Cic. rell. recogn. FBÜCHELER, Lps. 1869. The text in EUSSNER 1.1. p. 24; scholia critica ib. p. 36.

5. AUSONIUS ecl. 17 p. 16 Sch. gives after one of his own poems for the sake of comparison 16 (20) hexameters by Q. Cicero on the twelve signs of the Zodiac; the same in BÜCHELER 1.1. 68. AL. 642. FPR. 315. BAITER-KAYSER'S Cic. 11, 138. CFWMÜLLER 4, 3, 405.-The epigram on women, which late MSS. (AL. 268. PLM. 4,359) attribute to a certain Cicero, properly belongs to Pentadius (§ 398, 5).

191. Cicero's freedman and friend, M. Tullius Tiro, long survived his patron and carefully cultivated his memory. He wrote his biography, published his orations and letters, and perhaps also collected his witticisms. He wrote comprehensive works himself of a grammatical character, and seems to have also dabbled in poetry. His name has become well known through the notae Tironianae.

1. Cic. fam. 16, 4, 3 innumerabilia tua sunt in me officia: domestica, forensia ; urbana, provincialia; in re privata, in publica; in studiis, in litteris nostris. 16, 17, 1 kavov esse meorum scriptorum soles. Cf. Att. 7, 5, 2. GELL. 6, 3, 8 Tiro Tullius, M. Ciceronis libertus, sane quidem fuit ingenio homo eleganti et haudquaquam rerum litterarumque veterum indoctus, eoque ab ineunte aetate liberaliter instituto adminiculatore et quasi administro in studiis litterarum Cicero usus est. ib. 13, 9, 1. 15, 16, 2. He was manumitted a. 700/54 (Cıc. fam. 16, 16). A. 704/50 he was adulescens (ad Att. 6. 7, 2). HIERONYM. on Euseb. Chron. ad a. Abr. 2013 (Freher. 2012)=750/4 M. Tullius Tiro, Ciceronis libertus, qui primus notas commentus est, in Puteolano praedio (cf. Cic. fam. 16, 21, 7) usque ad centesimum annum consenescit. JCD'ENGELBRONNER, de Tirone, Amst. 1804. ALION, Tironiana, in Seebode's Arch. 1824, 246 and (cf. § 220, 9) Gött. 1846. DRUMANN, GR. 6, 405. PRE. 6, 2207. PMITZSCHKE, M. Tull. Tiro, Berl. 1875.

2. AscoN. p. 49 Or. 43 K.-S. ut legimus apud Tironem libertum Ciceronis in libro IIII de vita eius. His work bore the character of an apology for Cicero, and sought to clear his memory from detraction. PLUTARCH, who cites it (Cic. 41. 49), has no doubt availed himself of it in part of his Bios Kiképwvos: see HPETER, Quellen Plutarchs 129. Tac. dial. 17. GELL. 4, 10, 6.—ib. 15, 16, 2 a Tirone librorum patroni sui studiosissimo. HPETER, hist. fragm. 212. A MS. of Cic.'s orations revised by him is mentioned GELL. 1, 7, 1 (in oratione Cic. V in Verr., libro spectatae fidei, Tironiana cura atque disciplina facto) and 13, 21, 16 (in uno atque in altero antiquissimae fidei libro Tironiano). A memento of this activity is preserved in the subscriptio of Statilius Maximus (§ 374, 5). QUINT. 10, 7, 31 (§ 180, 3). On his activity as the editor of collections of Cicero's correspondence see § 187, 3 and 4. He was also the reputed author of a collection of ioci Ciceronis. QUINT, 6, 3, 5 utinam libertus eius Tiro aut alius quisquis fuit, qui tris hac de re libros edidit, parcius dictorum numero indulsissent etc. MACROB. S. 2, 1, 12 liberti eius libros quos is de iocis patroni composuit. SCHOL. BOB. in Sest. p. 309 Or. hoc etiam dictum . . . Tullius Tiro . . inter iocos Ciceronis adnumerat. Cf. § 186, 6.

...

3. GELL. 6, 3, 10 (Tiro) epistulam conscripsit ad Q. Axium, familiarem patroni sui, confidenter nimis et calide, in qua sibimet visus est orationem (of Cato the Elder) pro Rhodiensibus acri subtilique iudicio percensuisse (no doubt in maiorem gloriam patroni). 10, 1, 7 quod

Tiro Tullius

in epistula quadam enarratius scripsit ad hunc fere modum. 13, 9, 2 (Tullius Tiro) libros complures de usu atque

ratione linguae latinae, item de variis atque promiscuis quaestionibus composuit. in his esse praecipue videntur quos graeco titulo IIavdékтas inscripsit. ibi de his stellis hoc scriptum est (here follows a quotation of some length). This work was probably also used by PLIN. NH., who in the ind. auct. for b. 2 (universe, constellations etc.) quotes Tullius Tiro. CHARIS. GL. 1, 297 'novissime' Tiro in pandecte non recte ait dici etc. Cic. fam. 16, 18, 3 (a. 709/45): tu (Tiro) nullosne tecum libellos? an pangis aliquid Sophocleum? fac opus appareat.

4. SUETONIUS (ed. Rffsch. p. 135) and from him ISIDORUS Orig. 1, 21 and a Cassel MS. of the Notae Tironis et Senecae (§ 289,8. WSCHMITZ, Symb. philol. Bonn 532) : vulgares notas Ennius primus mille et centum invenit

(see § 104, 5). Romae primus Tullius Tiro, Ciceronis libertus, commentatus (perhaps commentus, see above note 1) est notas, sed tantum praepositionum. post eum Vipsanius, Philargyrus (the freedman of Agrippa-§ 220, 10-? see OLEHMANN 1.1. 12) et Aquila, libertus Maecenatis (also in Dio 55, 7; see § 220, 8) alius alias addiderunt. denique Seneca contracto omnium digestoque et aucto numero opus effecit in quinque milia.

5. Under the title of Notae Tironis (Tyronis) et Senecae (n. 4) we possess an extensive collection of abbreviations for shorthand, of various dates and divided into six commentarii, first published by GRUTER in his Thesaurus inscriptionum, Heidelb. 1603. Manuscripts: cod. Cassellanus (from Fulda) s. VIII, Paris. 190 s. IX and others (see below). Cf. UFKOPP, palaeograph. crit. (Mannh. 1817) § 331 and ZEIBIG 1.1. 37; see also THSICKEL, Urk. d. Karolinger 1, 326; the Göttweih. lexic. Tironianum, Wiener SBer. 38 (1861), 3. On the Tiron. Notae see especially the researches of WSCHMITZ, collected in his Beiträge zur lat. Sprach- und Lit.-Kunde (Lpz. 1877) 179–306; also by the same author: RhM. 33, 321; de Romanorum tachygraphia and on the notae Matritenses in the Panstenographikon 1 (1869), 3. 91; the notae Bernenses in 75 fol. plates with prolegg. and index ib. 1 (1874), 193. 337; on Lat. tachygraphy, Verh. d. Phil.-Vers. at Trêves 1879, 59; in the Festschrift Rhein. Schulmänner z. Begrüss. d. Trierer Phil.-Vers. 1879, 53; Studd. z. lat. Tachygr., Cologne 1880; monumenta tachygr. cod. Par. 2718, Hanover 1882. 83 II; by the same and GLOEWE, Ausg. der Notae Escorialenses in Lit.-Bl. des sächs. stenograph. Instit. no. 5 (1879). JWZEIBIG, Gesch. und Lit. der Geschwindschreibkunst, Dresd.2 1874. OLEHMANN, de notis Tir. et Senecae, Lps. 1869. P MITZSCHKE, quaestt. Tiron., Rostock 1875. FRUESS, d. Tachygraphie d. Römer, Munich 1879; L und die Durchschneidung in den Tiron. Noten, Neuburg a/D. 1883. HHAGEN, de cod. Bern. (109) notis Tironianis, Bern. 1880.-A description of the old stenography (of Tullius) s. XII (by John of Tilbury) in VROSE, Herm. 8, 303.

6. An epigram by another freedman of Cicero, Tullius Laurea, in honour of his former master, ap. PLIN. NH. 31, 7. Three Greek epigrams by the same AP. 7, 17. 7, 294. 12, 24.

192. Besides Varro, Hortensius, the two brothers Cicero, and some others, the satirist L. Abuccius and the didactic writer Egnatius (de rerum natura) wrote in metre, as also, perhaps, Volumnius and Ninnius Crassus. Quintipor Clodius seems to have been a late imitator of the Graeco-Roman comedies. Of greater importance was the Roman knight D. Laberius (a. 649/105-711/43), who attempted, with signal success, to give a literary importance to the popular farce, the mimus (§ 8). According to tradition M. Furius Bibaculus of Cremona was of about the

same age as Laberius; in reality he was probably younger and belongs to the following generation § 204 sqq. He was the author of comic and satirical poems in the manner of Catullus, and of an epic poem on Caesar's Gallic war (perhaps of an Aethiopis); lastly of a prose work (Lucubrationes, containing anecdotes, etc.

1. VARRO RR. 3, 2, 17 L. Abuccius (the best reading in both passages, see KEIL ad loc.; cf. MHERTZ, JJ. 107, 338), homo, ut scitis, adprime doctus, cuius Luciliano charactere sunt libelli, dicebat etc. Cf. ib. 3, 6, 6 Hortensius, quem secuti multi, ut quidem Abuccius aiebat. According to Varro's language, Abuccius was already dead in 700/54 (see § 168, 1, 1. 3). MACROB. sat. 6, 5, 2 Egnatius de rerum natura libro primo (after Accius in Philoctete and before Lucretius in secundo); also ib. 12 (after Livius, Ennius, Accius, before Cornificius). One of the hexameters quoted there is remarkable for the fact of finals being discarded. BERGK, op. 1, 430.—EBÄHRENS, anal. Catull. 45; comment. Catull. 219 and others identify this E. without sufficient evidence with the one mentioned in CATULL. 38, 19. 39, 1. -Cic. ad Q. fr. 2, 9, 3 (a. 700/54) sed cum veneris, virum te putabo (cf. § 203, 2) si Sallustii Empedoclea legeris, hominem non putabo (VAHLEN, Berl. ind. lect. 1881/82, 3). ASCHÖNE, JJ. 93, 751 takes this to relate to Sallust the historian; Teuffel, PRE. 6, 703, 3 holds that it relates to Cn. Sallustius (in Cicero's letters, cf. § 184, 1, 2).-GL. 5. 574 cyma: alii cymam, ut Volumnius' stridentis dabitur patella cymae'. This hendecasyllabic line is attributed by EBücheler, JJ. 111, 126 to P. Volumnius Eutrapelus (PRE. 6, 2743) mentioned by Cicero.-Ninnius Crassus: § 150, 3.

เ

2. NON. 448 Varro in Bimarco: cum Quintipor Clodius tot comoedias sine ulla fecerit Musa, ego unum libellum non edolem? The expression comoediae renders it probable that they were palliatae. Cf. § 15, 1. The same is also mentioned ap. NON. 117 Varro epistula ad Fufium (§ 166, 6 d, 1. 12) ' Quintiporis Clodi † ant foriae (Antipho eris BÜCHELER and LMÜLLER) ac poemata eius gargaridians dices: "0 Fortuna, o Fors Fortuna" (=TER. Phorm. 841, where the line is given to Geta, a slave of Antipho).

3. The 44 titles of his plays which we know and the fragments prove the complete absorption of all the other kinds of comedy in the mimus. Besides the titles resembling palliatae (see § 8, 4) we meet also many derived from qualities and professions, e.g. Augur, Catularius, Centonarius, Colorator, Fullo, Piscator, Restio, Salinator, Staminariae (? WÖLFFLIN, RhM. 43, 308); intrigues and character plays such as Aries, Cancer, Carcer, Imago, Nuptiae, Paupertas, Taurus; Aulularia, Caeculi, Galli, Gemelli, Late loquentes, Sorores, Stricturae, Virgo; Cretensis, Tusca; Anna Perenna, Lacus Avernus, Compitalia, Natal, Parilia, Saturnalia. The allusions to Pythagorea dogma, Cynica haeresis, Democritus, Necyomantia (710/44; cf. in fr. 63 the witticism on Caesar's schemes and regulations) plainly indicate the high culture of the writers of mimi; but there is also much evidence to show the connection of the mimus with the prevailing immorality of the time. Laberius was very bold in forming new words, see e.g. GELL. 16, 7. TERT. de pall. 1. Some peculiarities were plebeian (GELL. 19, 13, 3). LABERIUS V. 55 gives the explanation: versorum, non numerum (numerorum BÜCHELER, numorum DziaтZKO) numero studuimus. The prosody of his senarii is the same as that of the poetae scenici and, as a rule, they are fluent; he has also trochees, and in some isolated places bacchiacs. The fragments: in RIBBECK'S com.2 279.

Towards the close of Laberius' life, Caesar severely humiliated him, evidently as a penalty for his Republican candour (cf. e.g. MACROB. 2, 7, 4. 5), and generally on account of his sharp tongue, SEN. contr. 7, 3, 9. MACR. 2, 3, 10. 2, 6, 6. Caesar, acting in this matter as a thoroughly malignant tyrant, obliged the poet, who until then had indeed written mimes for the ludi given by the magistrates (cf. Macr. 2, 6, 6), but was precluded by his position as an eq. Rom. from taking part in them himself, to go on the stage and that as a competitor in the mimic impromptu-play to which Publilius Syrus had challenged his rivals (§ 212, 3). SUETON. Iul. 39 ludis (a. 709/45) D. Laberius eques rom. mimum suum egit. Cf. the chief passage on Laberius in MACROB. Sat. 2, 7: there § 2 Laberium, asperae libertatis equitem rom., Caesar . . invitavit ut prodiret in scenam et ipse ageret mimos, quos scriptitabat. The impressive prologue to this compulsory performance (a. 709/45) has been preserved in MACROB. 2, 7, 8 (from GELL. 8, 15). Laberius was defeated and would have sustained a defeat even had he won the prize; statimque (Caesar) Publilio palmam et Laberio anulum aureum (so as to restore to him outwardly his knighthood, which had become void by his performing) cum quingentis sestertiis dedit (the honour to the Greek freedman, the money to a Roman knight!). Cf. GELL. 17, 14, 2 C. Caesarem ita Laberii maledicentia et adrogantia (according to Caesar) offendebat ut acceptiores sibi esse Publilii quam Laberii mimos praedicaret. Laberius himself recognised that his time was over: non possunt primi esse omnes omni in tempore: summum ad gradum cum claritatis veneris, consistes aegre . . . cecidi ego, cadet qui sequitur (MACR. 2, 7, 9). In the prologue, a. 709/45, Laberius says he is 60 years old (ego bis tricenis annis actis sine nota Eques Romanus e Lare egressus meo Domum revertar mimus), hence he was born about 649/105. HIERON. on Eus. Chron. ad a. Abr. 1974=711/43 Laberius mimorum scriptor decimo mense post C. Caesaris interitum Puteolis moritur (therefore Jan. 711/43). On Lab. CJGRYSAR, der röm. Mimus (1854) 290. MOMMSEN, RG. 36, 590. RIBBECK, röm. Dicht. 1, 218.

4. HIERON. on Euseb. Chron. ad a. Abr. 1914-651/103 (in the cod. Amand. and Freher. a. 1915=652/102). M. Furius poeta cognomento Bibaculus (Bibber'; earlier Furii with this cognomen in Liv. 22, 49, 16. VAL. MAX. 1, 1, 9) Cremonae nascitur. On the perverted orthography (intended to save the poet's honour) Vivaculus in PLINY NH. praef. 24 (see below) cf. TEUFFEL on Hor. sat. 2, 5, 40 p. 135. QUINT. 10, 1, 96; iambus cuius acerbitas in Catullo, Bibaculo, Horatio

reperietur. DIOMED. GL. 1, 485 (see § 33, 1). Tac. A. 4, 34 carmina Bibaculi et Catulli referta contumeliis Caesarum leguntur: sed ipse divus Iulius, ipse divus Augustus (therefore Bibaculus wrote against him) et tulere ista et reliquere. The fragments of Bib. (hendecasyllabics, iambics, hexameters) in LMÜLLER'S Catullus (1870) p. 89. FPR. 317. The hexameter in SCHOL. JUv. 8, 16 (Bibaculus: Osce senex Catinaeque puer, Cumana meretrix) may have belonged to an epigram. Mention of Valerius Cato (§ 200, 1) and Orbilius (below n. 5 and 6; § 200, 3). RIBBECK, append. Verg. p. 7 takes him to be the author of Verg. catal. 5.-PLIN. NH. praef. 24 speaking of the choice of titles of books says: nostri facetissimi lucubrationum (inscripserunt), puto quia Bibaculus erat et vocabatur: according to this the title was facetiously chosen. Hence in all probability MACROB. sat. 2, 1, 13, is iocus (of Cicero a. 695/59) mihi ex libro Furii Bibaculi notus est (§ 179, 27, 1). To this work should be referred the notice Messala Corvinus in quadam epistola... non esse sibi dicit rem cum Furio Bibaculo, ne cum Ticida quidem aut litteratore Catone (SUET. gramm. 4). BÄHRENS, commentar. