim comprehensum invenimus ne ferro nisi in agri cultu uteretur.-3. Cic. Balb. 23, 53 foedus quod quidem nuper in columna ahenea meminimus post rostra incisum et perscriptum fuisse. Cf. Liv. 2, 33. FEST. 166. DIONYS. 6, 95. MOMMSEN, Herm. 5, 231.-4. Liv. 4, 7. MOMMSEN, röm. Chronol.2 93.-5. FEST. 318, 30.-6. Liv. 3, 31. DIONYS. 10, 32. SCHWEGLER, RG. 2, 395.

70. The so-called leges regiae, supposed to be decrees and decisions of the Roman kings, and which partly affect an antique diction and are of a religious character, in reality represent traditional laws of a very high age, which were not, however, written down till a later time and were then arbitrarily assigned to single kings.

1. HEDIRKSEN, Versuche z. Krit. u. Ausleg. d. Quellen d. röm. Rechts (1823) 234. SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 23. 572. 664. GBRUNS, fontes iur.5 1 sq. WORDSW., EL. 253. MOMMSEN, Staatsr. 2, 40. MVOIGT, d. leges regiae, Lpz. 1876. 77 II (Abh. d. sächs. Ges. d. Wiss. 7, 555. 643).

71. The collection of these supposed leges regiae was after its author called ius Papirianum. As the oldest ius civile coincides with the ius sacrum, the contents of that collection, with regard to some decrees in it, might to a certain degree be described as ius civile, but more strictly it consisted of sacerdotal rules. The collection seems never to have received an official sanction.

...

1. POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2, § 2 quae omnes (leges regiae) conscriptae exstant in libro Sextii Papirii, qui fuit illis temporibus quibus Superbus . . . is liber appellatur ius civile Papirianum . . quod (Papirius) leges sine ordine latas in unum composuit. ib. § 36 fuit in primis peritus (iuris) P. Papirius, qui leges regias in unum contulit. Dionys. 3, 86 αἱ περὶ τῶν ἱερῶν διαγραφαὶ (ἃς Πομπίλιος συνεστήσατο) μετὰ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τῶν βασιλέων εἰς ἀναγραφὴν δημοσίαν αὖθις ἤχθησαν ὑπ ̓ ἀνδρὸς ἱεροφάντου Fatov Пlaripiov etc. Cf. ib. 3, 70, 1. On the uncertainty respecting the personality and date of Pap. see SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 24. Cf. OCLASON, JJ. 103, 719. Granius Flaccus' (§ 199, 7) liber de iure Papiriano is quoted by PAULUS dig. 50, 16, 144. Cf. WREIN, PRE. 4. 660. RSCHÖLL, XII tabb. 51. MVOIGT (see § 70, 1) p. 670.

72. The commentarii regum, though wrongly professing to be works of the kings themselves, seem to have contained de

crees concerning the kingly privileges and functions, very ancient as to the facts themselves, and written down and collected in historical time.

1. Cic. p. Rab. p. r. 15 ex annalium monumentis atque ex regum commentariis. We find special mention of commentarii Numae (Liv. 1, 31) which Ancus Martius in album elata proponere in publico iubet (Liv. 1, 32, cf. DIONYS. 3, 36). 'TwoμvýUATα Novuâ (PLUT. Marcell. 8)=libri Numae (Piso ap. PLIN. NH. 28, 14)=leges Numae (SERV. Aen. 6, 860)=lex Pompilii regis in Pontificum libris (FEST. p. 189). Cf. § 71, 1. So also commentarii Servii Tullii (Liv. 1, 60)=discriptio classium and centuriarum (FEST. 246. 249), and in its contents also censoriae tabulae (Cic. orat. 156). SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 27; cf. 545. MOMMSEN, Staatsrecht 2, 10. MVOIGT 1. 1. 647.

2. The books of Numa on religious and philosophical subjects, discovered a. 573/181, for which Piso and Hemina are the earliest authorities and which must be due to a forgery or mystification, are of a different character; this is the earliest example we have of such pretended 'finds' (EROHDE gr. Roman 272, 2). Varro (de cultu deorum) ap. AUGUSTIN. civ. dei 7, 34. Liv. 40, 29. PLIN. NH. 13, 84. EVLASAULX (on the books of king Numa) in his Studd. d. klass. Altert., Regensb. 1854, 92 and to the contrary SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 564.

73. The priests made the most extensive use of writing; they framed rules for religious worship and ritual, made compilations of the rulings of the priestly colleges on cases, sacerdotal or administrative, which might serve as precedents for future occasions (libri and commentarii pontificum), and kept records of their meetings (acta, § 77).

1. Vague citations (pontifices dicunt, docent, apud p.legimus etc.) VARRO LL. 5, 23. COLUM. 2, 21, 5. MACR. Sat. 3. 20, 2.-VAL. PROB. GL. 4, 271 in legibus publicis pontificumque monumentis.

