Imágenes de páginas
PDF
EPUB

138. In this period we have as antiquarians the annalist C. Sempronius Tuditanus (cos. 625/129) and M. Junius, a partisan of the Gracchi; the first was the author of an historical work and of libri magistratuum, the latter of a work de potestatibus. Another was Junius Congus. The poet L. Accius, who flourished about this time, was also a scholar (§ 134, 7. 8. 11). Others were especially busied in making the old literature accessible and intelligible, e.g. Lampadio and Vargunteius.

...

1. C. Sempronius C. f. C. n. Tuditanus, triumphed as consul Kal. Oct. 625/129 de Iapudibus (CIL. 1, p. 459, xx1). PRE. 6, 976. Cic. Brut. 95 C. Tuditanus cum omni vita atque victu excultus atque expolitus tum eius elegans est habitum etiam orationis genus. Dionys. 1, 11 οἱ λογιώτατοι τῶν ῥωμαϊκῶν συγγραφέων, ἐν οἷς ἐστι Πόρκιός τε Κάτων καὶ Γάϊος Σεμπρώνιος καὶ ἄλλοι συχνοί. Cf. ib. 1, 13. The notice there given concerning the aborigines of Italy is probably taken from his history, as well as the one about Regulus in GELL. 7, 4, 1 and about the triumph of Flamininus (a. 560/194) in PLUT. Flam. 14. Hence his work seems to have been after the manner of the Annalists in dealing both with archaic and contemporary history. Besides this, Tuditanus libro III magistratuum is quoted (MACROB. 1, 13, 21) on leap-years, and in commentario XIII C. Tuditani (MESSALA ap. Gell. 13, 15, 4) on the praetor, and to this work may also belong the notices concerning the nundinae (MACROB. 1, 16, 32) and the trib. pl. (Ascon. ad Cornel. p. 76 Or. 68 K-S.). In treating of leap-years, which were by many connected with Numa, the author may there also have referred to the supposed books of Numa found a. 573/181 (§ 72, 2), and we may therefore understand of the same work PLIN. NH. 13, 87 hoc idem tradit L. Piso censorius primo commentariorum. . . Tuditanus tertio decimo, Numae decretorum fuisse. (HPETER, rell. 1, ccx1 differs from this). Tuditanus is also mentioned PLIN. NH. ind. auct. to bk. 12. The fragments ap. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, 142: fragm. 89.

2. PLIN. NH. 33, 36 idque duravit ultra C. Gracchum. Iunius certe, qui ab amicitia eius Gracchanus appellatus est, scriptum reliquit. CENSORIN. d. n. 20, 2 magis Iunio Gracchano et Fulvio et Varroni et Suetonio credendum; cf. ib. 20, 4. 22, 9 (above § 126, 1). VARRO LL. 6, 33 ut Fulvius scribit et Iunius; cf. ib. 5, 42. 48. 55. 6, 95 in M. Iunii commentariis. ULP. dig. 1, 13, 1 pr.: Gracchanus denique Iunius libro septimo de potestatibus, from which LYD. de magistr. 1, 24 'Ioúvios гpaкxiavÒS ÉV Tŵ πepi éžovoiŵv. The work was addressed to his friend Pomponius, the father of Atticus (Cic. leg. 3, 49 de potestatum iure . . . pluribus verbis scripsit ad patrem tuum M. Iunius sodalis, perite meo quidem iudicio et diligenter). The scanty fragments show that Iunius endeavoured to combine the investigation of the subject-matter with definitions of terms; partiality to Gracchus is possible but cannot be traced in them. Nor can direct use of Gracchanus' work be proved after Varro. HEDIRKSEN, Bruchstücke der röm. Juristen (Königsb. 1814) p. 56. LMERCKLIN, de Iunio Gracchano, Dorp. 1840. 41 II. MHERTZ, de Cinciis (1842) 88. PRE. 4, 534. JBECKER ZAW. 1854, nr. 16. HUSCHKE, iurispr. anteiust.5 8.

3. LUCIL. ap. Plin. NH. praef. 7 nec doctissimis. nam Gaium (?) Persium (§ 136, 9) haece legere nolo, Iunium Congum volo i.e. (cf. § 143, 8) he objects to be read by learned scholars, but desires educated readers, and as such Junius Congus. Cic. de or. 1, 256 (the orator Antonius § 152, 1 says, a. 663/91) historiam et prudentiam iuris publici et antiquitatis † iter et exemplorum copiam ... a viro optimo et istis rebus instructissimo, familiari meo Congo (longo in the MSS.) mutuabor. pPlanc. 58

(delivered a. 700/54) neque fuit qui id (some antiquarian matter) nobis narraret, praesertim mortuo Congo (conco in the MSS.). On this the SCHOL. BOB. 264 Or.: ideo mentionem Congi videtur interposuisse, qui(a) per illud tempus decesserat (? this is only inferred from the mortuo Congo; Congus was probably older than Antonius, and must have been born about 600/154), homo curiosus et diligens eruendae vetustatis. nam historicus (non fuit). KLRотн, RhM. 8, 613. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, CLXXIII. JBECKER (see n. 2. ad fin.) connects him with Gracchanus; against this see CMFRANCKEN, comm. crit. ad Lucil. 2 (1871), 86.

4. C. Octavius Lampadio was, according to SUET. gramm. 1 (see § 41, 1) the first who, at the suggestion of Krates of Pergamus (in Rome about 585/169), critically revised, lectured on and explained the works of the earliest Latin poets; he gave special attention to the poems of Naevius; he published afresh in 7 books Naevius' bellum punicum, which before was extant only in a single volume (SUET. gramm. 2, see § 95, 8). His editions were renowned and continued to be respected down to a late period (FRONTO p. 20; see § 159, 10. Ennius' annales Lampadionis manu emendati ap. GELL. 18, 5, 11; see § 101, 4). Junior to Lampadio was Q. Vargunteius, who certis diebus in magna frequentia pronuntiabat Ennius (§ 101, 4) and who likewise handled the old poets technically as a grammarian (§ 41, 2, 1. 12).

139. The Stoic philosophy was in the Gracchan period professed by C. Blossius of Cumae, the faithful friend of Ti. Gracchus, and by Q. Tubero (cos. 636/118), a man of high principles, though of one-sided mind, who was also a jurist. In the augur Q. Scaevola (cos. 637/117) legal knowledge preponderated over his Stoicism. Juridical works were in this period composed by C. Livius Drusus.

...

[ocr errors]

1. PLUT. Ti. Gr. 8 Διοφάνους τοῦ ῥήτορος καὶ Βλοσσίου τοῦ φιλοσόφου παρορμησάντων αὐτόν. ὧν. ἦν. ὁ Βλ. αὐτόθεν ἐξ Ιταλίας Κυμαῖος, ̓Αντιπάτρου τοῦ Ταρσέως γεγονὼς ἐν ἄστει συνήθης καὶ τετιμημένος ὑπ ̓ αὐτοῦ προσφωνήσεσι γραμμάτων φιλοσόφων. Cf. ib. 20. Cic. Lael. 37. PRE. 1a, 2399.

...

2. Q. Aelius Tubero, grandson of L. Aemilius Paulus and nephew of Africanus Minor, praetor probably 631/123, cos. suff. 636/118, a favourite pupil of Panaitios. His Stoicism, though not unfavourable to his juridical studies, was an impediment to his oratory, and as he carried it out most rigorously in practice, he appeared to his contemporaries as a crotchety personage; PRE. 12, 334. Cic. Lael. 37 Ti. Gracchum remp. vexantem a Q. Tuberone... derelictum videbamus. Brut. 117 Q. Aelius Tubero fuit. nullo in oratorum numero, sed vita severus et congruens cum ea disciplina quam colebat, paulo etiam durior. . . ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus. . . . fuit autem constans civis et fortis et in primis C. Graccho molestus, quod indicat Gracchi in eum oratio. sunt etiam in Gracchum Tuberonis. is fuit mediocris in dicendo, doctissimus in disputando. The belief that Laelius composed for him the funeral oration on his uncle Scipio Africanus (Cic. de or. 2, 341) is probably based on a confusion (§ 181, 2). POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2, 40 Q. Tubero, ille stoicus, Panaetii auditor, qui et ipse consul. Cic. ap. Gell. 1, 22, 7 nec vero scientia iuris maioribus suis Q. Aelius Tubero defuit, doctrina etiam superfuit, explained by GELLIUS: disciplinas enim Tubero stoicas et dialecticas percalluerat. Panaitios himself, Hecaton and Poseidonios addressed philosophical writings to him. The juridical

writings of Q. Tubero in the Ciceronian period (see § 208, 1) are frequently based upon him.

