versification which they exhibit, may be considered to belong to the best period of Plautine studies in the 7th cent. u.c. (cf. § 159). 2) non-acrostic, which are later. These may perhaps (cf. § 109, 3) be by the grammarian C. Sulpicius Apollinaris (§ 357, 2) or more probably by some contemporary of his. Cf. RITSCHL, on the Trin. p. cccxvI.; op. 2, 404. FOSANN, Zfa W. 1849, 199. WSTUDEMUND, commentat. Mommsen. 803. CROPITZ, de argumentorum metric. lat. arte et orig., Lpz. Stud. 6, 204. 234. OSEYFFERT, JB. 1886, 2, 22.

4. Lists (indices) of the (genuine) plays of Plautus were, according to GELL. 3, 3, 1, made by L. Accius, Aelius (Stilo), Aurelius Opilius, Volcacius Sedigitus, Serv. Clodius, Manilius (§ 158, 1) and Varro; cf. the latter.-Sisenna and Terentius Scaurus were commentators of Pl. RITSCHL, Parerga 374; below § 156, 4. 352, 1.

5. Detailed points of the language of Plautus were commented on by the glossographers Aurelius Opilius, Ser. Clodius, Aelius Stilo, Flavius Caper, Arruntius Celsus. FRITSCHL, de veteribus Plauti interpretibus, in his Parerga 357. Remains of their works are to be found in the glossae Placidi and other collections of glosses. See RITSCHL, op..3, 65. GLöwe, prodromus corp. gloss. lat. 254; cf. § 42, 5. 6. On the commentaries on Plautus used in Nonius cf. ASCHOTTMÜLLER, symb. philol. Bonn. 823. Generally for the quotations from Plautus in Festus-Paulus see § 261, 8; for those in Nonius, § 390, 3.

6. An ancient Plautine glossary drawn up before the time of Priscian, see in RITSCHL, Op. 2, 234; cf. ib. 228. 237. ASPENGEL, Plautus 50.

7. In the Middle Ages Plautus was hardly known. RPEIPER, Archiv f. Lit.Gesch. 5, 495; RhM. 32, 516. Plautus is also unknown to Hrotswitha von Gandersheim, the imitator of Terence (about 960): see MHAUPT, op. 3, 587.-At the beginning of the 15th cent. the last 12 Plautine plays (Bacchides to Truculentus, see § 97) were lost. Only the first 8 (Amphitruo to Epidicus) were known; these were distributed in a great number of MSS., their order indeed being varied, but in the main alphabetical (RITSCHL, op. 2, 236). List of 43 extant MSS. of the first 8 plays (all s. XIV/XV) in GGörz, symb. crit. 22. A manuscript of the last 12 was found in Germany about 1428 by Nicolaus of Trèves (concerning him see GVOIGT, Wiederbel. d. klass. Altert. 1o, 259; in Italy it was first in the possession of Cardinal Orsini, now Vatic. 3870 s. XII, D in RITSCHL; see his op. 2, 19; facsimile in CHATELAIN, paléogr. d. classiq. lat. t. 4); this contains besides the 3 first plays (Amph. Asin. Aul.) and the first half of the fourth play (the Captivi). In the 16th cent. come into use the two MSS. of Camerarius, which at a later period were kept in the Heidelberg library (hence called Palatini), the vetus codex (B) s. X, which contains all the 20 plays (now in Rome, Vaticanus 1615; facsimile in CHATELAIN 1.1. t. 2), and the decurtatus (C)-so called by Pareuss. XI, now containing only the last 12 plays (since 1815 again kept in Heidelberg; facsimile in CHATELAIN t. 3. 4). D is from the same source as C. The most important version of the recension (n. 10), which is best preserved in BC, was the MS. used by ATurnebus, now unfortunately lost: its readings are collected in GÖTZ-LÖWE on the Poen. p. vII. For the first 8 plays we have also to take into account an Ambros. (E) s. XII/XIII (facs. in CHATELAIN 1.1. t. 5) and a MS. in the British Museum (J) s. XI; see GGötz, symbol. crit. ad priores Pl. fabulas, Lps. 1877; JJ. 113, 351; the same and GLöwe, RhM. 34, 52. SONNENSCHEIN'S (German) ed. of the Capt. p. 55. (English ed. p. 16 sqq. Excursus and Appendix.) 8. During the course of the 15th century was formed in Italy, probably at Naples at the instance of Alfonso I. (who reigned from 1435), an edition of the 20 plays in accordance with the requirements and taste of the period; this was done in a very arbitrary and ignorant manner, with numberless gratuitous alter

ations, and it was circulated in numerous copies. The originator of this text was perhaps Antonio Beccadelli of Palermo: see on him GVOIGT, Wiederbel. d. klass. Altert. 12, 480, and on his Plautine studies GSCHEPSS, BlfdbayrGW. 16, 97. To these interpolated MSS. belongs the Lipsiensis (F). Cf. RITSCHL, Op. 2, 23; and on the MSS. of Camerarius ib. 103. 125. 3, 80. 105. 5, 59.