2. Pontificum libri, Cic. de or. 1, 193. HOR. E. 2, 1, 26. FEST. 189 testimonio esse libros pontificum, in quibus sit etc. MACR. sat. 1, 12, 21.—pontificii libri, Varr. LL. 5, 98. Cic. rep. 2, 54; cf. ND. 1, 84. FEST. 356.—pontificales libri, SEN. ep. 108, 31. SERV. Verg. Ecl. 5, 66. G. 1, 21. A. 12, 603; cf. LYD. mens. 4, 20.—libri sacri, SERV. G. 1, 272. libri sacrorum, FEST. 141.-commentarii sacrorum (pontificalium), FEST. 165. 286. 360.—commentarii pontificum, Cic. Brut. 55. de dom. 136. Liv. 4, 3. 6, 1. PLIN. NH. 18, 14. QUINT. 8, 2, 12.—iepopavтŵv ypapai, DIONYS. 8, 56. ¡epal déλrOL, ib. 1, 73. iepal ßíßλo, ib. 10, 1.—The indigitamenta ('formulas used in invocation' see CORSSEN, de Volscorum ling., Naumb. 1858, 19), were in the keeping of the Pontifices, i.e. pontificales libri, SERV. G. 1. 21.-Were the sacra Argeorum mentioned by Varro LL. 5, 45 derived from the libri pontificii? See HJORDAN, röm. Topogr. 2, 237. 599.

3. AMBROSCH, de sacris Rom. libris, Part I, Bresl. 1840 and d. Religionsbücher d. Rom., Bonn 1843 (Z. f. Kath. Theol.). SCHWEGLER RG. 1, 31. ELÜBBERT, quaest. pontificales, Berl. 1859, 79. EHÜBNER, JJ. 79, 407. MVOIGT (§ 70, 1) p. 648. AREIFFERSCHEID, JB. 1880 3, 274. PPREIBISCH, de libris pontificiis, Bresl. 1874; fragmenta libr. pontificiorum, Tilsit 1878.

74. The Pontifices, who possessed the art of keeping account of the time, arranged also the fasti, i.e. a list of the days for ' awards' or the administration of the law (dies agendi, dies fasti), this being part of the table of each month (Kalendarium), enumerating also the feasts, games, markets, sacrifices etc. falling on each day, to which were gradually joined first the anniversaries of disasters, and then other short notices of historical events, as well as observations on the rising of certain constellations. After these fasti had been made public (§ 88), private persons also undertook the compilation of fasti in the shape of tables or books, and they became the subjects of learned discussions. After the introduction of the Julian era (709/45) these publications became again official, and were made by the Emperor in his quality of pontifex maximus. We possess a number of fragments of calendars which were engraved or written (painted) at Rome and in neighbouring Italian towns, and which extend from the 8th century u.c. to the time of Claudius (from a. 723/31 B.C. to 804/51 A.D.). When the new chronology had become sufficiently familiar, the industry of private persons found there a new field. There are still two complete calendars in existence, an official one of the 4th century written by Furius Dionysius Philocalus A.D. 354, and a Christian revision of the official calendar, composed by Polemius Silvius (A.D. 448 sq.).

1. VARRO LL. 6, 29 dies fasti per quos praetoribus omnia verba sine piaculo licet fari. contrarii horum vocantur dies nefasti, per quos dies nefas fari praetorem ‘do dico addico,' itaque non potest agi. Cf. ib. 6, 53. OVID. fast. 1, 48. Liv. 1, 19 idem (Numa) nefastos dies fastosque fecit. Cf. CIL. 1, p. 361.—SUET. Iul. 40 fastos correxit, iam pridem vitio pontificum per intercalandi licentiam turbatos = introduction of the Julian era; cf. Aug. 31. CAPIT. M. Antonin. 10 fastis dies iudiciarios addidit.-PETRON. 30 altera tabula in poste triclinii praefixa habebat inscriptum lunae cursum stellarumque septem imagines pictas, et qui dies boni quique incommodi essent distinguente bulla notabantur.-Cic. Phil. 2, 87 adscribi iussit in fastis ad Lupercalia : C. Caesari. . . M. Antonium regnum detulisse, Caesarem uti noluisse. On Domitian's accession a committee of the senate was appointed qui fastos adulatione temporum foedatos exonerarent, TAC. H. 4, 40. Cf. CIL. 1, p. 377.

2. Fulvius Nobilior (§ 126, 1) in fastis quos in aede Herculis Musarum (a. 565/189) posuit, MACR. Sat. 1, 12; cf. 13 extr. VARRO LL. 6, 33. CENSORIN. d. n. 20. 22. CHARIS. GL. 1, 138. Together with the announcements of the days and festivals they also gave explanations.

3. SUET. gramm. 17 Verrius Flaccus statuam habet Praeneste, in inferiore (superiore) fori parte, circa hemicyclium in quo fastos a se ordinatos et marmoreo parieti incisos publicarat. Remains of these fasti were found in 1771, not indeed in the forum of Praeneste, but more than 3 km. from the town, in the ruins of a Christian building belonging to a late period. HENZEN, bull. archeol. 1864, 70.