3. Q. Mucius Q. f. Q. n. Scaevola, distinguished from his nephew of the same name (§ 154, 1) by the appellation of augur, born c. 595/159 (a. 625/129 he is iam aetate quaestorius, Cic. de rep. 18), cos. 637/117, died later than 666/88 (VAL. MAX. 3, 8, 5). PRE. 5, 183. He was no real orator (Cic. Brut. 102 oratorum in numero non fuit; cf. de or. 1, 39. 214. 234), much less a philosopher, though a friend of Panaitios (Cic. de or. 1, 45). His excellence lay in 'respondere de iure,' but he seems not to have written anything. Vellei. 2, 9, 2 Q.Mucius iuris scientia quam proprie eloquentiae nomine celebrior fuit. Cic. Brut. 102 iuris civilis intellegentia atque omni prudentiae genere praestitit. 212 peritissimus iuris idemque percomis est habitus. Atticus and Cicero as adulescentuli used to assist at his consultations (Cic. leg. 1, 13. Lael. 1. Brut. 306). With all his firmness of character he was at the same time an amiable person (comiter, ut solebat, Cic. de or. 1, 35 and 234 eximia suavitate), even a ioculator (ad Att. 4, 16, 3). But the Q. Scaevola, whom PLINY ep. 5, 3, 5 (§ 31, 1) mentions as the author of lasciva carmina (quoting from these de dub. nom. GL. 5, 575, 24 Scaevola lassas clunes'; cf. CHARIS. GL. 1, 101, 7), likewise the author of the epigram on Cicero's poem Marius (Q. Cic. ap. Cic. leg. 1, 2 ut ait Scaevola de fratris mei Mario, 'canescet saeclis innumerabilibus '), and lastly the MoÚkios ΣKevóλas whose epigram on a bucolic subject is to be found Anth. Pal. 9, 217, is not he, but rather his son Q. Scaevola (trib. pl. 700/54; PRE. 5, 188), who a. 695/59 was among the cohors amicorum of the poetaster Q. Cicero. MHAUPT, opusc. 1, 214.-ASCHNEIDER, die drei Scaevola Ciceros, Münch. 1879, 5.

...

4. C. Livius C. f. Drusus, the elder brother of the cons. of 642, 112 (§ 136, 11). CIC. Tusc. 5, 112 C. Drusi domum compleri a consultoribus solitam accepimus; caecum adhibebant ducem. VAL. Max. 8, 7, 4 Livius Drusus, qui et aetatis viribus et acie oculorum defectus ius civile populo benignissime interpretatus est utilissimaque discere id cupientibus monumenta composuit.

140. The bloody suppression of the Gracchic movement increased the haughtiness of the nobility to the highest degree and brought about the disgraceful acts of the war with Jugurtha (a. 643/111-648/106), but also called up an avenger in the person of C. Marius. In respect to literature, the years between 635/119 and 650/104 are the period in which C. Lucilius and L. Afranius flourished. To this period belong besides the tragic poet C. Titius, Atta the composer of togatae, the epigrammatists Pompilius, Valerius Aedituus and Catulus, the learned Q. Valerius Soranus, and Porcius Licinus.

1. The strange humourist Valerius Valentinus (from Vibo Valentia ?) seems also to belong to this period. FESTUS 363 Tappulam legem (§ 49, 1) convivalem ficto nomine conscripsit iocoso carmine Valerius Valentinus, cuius meminit Lucilius hoc modo 'Tappulam rident legem concenae optimi.' VAL. MAX. 8, 1, 8 C. Cosconium Servilia lege reum (c. 667/87). Valeri Valentini accusatoris eius recitatum in iudicio carmen, in quo puerum praetextatum et ingenuam virginem a se corruptam poetico ioco significaverat, erexit. Cf. § 114, 2. F. BÜCHELER, Bonner Ind. lect. 1877, 5.-In the year 1882 was found in Vercelli a bronze fragment of a (lex) Tappula, a pot-house formulary drawn up quite in the legal style, but with comic nomenclature, etc.

...

1

(M. Multivorus, P. Properocius (L. Vinius Me>ro; (pro trib>u Satureia); it appears from the writing to belong to the Augustan time: probably a joke produced in some festive club in allusion to the lex Tappula, which had been famous from the time of Valerius. In 1. 1. . . jus Tapponis f. Tappo. The name Tappo seems to have had a scandalous significance (cf. CATULL. 104, 4). Moммs., arch. Zeit. 40, 176; bull. arch. 1882, 186 (with facsimile). On the inscription AKIESSLING, conjectan. II, Greifsw. Vorl. Verz. 1884/85, iv. RIBBECK, röm. Dicht. 1,232.

141. As orators of this period we have the grandson of the elder Cato, M. Cato (cos. 636/118), Q. Metellus (cos. 645/109), the Epicurean T. Albucius lashed by Lucilius, C. Galba, C. Fimbria (cos. 650/104), C. Titius, who has already been mentioned above as a tragic writer, and others.

1. GELL. 13, 20 (19), 10 M. Cato M. f. M. n. is satis vehemens orator fuit multasque orationes ad exemplum avi scriptas reliquit et consul cum Q. Marcio Rege fuit (a. 636/118) inque eo consulatu in Africa. . . mortem obit. Cicero in his Brutus does not mention him. Perhaps, however, his speeches may have been mixed up with those of his grandfather. See also FEST. 154, 25. PRISCIAN. GL. 1, 90 (Cato nepos de actionibus ad populum ne lex sua abrogetur).

2. Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, cos. 645/109 (against Jugurtha), censor 652/102; PRE. 2, 30. VELLEI. 2, 9, 1 mentions him and Scaurus as second-rate orators of their time. Cf. Cic. Brut. 135. GELL. 1, 6, 1 oratio Metelli Numidici (rather Macedonici, see above § 131, 7; see MWENDE, de Caeciliis Met. 1875, 56) gravis ac diserti viri, quam in censura dixit ad populum de ducendis uxoribus. LIV. per. 59 Q. Metellus censor censuit ut cogerentur omnes ducere uxores . . . extat oratio eius quam Augustus Caesar ... in senatu recitavit. Cf. SUET. Aug. 89 recitavit. . . orationem Q. Metelli de prole augenda. Cf. § 143, 4 in fin.

3. Cic. Brut. 131 doctus etiam Graecis T. Albucius, vel potius paene Graecus .. licet ex orationibus iudicare. fuit autem Athenis adolescens, perfectus Epicureus (cf. nat. d. 1, 93) evaserat. There Q. Scaevola met him a. 633/121 and made fun of him, a scene described by Lucilius in his satires; see § 143, 4 in fin. Cic. fin. 1, 8. or. 149. VARRO Men. 127 Büch. de Albuci subus Athenis (Cf. Hor. E. 1, 4, 16). A. 651/103 he was accused and sentenced on account of extortions, whereupon he returned to Athens and lived there quietly as a philosopher (Cic. Tusc. 5, 108). Perhaps he then composed an Epicurean didactic poem, if he is the person to whom Fronto refers p. 113: in poetis quis ignorat ut gracilis sit Lucilius, Albucius aridus, sublimis Lucretius?. MHERTZ JJ. 107, 338.

...

...

4. Cic. Brut. 127 C. Galba (quaestor 634/120) Servi (§ 131, 4) filius, P. Crassi (133, 5) . gener, rogatione Mamilia, Iugurthinae coniurationis invidia, cum pro sese ipse dixisset, oppressus est (a. 644/110). extat eius peroratio, qui epilogus dicitur; qui tanto in honore pueris nobis erat ut eum etiam edisceremus.

...

5. Cic. Brut. 129 C. (Flavius) Fimbria . . . bonus auctor in senatu. idem tolerabilis patronus nec rudis in iure civili, et cum virtute tum etiam ipso orationis genere liber. cuius orationes pueri legebamus, quas iam reperire vix possumus. Cf. de or. 2, 91.

