Best edited in CIL. 1, p. 811. Cf. BERGK, JJ. 105, 87. Against the doubt of OHIRSCHFELD (Herm. 9, 103) as to whether these fasti praenestini are an original work of Verrius, see VAHLEN, ind. schol. Berol. 1877/78 p. 5.

4. Works entitled 'fasti' (FEST. 87, 19. OVID. fast. 1, 657) were written by Junius Gracchanus, Cincius, Ovid (regarding calendars drawn from Ovid's fasti : § 249, 6), Nisus, Masurius Sabinus, Julius Modestus (de feriis), Cornelius Labeo etc. FESTUS 67. MACROB. Sat. 1, 11, 50. MERKEL's pref. to his edition of Ovid's Fasti p. LIII. MOMMSEN, CIL. 1, p. 363.-Astronomical fasti of Clodius Tuscus § 263, 5.

5. The best collection of epigraphic fasti (hemerologia and menologia) is by MOMMSEN, CIL. 1, p. 293–360 (with archaeological commentarii, ib. p. 361–412). Additions: Ephem. epigr. e.g. 1, 33. 3, 5. 85. 4, 1.-The fasti of the city of Rome also CIL. 6, p. 625. Cf. MOMмSEN, Röm. Chronol. 2208. The Roman calendar of festivals is presented comprehensively, from inscriptional and literary sources, in JMARQUARDT's röm. Staatsverw. 82, 567.

6. Only the parts written in capitals in the calendars engraved on stone belong to the oldest Roman calendar, originally perhaps a part of the XII tables; all additions in small writing are later. MOMMSEN, RhM. 14, 82. 85; CIL. 1, p. 361 sq. The excerpts from the official calendar in those now extant are arbitrary and betray ignorance. MOMMSEN CIL. 1, p. 363o.

7. On the Mons Albanus near Rome in the ruins of the temple of Juppiter Latiaris have been found remains of the annual tables of the Feriae Latinae (dating from 303/451 B.c. to 109 A.D.; now collected CIL. 6, p. 455. Cf. MOMMSEN, röm. Forsch. 2, 97. DEROSSI, eph. epigr. 2, 93.-List of the festivals of the temple of Augustus at Cumae: CIL. 1, p. 310; MомMSEN. Herm. 17, 631.

8. The official calendar in the middle of the 4th century of the Christian era was in the year 354 copied by the calligrapher Furius Dionysius Philocalus (§ 422, 2), who illustrated it with numerous pictures (published by Strzygowski, Jahrb. d. deutschen arch. Inst., Suppl. 1) and epigrams (see EBÄHRENS PLM. 1, 203). It was preserved in two copies, the one of which (Peirescianum, saec. VIII/IX) was again lost and now exists only in two copies of the 17th century (at Brussels and in the Vatican Library); of the 2nd (saec. IX), originally at Strasburg, now at Bern, only December is still extant, but at Vienna there is a complete copy of it made in 1480. The best edition is by MOMMSEN CIL. 1, p. 334 with his treatise on the chronicler of a. 354, in Abh. d. sächs. Ges. d. W. 1 (1850), 550, and the summary CIL. 1, p. 332.

9. The calendar of Polemius Silvius was written a. 448 sq. under Valentinian III and is addressed to the bishop Eucherius (§ 457, 6). In his Christian zeal the author has omitted all that seemed like pagan superstition, and added historical data (e.g. nomina omnium provinciarum of the year 385; see SEECK on the not. dign. p. 254. RIESE geogr. 130) and grammatical and meteorological observations etc. of his own. It is preserved in a Brussels MS.; best edited, in correspondence with that of Philocalus, by MOMMSEN, CIL. 1, p. 335. See also his treatise on the Laterculus of Polemius Silvius, in the Abh. der sächs. Ges. d. W.3 (1853), 231; on Cassiodorus, ibid. 8, 694, and the resumé CIL. 1, p. 333.

10. Besides these we have a rural calendar, containing the rustic business, festivals, the length of months and days etc. (menologium rusticum), in two versions, not differing materially: menol. rust. Colotianum and Vallense, edited CIL. 1, p. 358 and CIL. 6, 2305. 6.

§ 74-76. CALENDARS: FASTI CONSULARES ETC.: ANNALES PONTIFICUM. 107

75. From denoting lists of days and months, the name of fasti was also transferred to lists of years containing the names of the chief annual magistrates (fasti consulares), the triumphs held in each year (fasti triumphales), and the priests (fasti sacerdotales). Fragments of fasti in this sense of the word have likewise come down to us, and of these the fasti capitolini are by far the most important.

1. Fasti as lists esp. of magistrates, e.g. Liv. 9, 18: in annalibus magistratuum fastisque. Cic. Pis. 30 hos consules fasti ulli ferre possunt? ad Brut. 1, 15 in fastis nomen adscribitur ; cf. Tâc. A. 3, 17 nomen fastis radere (see MOMMSEN, Herm. 9, 273). TREBELL. Gallien. 15 Gallienum tyrannum in fastos publicos rettulerunt.-Lists of consuls for convenient reference: Cic. Att. 4, 8, 2 non minus longas iam in codicillorum fastis futurorum consulum paginulas habent quam factorum.—KCICHORIUS, de fastis consularibus antiquiss., Lpz. Stud. 9, 171.

2. The fasti capitolini (so called from the place in the Palace of the Conservatori on the Capitol which the fragments at present occupy) were a chronological list of the consuls, censors, dictators and magg. eqq. (fasti consulares in their principal contents); they were engraved about 720/34 on the outer wall of the Regia, the residence of the pontifex maximus, and separate additions were made to them, in the same place, up to about the year 766/13 A.D.: to these were added as an appendix (about the year 742/12), on neighbouring pillars, the list of triumphs, f. triumphales, more correctly acta triumphorum, then the register of ludi saeculares, terminating with those under Domitian (a. 841/88).

3. The fasti capitolini and the other fragments of consular and triumphal fasti preserved in inscriptions, belonging to the time of the Republic and of Augustus, best edited by WHENZEN, CIL. 1, p. 415 (additions: Eph. epigr. 1, 42. 154. 2, 210. 3, 11. 4, 192. 253. On the Capitoline fasti cf. also OHIRSCHFELD, Herm. 9, 93. 11, 154. MOMMSEN, röm. Forsch. 2, 58. BBORGHESI, oeuvr. 9, 1.—Fasti of the fratres arvales from 752/2 to 790/37, containing the consuls and the praetor urb. and peregr. for each year, in the appendix to HENZEN'S Acta fr. Arval., Berl. 1874 and CIL. 6, 2295.—A comparative resumé of the statements of authors and the MS. and inscriptional lists of the consuls in the years 245/509 to 766/13 is given by MOMMSEN CIL. 1, p. 483. As a supplement to this JKLEIN, fasti consulares a Caesaris nece ad imp. Diocletianum, Lps. 1881.

4. The remains of the sacerdotal fasti (fasti augurum, saliorum Palatinorum, sodalium Augustalium Claudialium, sacerdotum Jovis propugnatoris etc.) of the city of Rome have been collected CIL. 6, 1976 sqq.

76. From the lists drawn up by priests and originally not intended for publication we should separate the annales pontificum, which were from the very beginning composed for publication, and also styled annales maximi, but not because they were kept by the pontifex maximus. He annually exhibited in public a white table, on which the memorable events of the year, with special mention of the prodigies (regularly mentioned from 505/249) were set down in the briefest possible manner. This was a very old custom and was observed until the 7th century U.c.

But when notes and publications of this sort by writers became more common, the official ones were discontinued. When they were collected and put into the shape of a volume, they formed a collection of 80 books. But as the place where they were kept, the official residence of the pontifex maximus (the Regia close to the temple of Vesta in the Forum), was repeatedly destroyed by fire, it follows that those parts of the collection which concerned the oldest time must have been restored from recollection and were less trustworthy, indeed the statements as to the very oldest times must have been mere fictions.

1. PAUL. 126 maximi annales appellabantur non (?) (a) magnitudine, sed quod eos pontifex maximus confecisset; cf. SERV. Aen. 1, 377 (n. 2). MACR. Sat. 3, 2, 17. Cic. Leg. 1, 6 annales pontificum maximorum quibus nihil potest esse ieiunius, and (after him) QUINT. 10, 2, 7 pontificum annales. Cf. ò wapà тoîs àρxiepeûσi (thus Niebuhr for dyxOTEûσ; deposited with the pont. max., therefore in the Regia; see § 75, 2) keiμevos πivaş in DIONYS. HAL. 1, 74. Annales publici in Cic. rep. 2, 28. DIOMED. GL. 1, 484. The name maximi is no doubt of later origin, when there were also other annals by other authors and of less extent.

