b) The single departments comprised by Varro in his Discipl. libri were mostly again treated by him in special treatises, e.g. grammar (see below, e), philosophy, *de forma philosophiae libri III; perhaps also a single book de philosophia, see AUGUSTIN. civ. d. 19, 1; cf. RITSCHL, op. 3, 441. LKRAHNER, de Varrone ex Martiani satura supplendo, c. 1: de Varronis philosophia, Friedland 1846. These philosophical treatises were undoubtedly written after Cicero's Academica, i.e. after 709/45 (WILMANNS, Varr. gramm. libr. 9). There was also a special treatise on rhetoric (Varro in libro III Rhetoricorum, PRISCIAN. GL. 2, 489), and also the *libri IX de principiis numerorum, which were no doubt in the Pythagorean spirit. On the geometria see § 52, 2. On gromatic (§ 58) the treatise de mensuris (PRISCIAN. GL. 2, 420. BOETHIUS de geometr. p. 1234): RITSCHL, Op. 3, 475. 494.-*De valitudine tuenda liber I: was it an independent work or rather a logistoricus? (RITSCHL 1.1. 440. 475).

c) Geographical. Besides the books 8-13 of the antiquitt. hum. (see above) the books de ora maritima (SERV. Aen. 1, 108. 112. 5, 19. 8, 710), which appear to have been directions for navigation (on coast-lines and coast-settlements, dangers and difficulties of navigation, wind and weather, ebb and flood tides etc.); called by VEGET. 5, 11 libri navales, by SOLIN. 11, 6 opus quod de littoralibus est. VARRO LL. 9, 26 probably himself refers to some part of the book in libro quem feci de aestuariis (i.e. on the subject of the ebb and flood tides). MOMMSEN On Solin. p. xix.; Herm. 18, 161. DDETLEFSEN, commentt. Mommsen. 27. RREITZENSTEIN, Herm. 20, 523; 21, 240. OEHMICHEN, plinian. Studd. 47. ESCHWEDER, Phil. 46, 276.-Akin to this as regards its subject is the meteorological calendar for mariners ephemeris navalis (NoN. 71, 19). Itiner. Alex. M. 6 Varro Cn. Pompeio per Hispanias militaturo librum illum Ephemeridos sub nomine elaboravit (therefore composed about 677/77). Besides this a second Ephemeris (agrestis or rustica?? RREITZENSTEIN, de scriptt. R. R., Berl. 1884, 44): PRISC. GL. 2, 256, 20 Varro in ephemeride: postea honoris virtutum causa Iulii Caesaris mensis Iulius est appellatus (therefore written after

708 46). BERGK, RhM. 1, 367.

d) *de iure civili libri XV, probably denoting Roman private law; RITSCHL 1.1. 444. This is supposed, without sufficient proof, to be a general introduction to Roman law and the principal source of Pomponius by FDSANIO, Varroniana in den Schriften der römischen Juristen, Lpz. 1867, 134, cf. ib. 211. The libri de gradibus (on the degrees of relationship), mentioned by SERV. Aen. 5, 410, seem to treat of a similar subject. Questions of antiquarian and political interest and also grammatical points were dealt with in the Epistolicae quaestiones, in at least 8 books (RITSCHL 1.1. 477): in b. 4 of these epist. quaestt. was the epistula ad Oppianum, by which Varro replaced the commentarius eloaywyıkòs (§ 166, 4 h) de officio senatus habendi, which he had formerly sent to Pompey, and which had been lost: GELL. 14, 7, 3. In addition (or contained in it?) letters ad (Iulium) Caesarem, ad Fabium, ad Fufium, ad Marullum, ad Neronem (all quoted in Nox.), ad Serv. Sulpicium (GELL. 2, 10); lastly ep. Latinae (Nox. 473, 20), epistulis Latiniae (NoN. 419, 13, cf. ep. latina 121, 12, ep. latina l. I. 141, 14): addressed to Latins?? LHAVET, rev. de phil. 7, 176.—RITSCHL, Op. 3, 476. 494.-Concerning the *rerum rusticarum libri III see § 168.