Ed. of the Trin.

p. VIII.

Ex.

9. Opposed to all these MSS., which are collectively based on the same original (and therefore show the same gaps and corruptions, e.g. Trin. 944-8), is the palimpsest (from Bobbio) of the Ambrosian library in Milan (cod. Ambros. G. 32 sup. s. IV/V), which however omits 7 of the plays entirely, while the others are in part very incomplete. Cf. AMAI, M. Acci Plauti fragmenta inedita etc., Mediol. 1815 (also in OSANN, Anal. crit. p. 205). Facsimile in ZANGEMEISTER-Wattenbach, codd. latt. t. 6 and in CHATELAIN 1.1. t. 1.-FRITSCHL, Op. 2, 167 and Proleg. z. Trin. 1 2 cap. 1, VI, VII; Trin. p. vII. GEPPERT, üb. d. cod. Ambros. u. s. Einfluss auf die plautinische Kritik, Lpz. 1847; Mitteilungen aus dem cod. Ambros. (Plautin. Stud. 2 Hft., Berl. 1871). WSTUDEMUND RhM. 21, 574 and Würzb. Festgruss (1868) 39; by whom the publication of the MS. has long been promised. New collation of A by GLöwe in the second edition of Plautus by Ritschl (n. 11) : cf. also Löwe's coniectan. Plaut. ad cod. Ambros. maximam partem spectantia, Lps. 1877; cf. the same in Götz' edition of the Epid. p. v. See also HUSENER JJ. 91, 263.

2

10. In comparison with the text given in the Ambros. that of the Palatini, often greatly varying from it, possesses a decidedly high independent value, though it has probably been overrated recently in depreciation of the Ambros., e.g. by RITSCHL on the Trin. p. xI.; op. 3, 791. BERGK, Beitr. z. lat. Gramm. 1, 129. AFLECKEISEN, JJ. 101, 709. BBAIER, de Pl. fabb. recensionibus ambros. et palat., Bresl. 1884 (and OSEYFFERT, Berl.ph Wschr. 1886, 716). ELEIDOLPH, commentatt. Ienens. 2, 208. In certain formulas the divergence between the two texts is almost uniform; STUDEMUND, RhM. 21, 606. Cf. FSCHÖLL, divin. in Truc., Lpz. 1876. MNIEMEYER, de Pl. fabb. recensione duplici, Berl. 1877. On the antiquity, origin, and relative value of the two texts see conjectures in LEIDOLPH 1.1. 210.— Scanty traces of stichometric arrangement in the Trin. and Truc. RITSCHL on the Trin. p. LXV and KDZIATZKO, JJ. 127, 61.

2

11. Critical account of the editions and text of Plautus (down to Bothe) by RITSCHL, Op. 2, 1. The later Palatine MSS. were first employed by their owner Joach. Camerarius (chamberlain): separate editions by him from 1530; complete edition Bâle 1552; supplement to this 1553; see for Camerarius' editions of Plautus RITSCHL, op. 3, 67 and GGörz, RhM. 41, 629. DLAMBINUS' commentary (and text) was published in Paris 1576, FTAUBMANN's commentary Wittenb. 1605, subsequently (with more ample notices from the MSS. of Camerarius, since transferred to Heidelberg, and others) in 1612, and best (ex recogn. Iani Gruteri) in 1621.- Ed. JPнPAREUS, Francof. 1610; together with the (for the period) excellent collection of variants from the Palatine MSS. Neapoli Nemetum (Neustadt in the Palatinate) 1619=Francof. 1623; and (without the collection of variants, but with a more complete enumeration of the fragments) Francof. 1641. By the same PAREUS lexicon Plautinum, 2 Hanoviae 1634.—Ex rec. FGuieti ed. (unreliable) MDEMAROLLES, Par. 1658 (see EBENOIST, le Plaute de FGuyet, Mél. Graux, Par. 1884, 461).—The vulgate (and verse-numeration) accepted down to Ritschl was founded on the edition of JFGRONOV (Leiden 1664. 1669. 1684; c. praef. ERNESTI, Lps. 1760 II).-Ed. FHBOTHE, Berl. 1809-11 IV, and vols. 1 and 2 of the Poetae scen. lat. Halberst. 1821-Stuttg. 1829 sq. IV.-Cum nott. varr. cur. JNAUDET, Par. 1830 IV (vol. 4 index).-Rec. interpr. est CWWEISE, Quedlinb.