2. SERV. Aen. 1, 373 ita annales conficiebantur: tabulam dealbatam quotannis pontifex maximus habuit, in qua praescriptis consulum nominibus et aliorum magistratuum digna memoratu notare consueverat, domi militiaeque, terra marique gesta, per singulos dies (indicating the days [see n. 4] and in chronological order). cuius diligentiae annuos commentarios in octoginta libros veteres rettulerunt eosque a pontificibus maximis, a quibus fiebant, annales maximos appellarunt. GELL. 4, 5, 6 in annalibus maximis, libro undecimo. It is a question whether this publication in book form rendered the genuine substance of the official announcements. The few remaining fragments arouse suspicion: BÜCHELER, RhM. 41, 2.

3. Cic. de or. 2, 52 ab initio rerum romanarum (an exaggerated rhetorical phrase) usque ad P. Mucium pontificem maximum (c. a. 631/123 down to 640/114; see § 133, 4) res omnes singulorum annorum mandabat litteris pontifex maximus referebatque in album et proponebat tabulam domi, potestas ut esset populo cognoscendi : ii qui etiamnunc annales maximi nominantur. Their official character and the fact of their being designed for popular use produced intentional distortion as well as suppression of the historical truth; see HNISSEN, Krit. Unters. 97.

4. CATO ap. Gell. 2, 28, 6 non lubet scribere quod in tabula apud pontificem maximum est, quotiens annona cara, quotiens lunae aut solis lumini caligo aut (aliut> quid obstiterit. Cf. Cic. rep. 1, 25 ex hoc die, quem apud Ennium et in maximis annalibus consignatum videmus, superiores solis defectiones reputatae sunt. But the regular noting down of prodigies by the pontifices was introduced only after the year 505/249. JBERNAYS, ges. Abh. 2, 307. OJAHN's Obsequens p. XX.

5. Livy and, most likely, Dionysius do not seem to have made direct use of the ann. max.; see SCHWEGLER RG. 1, 8, 11. DIONYSIUS indeed says 4, 30 év Taîs ἐνιαυσίοις ἀναγραφαῖς κατὰ τὸν τεσσαρακοστὸν ἐνιαυτὸν τῆς Τυλλίου ἀρχῆς τὸν ̓Αρροῦντα τετελευτηκότα παρειλήφαμεν : but these expressions may be meant to denote writers of annals; cf. 4, 7 (L. Piso Frugi ἐν ταῖς ἐνιαυσίοις πραγματείαις) and 15 (idem ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ τῶν ἐνιαυσίων ἀναγραφῶν).

6. JGHULLEMANN, de annalibus maximis, Amsterd. 1855. EHÜBNER, JJ. 79. 401. HPETER, hist. rom. rell. 1, vIII.

77. Like the college of the pontifices, the augurs had likewise their books (libri or commentarii augurum). In the same manner there were libri Saliorum and commentarii XVvirorum. Besides this, the various colleges of priests kept their albums or fasti, being chronological lists of the priests as well as the minutes (acta) of their official transactions.

1. Libri augurum, e.g. VARRO LL. 5, 21. 33. 58. 7, 51. Cic. rep. 1, 63. 2, 54. n. deor. 1, 72. 2, 11. de dom. 39. GELL. 13, 14, 1. FEST. 253. 322. SERV. A. 4, 45. 9, 20. Commentarii augurum, Cic. de div. 2, 42. FEST. 317. SERV. A. 1, 398. From these libri augurales the only connected piece preserved is a formula in Varro LL. 7,8 (on this see HJORDAN, krit. Beitr. z. Gesch. d. lat. Sprache 89).—PREGELL, de augurum publicorum libris, part. I, Bresl. 1878; fragmenta auguralia coll. PREGELL, Hirschb. 1882; the same in Commentatt. in hon. A. Reifferscheidii, Bresl. 1884, 61. FABRAUSE, libr. de discipl. augur. ante Aug. mortem rell. I, Lpz. 1875. 2. Libri Saliorum, VARRO LL. 6, 14.

3. Commentarii XVvirorum, CENSORIN. 17, 9. 10. 11.

4. On the fasti sacerdotales see § 75, 4. On the acta fratrum arvalium see § 65, 1. Lex collegii Aesculapii et Hygiae of 153 A.D. in OR. 2417 WILM. 320.

5. There existed Latin translations and editions of the books of ritual of the haruspices written in the Etruscan language (Etruscae disciplinae libri, libri Tagetici, after Tages, the promulgator of this doctrine, Vegonici after Vegone, Begoe nympha). Traces of a Latin version e.g. SERV. Aen. 1, 42, where the word manubiae is quoted from the libri Etruscorum, in the gromat. p. 348 Lachm. (a fragment of the †Vegone, see also § 58, 2), and even distinct traces of an hexameter version in AMM. Marc. 17, 10, 2 (OMÜLLER'S Etr. 22, 25. BÄHRENS, FPR. 422).

78. The temporal magistrates also had their corresponding notes, partly such as were written by them (commentarii magistratuum), partly records of which they formed the subject (libri magistratuum). The first treated of the transactions of individual magistrates: commentarii consulum, quaestorum etc. The most important of this kind are the tabulae censoriae (sometimes inaccurately called libri censorii), registers of the status and property of the Roman citizens resulting from each census, as well as accounts of the state of the exchequer. The commentarii censorum, on the other hand, seem to have had a private character and purpose.

1. Commentarii consulum, Varro LL. 6, 88. To these belong also the saturnian line Oriens consul magistrum povpuli dicat, VEL. LONG. GL. 7, 74; cf. Reifferscheid, RhM. 15, 627. Commentarium vetus anquisitionis M. Sergii M'. f. quaestoris, VARRO LL. 6, 90. 91. 92.—On the general subject MVoigt (§ 70, 1) p. 653.

2. Tabulae censoriae, VARR. LL. 6, 86. Cic. orat. 156. de leg. agr. 1, 4. PLIN. NH. 18, 11. MOMMSEN, Staatsr. 2, 380.—Libri censorii, GELL. 2, 10, 1; cf. τιμητικά Yрáμμата, DIONYS. 4, 22.

3. Commentarii eloaywyıkol (cf. GELL. 14, 7, 1) of former censors, which became hereditary in their families, as a kind of manual, DIONYS. 1, 74; cf. § 2, 3. 80, 2.

4. SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 28. MоMMSEN, Staatsr. 1, 4. On the commentarii aedilium KWNITZSCH, d. röm. Annalistik (1873) 210. 220.

79. Libri magistratuum was the name given to the lists of the magistrates of each year, and these may have been kept ever since the magistrates were changed annually. Part of them were written on linen and hence called libri lintei. These were kept on the Capitol in the temple of the Goddess of Memory and are repeatedly mentioned by Livy as one of the sources of his authorities.

1. Liv. 4, 7 neque in annalibus priscis neque in libris magistratuum. 39, 52 (in mag. libris); cf. 9, 18 (§ 75, 1).

2. Linen was one of the writing materials of the olden time, see e.g. Liv. 10, 38 ex libro vetere linteo of the Samnites. PLIN. NH. 13, 69 postea publica monumenta plumbeis voluminibus, mox et privata linteis confici coepta aut ceris. FRONTO ep. ad Caes. 4, 4 (p. 67 Nab.) multi libri lintei, quod ad sacra attinet. SYMMACH. ep. 4, 84. Cf. MVOIGT 1.1. 661.

3. Magistratuum libri, quos linteos in aede repositos Monetae Macer Licinius citat, Liv. 4, 20, 8; cf. ib. 7, 10. 13, 7. 23, 2. Documents written on this material must have been easily destroyed, and therefore those which Macer unsuspectingly made use of were probably later copies. HPETER, hist. rom. rell. 1, CCCXLV.

c) MONUMENTA PRIVATA.

80. Private persons also at an early time put down notes for after-use, both in connection with their domestic accounts and independently of them, on events and incidents which appeared important for the clan, the family or the individual (especially in his official capacity.) While at first these notes were prompted solely by the desire of preserving the recollection of past events, they soon may have begun to have an admixture of individual predilection and a tendency to glorify special persons.

1. Privata monumenta, Liv. 6, 1.

2. GELL. 13, 20, 17 quae ita esse

cognovimus cum et laudationes funebres

et commentarium de familia Porcia legeremus. PLIN. NH. 35, 7 tabulina codicibus implebantur et monimentis rerum in magistratu gestarum. FEST. 356 tablinum proxime atrium locus dicitur, quod antiqui magistratus in suo imperio tabulis (eum implebant). Cf. also § 259, 10.

3. Niebuhr's view of the influence of family chronicles on our tradition requires at least strict limitation: there is no evidence for the existence of such family chronicles in the Republican period. MOMMSEN, RG. 1°, 467. BNIEse, Herm. 13, 411.-SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 12. E. LÜBBERT, de gentium rom. commentariis domesticis, Giessen 1873; de gentis Serviliae, Quinctiae, Furiae, Claudiae commentt. domest. Kiel 1875-78.-Cf. further § 78, 3.