e) Besides the great work *de lingua latina libri XXV, see § 167, the following separate treatises dealt with grammar: de antiquitate litterarum (PRISCIAN. GL. 2, 8 Varro in II de antiquitate litterarum), addressed to the tragic poet L. Accius and therefore one of the earliest works of Varro (RITSCHL 1.1. 469. 498. WILMANNS p. 117, 218); *de origine linguae latinae III (perhaps dedicated to Pompey, RITSCHL 1.1. 470); πеρì xарактhрwv (=тúπwv, formation of words

HUSENER, JJ. 95, 247), at least 3 books (CHARIS. GL. 1, 189 Varro in III T. x.); *de similitudine verborum III (=de analogia, RITSCHL 1.1. 468); de utilitate sermonis (CHARIS. GL. 1, 123 Varro de ut. s. IIII), laying great weight on the principle of anomalia (RITSCHL 1.1. 469); lastly *de sermone latino V (JEROME; but RUFIN. GL. 6, 555 Varro de lingua latina ad Marcellum, and ib. 556 twice Varro in lib. VII de lingua latina ad Marcellum, cf. GELL. 12, 6, 3. 12, 10, 4. 16, 12, 7. 18, 12, 8. WILMANNS, p. 47, 170), treating also of the metres (RITSCHL 1.1. 463, cf. WESTPHAL, griech. Metrik 13, 116, 173) and the chief authority on orthography for the later grammarians. An epitome of the section on accents is contained in SERGIUS' explan. in Donat. GL. 4, 525; cf. WILMANNS 49, LENTZ on Herodian 1, xxxi, FSCHÖLL, act. Lips. 6, 5. Another in the Orthography of TERENTIUS SCAURUS GL. 7, 29; cf. HUSENER, RhM. 24, 94. In general AWILMANNS, de Varr. libris grammaticis scripsit relliquiasque subiecit, Berl. 1864.

167. Of all the works of Varro only two have come down. to us, de lingua latina and rerum rusticarum libri III. But of the original 25 books de lingua latina only books V to X are in existence, and even those mutilated at the end of VIII and X, and at the beginning of VII and IX, not to speak of numerous interpolations and corruptions. The complete work dealt, in its first half, with the formation and inflexion of words, in its second with the syntax, and throughout the Alexandrine writers and Stoics were laid under large contributions. From the fifth book the work was dedicated to Cicero, whence it follows that it was written and published (at least in part) about 711/43, at the very latest. The subject-matter is often distorted by the arbitrary arrangement, the style is antiquated, jerky and uncouth, the numerous etymologies are no better than empirical word-play.

1. The strict and mechanical symmetry of the composition in the work de lingua latina (cf. § 116, 4 a) appears from the repeated reference to the scheme. 7, 110 quoniam omnis operis de lingua latina tris feci parteis, primo quemadmodum vocabula imposita essent rebus (etymology), secundo quemadmodum ea in casus declinarentur (declension and conjugation), tertio quemadmodum coniungerentur (syntax). Cf. 8, 1.-5, 1 quemadmodum vocabula essent imposita rebus in lingua latina sex libris exponere institui. de his tris (independently of the first book which contains the introduction, thus we get books 2-4) ante hunc feci, quos Septumi? (qui mihi fuit quaestor is added by VARRO 7, 109) misi. in quibus est de disciplira quam vocant ¿TVμOλOYIKÝν. quae contra eam dicerentur, volumine primo (b. 2); quae pro ea, secundo (b. 3); quae de ea, tertio (b. 4). in his ad te (Cicero) scribam, a quibus rebus vocabula imposita sint in lingua latina, et ea quae sunt in consuetudine apud potas.-6, 97 quoniam de hisce rebus tris libros ad te mittere institui, de oratione solita duo, de poetica unum, et ex soluta ad te misi duo, priorem (b. 5) de locis et quae in cis sunt, hunc (b. 6) de temporibus et quae cum his sunt coniuncta: deinceps in proxu? (b. 7) de poeticis verborum originibus scribere incipiam.—7, 5 dicam in hoc libro d verbis quae a poetis sunt posita, primum de locis, dein de his quae in locis sunt, teio de temporibus, tum quae cum temporibus sunt coniuncta.-8, 24 de quibus utriusque ge (åvaλoyías and ȧvwμxías) declinationibus libros faciam bis ternos: prioris tris (b. 10) de earum declinationum disciplina, posterioris (b. 11-13) de eius disciplinae