1837. 1847 (with list of words, 2 ed. 1886) II, and Lpz. ap. Tauchnitz.-Epochmaking: ex rec. et cum apparatu critico FRITSCHELII, Tom. I (Prolegomena, Trin., Mil., Bacch.). II (Stich. Pseud. Men. Most.). III (Persa, Merc.), Bonn 1848-54. Simultaneously an edition of the text. (Cf. AFLECKEISEN, JJ. 60, 234. 61, 17. THBERGK, kl. Schr. 1, 1. 29. 106.) Second revision begun by RITSCHL, continued by GLöwE, GGÖTZ, FSCHÖLL: I Trin. ($1884) Epid. Curc. Asin. Truc. 1871— 1881. II Aul. Amph. Merc. Stich. Poen. 1882-1884. III 1 Bacch. 1886. 2 Capt. 1887. Rud. 1887.-Ex recogn. AFLECKEISENI, Lps. 1859 II (10 plays). Rec. et enarr. JLUSSING, Kopenh. 1875-1886 V (III, 1 Cas. Cist., has not yet appeared). Recogn. FLEO I (Amph. As. Aul. Bacch.), Berl. 1885.-Plaute. Morceaux choisis publ. par EBENOIST, Paris2 1877.

12. Germ. transll.: KÖPKE, Berl. 1809. 1826 II. ROST (9 plays), Lpz. 1836; MRAPP, Stuttg. 1838 sqq.; WHERTZBERG (Trin. Mil. Capt. Rud.), Stuttg. 1861; WBinder, Stuttg. 1862 sqq.; JJCDONNER, Heidelb. 1864 sqq. III. Eng. BONNELL THOrnton, Lond. 1769.

13. Textual criticism e.g.: PSCHROEDER, Bentley's Emendatt. z. Pl., Heilbr. 1880. EASONNENSCHEIN, Bentley's Plautine emendations (Anecd. Oxon. 1 [1883], 178); cf. above § 97, 4, 1. FRITSCHL, Op. 2, 274. 3, 166 and elsewhere. AFLECKEISEN, exercit. Plaut., Gött. 1842; Phil. 2, 57; krit. Miscellen, Dresd. 1864; JJ. 95, 625; 107, 501 and elsewhere. JBRIX, emendatt. Plaut., Brieg 1847. Hirschb. 1854; JJ. 101, 761. 131, 193 and elsewhere. THBERGK, Op. 1, 1. 673 and elsewhere. ASPENGEL, T. Maccius Plautus; Kritik, Prosodie, Metrik, Gött. 1865 (see on this esp. STUDEMUND, JJ. 93,49). KHWEISE, d. Komödien d. Pl., beleuchtet, Quedlinb. 1866. AKIESSLING, in d. Symb. phil. Bonn. 833; RhM. 24, 115; analecta pl., Greifsw. 1878. 81 II. SBUGGE, Tidskr. f. Philol. (Kopenh. 1867 sq.) 6, 1. 7, 1; Phil. 30, 636. 31, 247; opusc. philol. ad Madvig. (1876) 153. WSTUDEMUND, Festgruss zur Würzb. Philologenvers. (Würzb. 1868) 38; emendatt. Plaut., Greifsw. 1871 and elsewhere. OSEYFFERT, Phil. 25, 439. 27, 432. 29, 385; studia Pl. (Progr. d. Sophien-Gymn.), Berl. 1874. ALORENZ, Phil. 27, 543. 28, 183. CEGEPPERT, plaut. Studien, Berl. 1870, 71 II. ALUCHS, Herm. 6, 264. 8, 105. 13, 497. GGöтz, acta Lips. 6, 235. GLöwe, coniectan. Pl., Lps. 1877. JLUSSING, Nord. Tidskr. f. Fil. 5, 54. PLANGEN, Beitr. z. Krit. u. Erkl. d. Pl. Lpz. 1880; analecta Pl., Münst. 1882. 83 III; plautinische Studien, Berl. 1887. HSCHENKL, Wien. SBer. 98, 609. AWEIDNER, adverss. Pl., Darmst. 1882. FLEO, RhM. 38, 1. 311; Herm. 18, 558. WABRAHAM, JJ. Suppl. 14, 179. ALORENZ, Berichte über die pl. Literatur seit 1873, JB. 1873, 341. 1874/75 1, 606. 1876 2, 1. 1878 2, 1. 1879 2, 1. 1880 2, 1. 1881 2, 1 and OSEYFFERT, ib. 1882 2, 83. 1886 2, 1.

M.

100. Q. Ennius, born a. 515/239 at Rudiae in Calabria, served in the Roman army 550/204 in Sardinia, where M. Porcius Cato fell in with him and took him to Rome. Here he too gained his livelihood by teaching Greek, and translating Greek plays for the Roman stage, and won the favour of the elder Africanus. Fulvius Nobilior, cos. 565/189, took the poet with him into his province of Aetolia, as a witness and herald of his deeds. His son obtained for Ennius the Roman citizenship a. 570/184, by giving him a lot (at Potentia or Pisaurum) with the approval of the people, as triumvir coloniae deducendae. Ennius died of gout a. 585/169.

1. The year of his birth is attested by Varro, GELL. NA. 17, 21, 43 (see § 101, 3); cf. Cic. Brut. 72. Tusc. 1, 3; see n. 2.—The poet himself mentions his birth-place ap. Cic. de or. 3, 168 Nos sumu' Romani, qui fuimus ante Rudini : cf. Cic. Arch. 22 Ennium Rudinum hominem. Auson. grammaticom. 17.

HOR. C. 4, 8, 20 Calabrae Pierides. Ov. AA. 3, 409 Ennius montibus ortus. SIL. IT. 12, 393 Ennius

Calabris in

antiqua Messapi ab origine regis Miserunt Calabri: Rudiae genuere vetustae, Nunc Rudiae solo memorabile nomen alumno. SERV. Aen. 7, 691 ab hoc (Messapo) Ennius dicit se originem ducere. SUID. V. "Evvios πointǹs Meσσários. Therefore Rudiae (now Rugge) near Lupiae (the modern Lecce) in Calabria. Another Rudiae near Canusium in Apulia was by STRABO 6, p. 281 and MELA 2, 66 erroneously considered to be the birth-place of Ennius. Discussions on this question: ECoCCHIA, riv. di filol. 13 (1884), 31. LMANTEGAZZA, Bergamo 1885. FTAMBORRINO, Ostuni 1885.-FEST. 293 quam consuetudinem (non geminandi litteras, § 104, 5) Ennius mutavisse fertur, utpote Graecus graeco more usus. SUET. gramm. 1 antiquissimi doctorum, qui iidem et poetae et semigraeci erant, Livium et Ennium dico etc. GELL. 17, 17, 1 Q. Ennius tria corda habere sese dicebat, quod loqui graece et osce et latine sciret. He does not here specify the language of his native country, Messapian: the area of Oscan extended as far as Apulia and Lucania.

2. CORN. NEP. Cato 1, 4 praetor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quaestor superiore tempore ex Africa decedens Q. Ennium poetam deduxerat. Cf. HIERON. ad Euseb. Chron. a. 1777=514/240 Q. Ennius poeta Tarenti (a mistake) nascitur, qui a Catone quaestore Romam translatus habitavit in monte Aventino parco admodum sumptu contentus et unius (? cf. Cic. de or. 2, 276) ancillae ministerio (cf. VARRO LL. 5, 163 ... ligionem Porcius-Licinus § 146, 4—designat quom de Ennio scribens dicit eum coluisse Tutilinae loca). FRITTER, ZfAW. 1840, 370.

3. Cic. Arch. 22 carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius; itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore. LIV. 38, 56 Romae extra portam Capenam in Scipionum monumento tres statuae sunt, quarum duae P. et L. Scipionum dicantur esse, tertia poetae Q. Ennii. Cf. WELCKER, Trag. 1360. Portrait of Ennius with the inscription Q. E.? BERNOULLI, röm. Ikonogr. 1, 234.Familiar relations with Scipio Nasica, Cic. de or. 2, 276.

4. Cic. Arch. 27 ille qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit Fulvius. Tusc. 1, 3 oratio Catonis, in qua obiecit ut probrum M. Nobiliori quod is in provinciam poetas duxisset. duxerat autem consul ille in Aetoliam, ut scimus, Ennium. AUR. VICT. illustr. 52, 3 quam victoriam (of Fulvius over the Aetolians) per se magnificam, Q. Ennius, amicus eius, insigni laude celebravit. SYMMACH. ер. 1, 21 Q. Ennio ex aetolicis manubiis captiva chlamys tantum muneri data Fulvium decolorat (cf. BERGK, Beitr. z. lat. Gramm. 1, 33, 1).

.

5. Cic. Arch. 22 ergo illum Rudinum hominem, maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt. Brut. 79 Q. Nobiliorem M. f., (§ 126, 2) qui etiam Q. Ennium, qui cum patre eius in Aetolia militaverat (inaccurate), civitate donavit, cum triumvir coloniam deduxisset. (570/184, see Liv. 39, 44). Cf. FRITTER, 1.1. 383. This explains Ennius' line: nos sumu' Romani etc. Cic. de or. 3, 168 (see n. 1).

6. Cic. Cato mai. 14 annos septuaginta natus—tot enim vixit Ennius—ita ferebat duo quae maxima putantur onera, paupertatem et senectutem, ut eis paene delectari videretur. Brut. 78 hoc (C. Sulpicius Gallus) praetore ludos Apollini faciente, cum Thyesten fabulam docuisset, Q. Marcio Cn. Servilio coss. (585/169) mortem obiit Ennius. HIERON. ad Euseb. Chr. ad a. 1849-586/168: Ennius poeta septuagenario maior articulari morbo perit (cf. ENNIUS ap. Priscian. GL. 2, 434 numquam poetor nisi si

podager; cf. also HOR. E. 1, 19,7 Ennius ipse pater numquam nisi potus ad arma prosiluit dicenda; SEREN. SAMMON. 713 Ennius ipse pater, dum pocula siccat iniqua, hoc vitio tales fertur meruisse dolores), sepultusque (? cf. n. 3) in Scipionis monumento, via Appia intra primum ab urbe miliarium. quidam ossa eius Rudiam ex Ianiculo translata adfirmant (it may be, because a monument was there erected to him). His epitaph (see however § 115, 2) ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 34 aspicite, o cives, senis Enni imaginis formam. hic vestrum panxit maxima facta patrum etc., cf. ib. 1, 117. Cato mai. 73.

101. His greatest renown Ennius gained as an epic poet, by his eighteen books of Annales, which related the traditional Roman history, from Aeneas' arrival in Italy down to the poet's own time, in chronological order, now recording the events in the dry tone of the chronicler, now depicting incidents such as were effective for poetry with forcible pathos and felicitous colouring. The work was meant to be a pendant to the Homeric poems, and was also considered as such by the Romans-though there can be no doubt that its artistic value was but very small. It was important on account of the introduction of the epic line of the Greeks into Roman literature, besides many other details in which the Homeric style was imitated. The poet appears to have composed this work in advanced age and published it gradually in separate parts.

1. Vahlen, üb. d. Ann. d. Enn., Abh. d. Berl. Akad. 1886, and the literature quoted § 104, 6.

2. DIOMED. GL. 1, 484 epos latinum primus digne scripsit Ennius, qui res Romanorum decem et octo complexus est libris, qui vel annales (in)scribuntur, quod singulorum fere annorum actus contineant, sicut publici annales quos pontifices scribaeque conficiunt, vel Romais (according to Reifferscheid JJ. 79, 157, a title invented in the Augustan time; MSS. Romanis), quod Romanorum res gestas declarant.

3. B. I-III: Introduction and Regal Period. IV-VI: foundation of the Republic, conquest of Italy, Pyrrhus. VII: the first Punic war, in a brief summary, as the subject had already been treated by Naevius, who was spoken of in the proem in a somewhat contemptuous manner; see Cic. Brut. 75. In book 7 a personal description, in which, in Stilo's opinion, Ennius portrayed himself. (GELL. 12, 4). VIII and IX: the war with Hannibal. X-XII: the Macedonian war and its results (to the year 558/196). With the twelfth book there was probably a winding-up of the previous contents; in the epilogue the poet spoke of himself: see GELL. 17, 21, 43 consules Q. Valerius et C. Manilius, quibus natum esse Q. Ennium poetam M. Varro scripsit eumque cum septimum et sexagesimum annum haberet (therefore a. 582/172, three years before his death) duodecimum annalem scripsisse, idque ipsum Ennium in eodem libro dicere (see on this VAHLEN, die Ann. des Enn. 1886). Then a fresh continuation; XIII and XIV: the war with Antiochus (to the year 564/190). XV: Fulvius Nobilior in Aetolia (a. 565/189). Lastly a concluding group, opening also with a special proem, XVI-XVIII. PLIN. NH. 7, 101 (concerning fortitudo which had become a theme