6. As orators of the same period, though without detailed mention of published speeches, Cicero notices P. Scipio and L. Bestia (Brut. 128), C. Licinius Nerva (ib. 129), C. Sextius Calvinus, M. Brutus and L. Caesulenus (ib. 130), M. Silanus, M.

Aurelius Scaurus, A. Postumius Albinus, the flamen Albinus, Q. Caepio (ib. 135), C. and L. Memmii (cf. SALL. Iug. 30, 4), Sp. Thorius, M. Marcellus and his adopted son P. Lentulus (Brut. 136), L. Cotta (ib. 137); also L. Apuleius Saturninus (seditiosorum omnium post Gracchos eloquentissimus, ib. 224), C. Servilius Glaucia (ib.). Here belongs also C. Canius, see § 136, 10 ad fin.

7. MACROB. 3, 16, 14 Gaius Titius, vir aetatis Lucilianae, in oratione qua legem Fanniam (a. 593/161) suasit. Cic. Brut. 167 eiusdem (as M. Antonius and L. Crassus) fere temporis fuit eques rom. C. Titius, qui meo iudicio eo pervenisse videtur quo potuit fere latinus orator sine graecis litteris et sine multo usu pervenire. huius orationes tantum argutiarum, tantum exemplorum, tantum urbanitatis habent ut paene attico stilo scriptae esse videantur. easdem argutias in tragoedias satis quidem ille acute, sed parum tragice transtulit, see § 145, 1. These dates do not agree. If Titius flourished about a. 630/124, having been born about 600/154 (cf. FRONTO, ep. p. 20: contigisse quid tale M. Porcio aut Q. Ennio aut C. Graccho aut Titio poetae? and NOVIUS 68 Ribb. in tragoedia Titi), he might be described as a man aetatis Lucilianae, and at the same time fere eiusdem temporis as Antonius and Crassus, but that he should have spoken pro lege Fannia as early as 593/161 is hardly credible. Therefore either two persons called alike C. Titius are supposed (KW PIDERIT on Brut. p. 284) or the name in MACROB. is held to be corrupt (LMÜLLER, Q. Ennius 96). Perhaps, however, Macrobius only erred as to the name of the law; Titius spoke not for the Fannia but for one of the later leges sumptuariae, which completed the earlier law and increased its severity, perhaps the lex Aemilia sumptuaria 639/115 or the lex Licinia (cf. § 143, 1), which in plerisque cum Fannia congruit (MACROB. 3, 17, 8). The characterisation in Cicero (Brut. 1.1.), especially with reference to the wealth of argutiae and exempla in the speeches of Titius, is well supported by the large fragment (in MACR. 1.1.) of his speech for the sumptuary law (a description of the behaviour of the aristocratic youth of Rome): but this unrestrained vein of harsh satire and rude criticism hardly deserves praise as urbanitas and stilus paene atticus, nor on the other hand was it possible for Titius, who wrote tragedies, to have been sine litteris graecis; at most he might have been wanting in close acquaintance with Greek rhetoric. On the title of a tragedy (Protesilaus), of which the genuineness may be disputed, see RIBBECK, com. 2 116.— HAYM, de C. Titio, Lauban 1832. MOMMSEN, RG. 2o, 403. 454. BÜCHELER, Greifsw. Ind. lect. 1868/69 p. 4. RIBBECK, röm. Trag. 612; röm. Dicht. 1, 189.

142. A many-sided literary activity was in this period shown by the two optimates P. Rutilius Rufus (cos. 649/105) and Q. Lutatius Catulus (cos. 652/102): the noble Rufus was an adherent of the Stoic philosophy, an orator, an authority and a writer on questions of law, lastly the author of a history written in Greek, and of an autobiography. The somewhat desultory Catulus, in addition to his political and military labours, wrote an account of his life, and incidentally also playful epigrams. Other works attributed to him were probably written by his freedman Lutatius Daphnis. Sempronius Asellio likewise confined himself to the narration of events within his own experience, but endeavoured in intentional opposition to previous methods to introduce a more serious treatment of history. He undertook to treat at the same

« AnteriorContinuar »