Beris

ro

paginibus. de prioribus primus (b. 8) erit hic: quae contra similitudinem (analogy) declinationum dicantur, secundus (b. 9), quae contra dissimilitudinem (anomaly), tertius (b. 10) de similitudinum forma. de quibus quae expediero, singulis tribus; tum de alteris totidem scribere ac dividere incipiamus. The books 14 to 25 treated of syntax (but see ARIESE, Phil. 27, 296). Cf. SPENGEL pref. to his ed. 2 p. xxxiv. WILMANNS, de Varr. libris gramm. p. 22. ORIBBECK (composition of b. 5–7), RhM. 41, 618. The fragments of the lost books are collected by WILMANNS, 141.

2. The dedication to Cicero covered books 5 to 25 (see however ARIESE, Phil. 27, 297). Cf. GELL. 16, 8, 6 M. Varro de lingua latina ad Ciceronem quarto vicesimo; also PRISCIAN. GL. 2, 540 Varro in XXIIII ad Ciceronem. The fact of the other books being already dedicated to Septumius (n. 1) would seem to prove that they were written before Varro decided to exchange with Cicero a series of dedications. As early as 707/47 he promised Cicero magnam et gravem poσównow (Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3), but did not get on as fast as Cicero desired, so that Cicero became impatient in 709/45 (biennium praeteriit cum ille Kadıπwidŋs assiduo cursu cubitum nullum processerit, 1.1.) and took Atticus' advice in starting himself by dedicating his Academica to Varro (Att. 13, 12, 3. 16, 1, 18). Varro's work was finished only after the publication of Cicero's Academica (a. 709/45), but no doubt a part was published before Cicero's death (close of 711/43). OMÜLLER'S supposition, that the work was perhaps published in an unfinished state after Varro's death, rests on insufficient evidence. See OMÜLLER's praef. p. III-XI and against his view LSPENGEL, Abhandl. der bayr. Akad. 7, 2, 443; ROтH, Leben Varros 25 and WILMANNS, Varr. libr. gramm. 37. There was an epitome of this work: *TTOμÈV de lingua latina ex libris X(X)V libri VIIII; see § 165, 1 ad fin.

3. Sole standard MS.: Laur. 51, 10 s. XI in Florence from Monte Cassino (Facsim. ap. CHATELAIN t. 12); from this, when it was still complete (Q.II=5, 118-6, 61 now missing), were copied the rest of the MSS. (all s. XV sq.). AGROTH, de Varr. de LL. 11. cod. florentino (containing a complete collation), Diss. Argentor. 4 (1880), 81. The fragm. Casinense 361 s. XI to LL. 5, 41-57 also depends on the Laur.; HKEIL, RhM. 6, 142. LSPENGEL, Abh. d. Münch. Akad. 7, 2, 475. GGÖTZ, quaestt. Varron., Jena, 1886. Recent editions by LSPENGEL (Berl. 1826; emend. app. crit. instr. praef. est LSPENGEL, ed. ASpengel, Berl. 1885) and OMÜLLER (Lps. 1883; following the latter AEEGGER, Par. 1837). Criticism (see Phil. 13, 684 and 27, 303) esp. by LSPENGEL, Abh. d. bayr. Ak. 7, 2, 429; de emendanda ratione librorum de 1.1., Münch. 1858; Phil. 17, 288. 32, 92. CLACHMANN,

kl. Schr. 2, 163. BERGK, kl. Schr. 1, 571. WCHRIST, Phil. 16, 450. 17, 59. JNMADVIG. advers. 2, 166. CFWMÜLLER, ZfGW. 19, 421. 792. 867. HREITER, quaestt. Varron. gramm., Königsb. 1862; obss. crit. in Varr. de LL., Braunsb. 1884. ASPENGEL, Münch. SBer. 1885, 243. GGörz, Berl. PhWschr. 1886, 781.

168. Varro's three books rerum rusticarum, which we possess almost entire, are far more attractive to the reader. The first treats of agriculture, the second of cattle, the third of birdand fish-breeding. Erudition and a long practical experience furnished the author (who was then 80 years old) with rich materials, and one feels how firmly and with what pleasure he handles these subjects with which he is thoroughly familiar. The whole is dressed up as a dialogue, in the manner of Cicero's philosophical writings, but far more graphic in scenery and

action; Varro largely availing himself of this opportunity to display his somewhat pedantic, but thoroughly kindly wit, especially in puns on the names of his characters.

1. R. R. 1, 1, 1 annus octogesimus admonet me ut sarcinas colligam ante quam proficiscar e vita. It was, therefore, written a. 717/37. The dialogue in b. 2 is supposed to take place in 687/67 (April 21st), in book 3 in 700/54; see 2, praef. 7. 3, 2, 3 (cf. Cic. Att. 4, 15, 5). Ib. 1, 1, 4 scribam tibi (his wife Fundania) tres libros indices (i.e. précis). This remained, though books 2 and 3 were dedicated to others, the latter to Q. Pinnius, the former to Turranius Niger, who perhaps also wrote on kindred subjects; see DIOм. GL. 1, 368, 26 † tyrannus (Turranius, Keil) de agri cultura primo. 1, 1, 11 quo brevius (on account of the great number of predecessors) de ea re conor tribus libris exponere, uno de agri cultura, altero de re pecuaria, tertio de villaticis pastionibus. 1, 1, 12 (Varro's instruction proceeds) ex radicibus trinis, et quae ipse in meis fundis colendo animadverti et quae legi et quae a peritis audii. 2, praef. 6 quoniam de agri cultura librum Fundaniae uxori propter eius fundum feci, tibi, Niger Turrani noster, qui vehementer delectaris pecore,

de re pecuaria breviter ac summatim percurram. 3, 1, 9 cum putarem esse rerum rusticarum tria genera, unum de agri cultura, alterum de re pecuaria, tertium de villaticis, pastionibus, tres libros institui, e queis duo scripsi: primum ad Fundaniam uxorem de agri cultura, secundum de pecuaria ad Turranium Nigrum. qui reliquus est tertius, de villaticis fructibus, hunc ad te (Q. Pinnius) mitto, quod visus sum debere pro nostra vicinitate et amore scribere potissimum ad te. Just as this continual insistence on the arrangement of the work is characteristic of Varro (cf. § 167, 1), so we have in this work also a frequent recurrence of his complaints about the loss of the ancient simplicity of manners. For the puns on proper names (Fundania, Fundilius, Agrasius, Agrius, Stolo, Scrofa, Vitulus, Vaccius, Merula, Passer, Pavo, Pica, Parra, Orata, Murena and others) see ASCHLEICHER, meletem. Varron. 1 (Bonn 1846), 1–12.

2. On the MSS. cf. § 122, 1.-Critical ed. by HKEIL; see § 122, 1. Other editions in the Scriptt. RR. (§ 54, 7) and in the opera Varronis (§ 169, 3).— Translation by GGROSSE, Halle 1788.-HKEIL, observatt. critt. in Catonis et Varronis de RR. libros, Halle 1849; obss. critt. in Varr. RR., Halle 1883; emendatt. Varr., Halle 1883. 84, II; de Petri de Crescentiis commodis ruralibus (on their worthlessness for the criticism of Varro), Halle 1885. HNETTLESHIP, Journ. of Phil. 7, 172. FZAHLFELDT, quaestt. crit. in Varr. RR., Berl., 1881.

169. The other works of Varro do not seem to have been in existence beyond the 6th century of the Christian era. It is quite uncertain whether the so-called sententiae Varronis are really derived from Varro's writings.

1. On the relation of Martianus Capella to Varro see CBÖTTGER, Jahn's Arch. 13, 590. LHKRAHNER, de Varrone ex Martiani satura supplendo, Friedland 1846. Isidorus does not derive the 36 passages in which he mentions Varro from Varro himself. HKETTNER, varronische Studien (Halle 1865) 2-37. From this circumstance we seem justified in drawing the conclusion that the age of Isidorus (§ 496) possessed no more of Varro than we have.

2. The Sententiae Varronis, about 160 (printed e.g. in ARIESE, Varr. satt. 265), appear in the MSS. under various titles (Sententiae Varronis ad Papirianum Athenis audientem; Proverbia Varronis ad Paxianum: Sententiae Varronis ad Atheniensem auditorem morales atque notabiles; Varro ad Atheniensem audi

§ 168-170. VARRO DE RE RUSTICA : SENTENTIAE: NIGIDIUS FIGULUS. 265

torem; Liber Moralis quem Varro scripsit ad Ath. aud.; Varro in Moralibus or in libro Moralium). A good many among them may well be genuine sayings of Varro (see RIESE 1.1. p. x), but we have no trustworthy evidence by which to recognise and distinguish these. That the collection bears the name of Varro proves very little. As instances, e.g. 1 di essemus ni moreremur. 4 cum natura litigat qui mori grave fert. 10 in multis contra omnes sapere desipere est. 62 eo tantum studia intermittantur ne omittantur. 86 sic multi libros degustant ut convivae delicias. 151 sic studendum ut propter id te putes natum; it is true that all these sayings remind us even more of Seneca in style and spirit. Mercklin even conjectured that the Varro (p. 13, 24. 60, 22. 80, 11 Huemer) mentioned by the late grammarian Virgilius Maro (§ 452, 5) was the author. In the encyclopaedic works of the Middle Ages (e.g. Vicentii Bellovacensis Speculum historiale and doctrinale, Arnoldi de Hollandia Liber Vaticani) these sayings were much used. Literature: Sententias Varr. ed. et illustr. VDEVIT, Padua 1843. RKLOTZ, die Varro beigelegten Denksprüche, Jahn's Arch. 9, 582. HDÜNTzer, ib. 15, 193; cf. JJ. 54, 135. LMERCKLIN, Phil. 2, 480. 13, 739. LQUICHERAT, pensées inédites de Varron, Bibl. de l'école des chartes 3, 1 (Par. 1849), 3. Sentences de Varr. et liste de ses ouvrages, d'après différ. mscrits, par CHCHAPPUIS, Par. 1856. RITSCHL Op. 3, 522.

3. A trustworthy collection and explanation of the whole of the remains of Varro's works is still wanting.-Early editions: Varronis opera cum notis JScaligeri, ATurnebi all., Par. 1569. 1585. Cum fragm. APOPMA, Leid. 1601; c. nott. varr., Dortr. 1619 (repeated ed. Bipontina 1788 II). BRUNETTI, frammenti minori di V., Venice 1874.-LMERCKLIN and ARIESE, die varronische Literatur vom J. 1826-1868, Phil. 13, 683. 27, 286.-On Varro's diction LSTÜNKEL, de Varr. verborum formatione, Strassb. 1876. AMÜLLER, de priscis verborum formis Varr., Halle 1877. Compare the references § 98, 7.

170. Among the scholars of the period, the next place to Varro was held by P. Nigidius Figulus (praetor a. 696/58), whose extensive works dealt not only with grammar, but also with theology and various branches of natural science; yet, as his bent was mainly towards odd and occult subjects, he gained little influence, and was soon perfectly eclipsed by Varro.

1. P. Nigidius (Cic. p Sull. 42. Timae. 1. PLUT. Cic. 20. an seni 27 and elsewhere) Figulus (see Schol. Lucan. 1, 639), praetor 696/58 (Cic. ad Qu. fr. 1, 2, 16), whence his birth-year cannot be fixed later than 656/98. Being a zealous partisan of Pompey, he was exiled by Caesar (Cic. fam. 4, 18 a. 708/46), HIERON. ad Euseb. Chron. a. Abr. 1972-709/45 Nigidius Figulus Pythagoricus et magus in exilio moritur. In conformity with his Pythagorean views he was conservative in his politics, and was useful to Cicero in his struggle with Catiline (p Sull. and Plut. 1.1.). The Orphic mysticism and magic tendencies of the Pythagorean teaching of this period appear in Nigidius Figulus. Occult arts, recovering stolen objects (APULEI. mag. 42), and conjecturing at nativity (SUET. Aug. 94. Dio 45, 1) are mentioned of him. Conflicts with the police caused thereby may account for the sacrilegium Nigidianum in Ps. Cic. in Sall. resp. 5; see n. 3. Cf. MOMMSEN, RG. 36, 573.

2. MHERTZ, de P. Nigidii Fig. studiis atque operibus, Berl. 1845. Quaestt. Nigidianae by JKLEIN (de vita Nigidii, Bonn 1861) and JFREY (Rössel 1867). HROEHRIG, de Nig. Fig. capp. II, Coburg 1887.-His fragments have been collected