7 augescente civitate, quia deerant quaedam genera agendi, non post multum temporis spatium (after Cn. Flavius) Sex. Aelius alias actiones composuit et librum populo dedit, qui appellatur (in later time) ius Aelianum. (§ 88, 2.) OKARLOWA, röm. Rechtsgesch. 1,475. Attempt to determine the particular contents of the Tripertita by MVOIGT, Abh. d. Sächs. G. d. Wiss. 7, 327, who also connects with this work the Aeliana studia ap. Cic. de or. 1, 193 (§ 148, 2).

3. POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2, 37 fuit maximae scientiae (as a jurist). Gaius (?) Scipio Nasica, qui Optimus a senatu appellatus est (a. 550/204; cos. 563/191), cui etiam publice domus in sacra via data est, quo facilius consuli posset. Cf. § 89, 1.

4. L. Atilius is mentioned by POMPONIUS, see n. 1. But Cic. Lael. 6 (the authority followed by Pomp.) we read scimus L. Acilium apud patres nostros appellatum esse Sapientem. . . quia prudens esse in iure civili putabatur. Leg. 2, 59 hoc (lessum in the XII tables) veteres interpretes Sex. Aelius, L. Acilius non satis se intellegere dixerunt.

5. Q. Fabius Labeo, cos. 571/183. PRE. 6, 2912, 37. Cic. Brut. 81 Ser. Fabius Pictor et iuris et litterarum et antiquitatis bene peritus; Quintusque Fabius Labeo fuit ornatus eisdem fere laudibus. SUET. vita Terent. 4 (p. 31 sq. Rffsch.) Santra Terentium putat uti potuisse. Q. Fabio Labeone et M. Popillio, consulari utroque ac poeta. Cf. 114, 3.

6. M. Porcius Cato (Licinianus), born c. 562/192, † 602/152; PRE. 5, 1910. POMPONIUS See § 121, 2. GELL. 13, 20 (19), 9 ex maiore Catonis filio, qui praetor designatus patre vivo mortuus est et egregios de iuris disciplina libros reliquit. Inst. 1, 11, 12 apud Catonem bene scriptum refert antiquitas etc. ULP. dig. 21, 1, 10, 1 Catonem scribere lego etc. PAUL. ib. 24, 3, 44 pr.: Nerva et Cato responderunt, ut est relatum etc. 45, 1, 4, 1 Cato libro XV scribit etc. He is principally known by the regula Catoniana, concerning legacies (dig. 34, 7).

126. One of the aristocratic adversaries of Cato, M. Fulvius Nobilior, composed and published fasti. His son Quintus, too, showed interest in literature.

1. The father was cos. 565/189 (in Aetolia), censor 575/179. MACR. 1, 12, 16 Fulvius Nobilior in fastis quos in aede Herculis Musarum (probably founded from the Aetolian booty, cf. PLIN. NH. 35, 66. GBDEROSSI, sul tempio d' Ercole e delle Muse nel portico di Filippo, bull. archeol. 1869 p. 3) posuit Romulum dicit . Iunium mensem vocasse. Cf. MACR. 1, 13, 12 Fulvius id egisse M'. Acilium cos. dicit a. u. c. a. DLXII, inito mox bello aetolico. VARRO, LL. 6, 33 ut Fulvius scribit et Junius (on the name Aprilis). Censorin. d. n. 20, 2 magis Iunio Gracchano et Fulvio et Varroni et Suetonio aliisque credendum. ib. 4 sive a Numa, ut ait Fulvius, sive, ut Iunius, a Tarquinio. 22, 9 Fulvius et Iunius auctores sunt (on the Roman names of the months). CHARIS. GL. 1, 138 Nobiliore. comparativa Plinius e putat ablativo finiri; antiquos tamen ait per i locutos, quippe fastos omnes et libros a Fulvio Nobiliori' scriptum (?) rettulisse. See § 74, 2 and on his relations with Ennius n. 2 and § 100, 4, 5.

2. Cic. Brut. 79 Q. Nobiliorem M. f. iam patrio instituto deditum studio litterarum, qui etiam Q. Ennium, qui cum patre eius in Aetolia militaverat (see § 100, 4), civitate donavit cum triumvir coloniam deduxisset (a. 570 114), when coloniae duae, Potentia in Picenum, Pisaurum in gallicum agrum deductae sunt, Liv. 39, 44, 10; cf. § 100, 5. LIV. per. 49 Q. Fulvius Nobilior ei (i.e. Cato) saepe ab eo in senatu laceratus respondit

pro Galba (a. 605/149, at the same accusation of the Lusitanians). Quintus was consul a. 601/153, and censor probably 618/136.

127. A. Postumius Albinus, C. Acilius and the son of Africanus the Elder were historians in Cato's time, but all wrote in Greek. Albinus was a zealous advocate of the Hellenising movement, and even in his younger days dedicated his work to Ennius, the venerable apostle of that school. Africanus the Elder himself and Scipio Nasica furnished contributions to history.

1. A. Postumius A. f. Albinus, praet. 599/155, cos. 603/151; PRE. 5, 1941. POLYB. 39, 12, 1: Αύλος Ποστούμιος οἰκίας μὲν ἦν καὶ γένους πρώτου, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἰδίαν φύσιν στωμύλος καὶ λάλος καὶ πέρπερος διαφερόντως. ἐπιθυμήσας δὲ εὐθέως ἐκ παίδων τῆς ἑλληνικῆς ἀγωγῆς καὶ διαλέκτου πολὺς μὲν ἦν ἐν τούτοις καὶ κατακορής, ὥστε δι' ἐκεῖνον καὶ τὴν αἵρεσιν τὴν ἑλληνικὴν προσκόψαι τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις καὶ τοῖς ἀξιολογωτάτοις τῶν Ῥωμαίων. τέλος δὲ καὶ ποίημα γράφειν καὶ πραγματικὴν ἱστορίαν ἐπεχείρησεν. Fragm. of an unknown historian (taken by GCORTESE from a MS. s. VI. published riv. di filol. 12 (1884), 396; and RhM. 39, 623): cum eo tempore, ut narrat in historiae suae principio, duae quasi factiones Romae essent, quarum una graecas artes atque disciplinas adamabat, altera patriae caritatem praetexebat, acerrime ab illa stetit Albinus. hic Athenis studiosus audiendi versatus est adulescentulus, atque propterea graeca institutionem prae ceteris extollebat non sine quadam iactatione et petulantia. inde irae atque accusationes adversariorum, qui minus paterentur graecum sermonem in scriptionibus usurpari ad rem R. spectantibus. graece autem, ut scimus, historiam ille confecerat Q. Ennio poetae inscriptam (therefore at latest in the year of Ennius' death 585/169). ceterum satis in eo erat litterarum et philosophiae, cuius alumnam eloquentiam inculcandam aiebat (two illegible lines) consulatu arrepto cum dilectu (cf. Liv. per. 48). Another quotation from the proem ap. GELL. 11, 8, 2 (apology for his Greek style; cf. POLYB. 39, 12, 4). This graecising Roman was naturally intolerable to the narrowly patriotic Cato. POLYB. 39, 12, 5. PLUT. Cato 12.-Cic. Acad. pr. 2, 137 A. Albinum . . . doctum sane hominem, ut indicat ipsius historia scripta graece. Brut. 81 vivo Catone minores natu multi uno tempore oratores floruerunt. nam A. Albinus, is qui graece scripsit historiam, et litteratus et disertus fuit. From MACROB. 3, 20, 5 Postumius Albinus annali primo de Bruto 'ea causa sese stultum brutumque faciebat' etc., one feels tempted to assume the existence of a Latin version of the work; but the translation of those words may just as well belong to Macrobius' authority as the one in praef. 14 sqq. belongs to Cornelius Nepos (GELL. 11, 8, 5). At all events it seems that Albinus also in some way or other took in the earliest history.-SERV. Aen. 9, 710 Postumius De adventu Aeneae et Lutatius (§ 142, 4) Communium historiarum Boiam . dicunt appears to rest upon a misunder

standing. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, cxxv. 49. fragm. 37.

2. Cic. off. 3, 115 (C.) Acilius qui graece scripsit historiam, plures ait fuisse qui in castra revertissent (after the battle of Cannae). DIONYS. ant. 3, 67 (Fálov 'Akíλλov ποιησάμενος. . . βεβαιωτήν). Isig. Nicae. (act. soc. phil. Lips. 1, 40) ̓Ακύλιος ὁ Ρωμαῖος ἱστορικός φησι κτλ. STRABO 5, p. 230 (if here for the MS. γε Κύλιος we may read with SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 80 8 y' 'Akúλos; others suppose Coelius Antipater, see WSIEGLIN, Coel. Antip. 33; philol. Wochenschr. 1883, 1453). Liv. per. 53 C. Acilius (conjectural reading of MHERTZ, de Cinc. 12; RhM. 17, 579: the MSS. give C. Iulius) senator graece res romanas scribit (c. a. 612/142). He is certainly the C. Acilius senator who according to GELL. 6, 14, 9 (cf. PLUT. Cat. mai. 22) in the

year 599/155 served in the Senate as interpreter to the three Greek ambassadors and philosophers (§ 50 and p. 136). The work went back by way of introduction to the early history (PLUT. Romul. 21 Γάιος 'Ακίλιος ἱστορεῖ, πρὸ τῆς κτίσεως κτλ.) and was continued probably to the time of the author; the latest notice which we find in the few extant fragments relates to 570/184 (DION. 3, 67).-Later on, the work was put into Latin by one Claudius: see Liv. 25, 39, 12 Claudius, qui annales Acilianos ex graeco in latinum sermonem vertit. Cf. 35, 14, 5 (a. 561/193) Claudius secutus graecos Acilianos libros. Presumably this translator (or borrower?) was no other than Claudius Quadrigarius (cf. § 155, 1). So GIESEBRECHT, PLÜSS, MOMMSEN, röm. Forsch. 2, 427, GFUNGER, Philol. Suppl. vol. 3, 2, 4, GTHOURET, JJ. Suppl. 11, 156. HPETER, JJ. 125, 103.-Against this identification SIGONIUS, FLACHMANN, HNISSEN, HPETER (earlier hist. rell. 1, ccxcv11).—In general PRE. 12, 109. HNISSEN, krit. Unters. 39. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, cxix. 44; fragm. 34.

...

3. Cic. Brut. 77 filius eius (of Africanus the Elder), si corpore valuisset, in primis habitus esset disertus: indicant cum oratiunculae tum historia quaedam graeca, scripta dulcissime (perhaps treating of his father's deeds? see KELLER, der 2. pun. Krieg, Marb. 1875, 77. OGILBERT, JJ. Suppl. 10, 393; or of the war with Antiochos 563/191? See MoмMSEN, röm. Forsch. 2, 513). Cato mai. 35 ad paternam magnitudinem animi doctrina uberior accesserat. VELLEI. 1, 10, 3 P. Scipioni, P. Africani filio, nihil ex paterna maiestate praeter speciem nominis vigoremque eloquentiae retinenti. He became augur a. 574/180 (Liv. 40, 42, 13). His epitaph in saturnian metre CIL. 1, 33 calls him Flamen dialis (cf. MOMMSEN).

4. PLUT. Aemil. Paul. 15 ỏ Naσikâs étikaλoúμevos Σknτiwv (cos. 592/162 and 599/155, censor 595/159; (PRE. 2, 667) γεγραφώς περὶ τῶν πράξεων τούτων (in the war with Perseus) ¿miotóλov πpós tivα tŵv Baotλéwv. Cf. ib. 16. Cic. Brut. 79 P. etiam Scipionem Nasicam habitum eloquentem aiunt. Cf. Cato m. 50. On the similar work of Africanus the Elder see § 56, 1. NISSEN, Unterss. üb. d. Quell. des Liv. 267.

128. The freedman Sp. Carvilius is a remarkable figure in the literary history of the 6th century U.c., one of the first who opened a public school at Rome and the arranger of the Roman alphabet of 21 letters.

1. PLUT. quaest. rom. 59, p. 278 D прŵтos ȧvéwže ypaμμatodidaokaλeîov Zñópios Καρβίλιος, ἀπελεύθερος Καρβιλίου τοῦ πρώτου γαμετὴν ἐκβαλόντος. The authorities fluctuate between 519/235 and 524/230 as the date of this first (arbitrary) divorce; see RITSCHL, Parerga 68. On Carvilius' alphabet see above p. 127. RITSCHL, Op. 4, 226. HJORDAN, Beitr. z. Gesch. der lat. Spr. (Berl. 1879), 151. LHAVET, rev. d. phil. 2 (1878), 17.

129. Among the prose Inscriptions of the 6th century the SC. de Bacchanalibus is the most prominent, both in language and in its subject-matter. It may, however, be stated that the number of these documents is but small, and that their significance belongs either to political history or to the history of the alphabet.

1. The SC. (more correctly epistula consulum ad Teuranos) de Bacchanalibus of the very 568/186 is copied and explained e.g. CIL. 1. 196. Prisc. Lat. Mon. pl.

18 (in facsimile). BRUNS, fontes 5 151. DIE. 97. WWEISSBRODT, obss. in SC. de Bacc., Braunsb. 1879; miscell. epigr. numism. gramm., Braunsb. 1883, 10; Phil. 39, 558. On the decree of L. Aemilius Paulus a. 565/189 see § 123, 8.-Among the epitaphs of the Scipios belong to this period CIL. 1, 35 on L. Cornelius Scipio, quaestor 587/167, † c. 593/161, and perhaps ib. n. 36 (c. 600/154 ?) on Scipio Asiagenus. 2. Decree of the praetor L. Cornelius Cn. f. (cos. 598/156 ?) to the Tiburtines (a. 595/159 ?), CIL. 1, 201. BRUNS, font. 5 157. DIE. 305. FBÜCHELER, JJ. 105, 568. For the other inscriptions of the 6th century (from the beginning of the second Punic war) which it is possible to date, see the CIL. 1, 530-539. DIE. 1, 98 sqq. Two very ancient inscriptions from Luceria and Spoletium, threatening with punishment for the desecration of a sacred grove, are especially remarkable for the ancient linguistic forms. Ephem. epigr. 2, 205 and EBORMANN in the miscellanea Capitolina (Rome 1879), 5 (and bull. d. inst. arch. 1879, 67). DIE. 1, 94, 95. BRUNS, fontes iur. rom. 5 241. BÜCHELER, RhM. 35, 627. MBRÉAL, mém. de la soc. de linguist. 4 (1881), 873. HJORDAN, quaestt. Umbr., Königsb. 1882; ann. dell' inst. 56, 5. A SC. of the year 584/170, relating to the affairs of the town of Thisbe in Boeotia, is preserved only in a Greek translation: Ephem. epigr. 1, 278. 2, 102. BRUNS, fontes 5 152.

B. THE SEVENTH CENTURY U.C.
(153-54 B.C.).

130. The first twenty years of the 7th century u.c. (601/153 -620/134) are in the history of Rome taken up with wars, especially the Lusitanian (601/153-620/134, Viriathus) and the Numantine (611/143-621/133), in the shameful conduct of which the consequences of the year 606/146 (Carthage, Corinth) already appear. Literary studies were, therefore, very insignificant during this period.

131. These twenty years produced orators in Africanus the Younger, Laelius the Younger, Sulpicius Galba, L. Scribonius Libo, M. Lepidus, Furius Philus, Q. Metellus Macedonicus, and minor ones, e.g. the two Mummii.

1. P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, Africanus (minor), born 569/185 (KFROTH, RhM. 12, 183), cos. 607/147 and 620/134, censor 612/142, † 625/129; PRE. 2, 662. CIC. Brut. 82 C. Laelius et P. Africanus in primis eloquentes, quorum exstant orationes. Lael. 96 quanta illa (Scipionis) fuit gravitas, quanta in oratione maiestas! sed

est in manibus oratio. Cf. Mur. 58. de inv. 1, 5. de or. 1, 215. Brut. 258, off. 1, 116. Scipionis oratiunculae excerpted by M. Aurelius, according to FRONTO 34 Nab. Among the fragments of his speeches (MEYER, Or. fr. 1, 101) there are two somewhat more extensive, ap. GELL. 6, 11, 9. MACR. 3, 14, 7. Most of them very bitterly criticise the spreading corruption of morals. On his delivery see Cic. de or. 1, 255 multi oratores fuerunt, ut illum Scipionem audimus et Laelium, qui omnia sermone (conversational manner) conficerent paullo intentiore.-Aemilius Paulus' care for the Greek education of his children: PLUT. Aem. Paul. 6; PLIN. NH. 35, 135. Of the Macedonian spoils μόνα τὰ βιβλία τοῦ βασιλέως (Perseus) φιλογραμματοῦσι τοῖς υἱέσιν ÉTÉTρEYEV ¿¿EXÉσbai (PLUT. Aem. P. 28). Africanus possessed much general culture: CIC. Tusc. 1, 5 Galbam, Africanum, Laelium doctos fuisse traditum est. 2, 62 semper

Africanus Socraticum Xenophontem in manibus habebat: especially the Kúpou Taidela, Cic. ad Q. fr. 1, 1, 23. C. Fannius in Annalibus ascribed to him (Socratic) irony; cf. § 137, 4. Cic. Acad. 2, 15. de or. 2, 270. Brut. 299. He was a friend of Polybios, POLYB. 32, 9 sq.; and Panaitios, Cic. Acad. 2, 5. p. Mur. 66. cf. de or. 2, 154. VELLEI. 1, 13, 3. PLUT. c. principibus esse philos. 1. 12 (4, 117 Wytt.); apophthegm. Scip. min. 13, 14 (1, 797 W.). Friendship with C. Laelius (e.g. Cic. de or. 2, 22. HOR. S. 2, 1, 71), Terence (§ 108, 5) and Lucilius (§ 143, 1 and 3). MOMMSEN, RG. 26 82.429.

2. Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, nephew of the younger Scipio Africanus (cos. 633/121; PRE. 6, 2915, 46), recited the funeral speech on Africanus (his uncle), Cic. Mur. 75, which had been written by C. Laelius, who afterwards published it under his own name; see SCHOL. BOв. ad Cic. p. Mil. 16, p. 283 Or.: super Africani laudibus exstat oratio C. Laeli Sapientis, qua usus videtur Q. Fabius Maximus in laudatione mortui Scipionis. Cic. de or. 2, 341 (Q. Tuberoni [§ 139, 2] Africanum avunculum laudanti scripsit C. Laelius) appears to confuse two nephews of Afr.

3. C. Laelius (Sapiens), son of Laelius the elder § 123, 5, a few years older than Aemilianus (Cic. de rep. 1, 18 Laelium quod aetate antecedebat observabat in parentis loco Scipio; cf. Lael. 104); cos. 614/140. PRE. 4, 725.-Cic. Brut. 84 ingeni, litterarum, eloquentiae, sapientiae denique, etsi utrique (Africanus and Laelius) primas, priores tamen lubenter deferunt Laelio. Cf. ib. 82 (above n. 1) and de or. 1, 255. Brut. 83 plurimum tribuitur ambobus, dicendi tamen laus est in Laelio illustrior, at oratio Laelii de collegiis non melior quam de multis quam voles Scipionis; multo tamen vetustior et horridior ille quam Scipio. de or. 1,58 Ser. Galbae et C. Laelio, quos constat dicendi gloria praestitisse. Brut. 94 hanc ob causam (because Laelius limatius dicendi consectabatur genus) videtur Laeli mens spirare etiam in scriptis, Galbae autem vis occidisse. 295 de Laelio, cuius tu oratione negas fieri quidquam posse dulcius, addis etiam nescio quid augustius. nomine nos capis summi viri vitaeque elegantissimae verissimis laudibus. Cf. de rep. 6, 2 oratio) Laeli quam omnes habemus in manibus. ND. 3, 43 in illa aureola oratiuncula. We do not know of any accusations by Laelius, but of political speeches, defences and panegyrics (see n. 2). Cf. HMEYER, Orat. fr.1 p. 96. Cic. Att. 7, 3, 10 Terentii fabulae propter elegantiam sermonis putabantur a C. Laelio scribi; cf. § 108, 5; fin. 2, 24 Diogenem stoicum adulescens, post autem Panaetium audierat Laelius. From his philosophical tendencies he was called ropòs (Lucil. ib.) or Sapiens (Brut. 213. off. 2, 40. 3, 16). Perhaps Coelius Antipater dedicated his history to him? See § 137, 5.

4. Ser. Sulpicius Galba, born c. 565/189 (aetate paulum his-Laelius and Africanus the Younger-antecedens he is styled by Cic. Brut. 82), censured on account of a disgraceful breach of faith committed by him in Lusitania (a. 604/150). In spite of this he was consul a. 610/144. PRE. 6, 1494. Cic. Brut. 82 states that he was the first Roman orator who employed artificial figures (ut egrederetur a proposito ornandi causa, ut communibus locis uteretur), perhaps in order to hide his bad cause. He who was praised as divinus homo in dicendo was, on the other hand, ignarus legum, haesitans in maiorum institutis, rudis in iure civili (Cic. de or. 1, 40). His delivery was remarkable for great vivacity: in agendo . . . vehemens atque incensus, Brut. 88; incitata et gravis et vehemens oratio, ib. 93; lateribus et clamore contendebat, de or. 1, 255; nihil leniter dixit, or. 106; cf. Brut. 86 atrocior acriorque Laelio; 89 elegantia in Laelio, vis in Galba; de or. 3, 28 gravitatem Africanus, lenitatem Laelius, asperitatem Galba, profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum. Therefore his speeches made less impression when read (Brut. 93 sq.). His style was also less polished (exiliores orationes sunt et redolentes magis antiquitatem quam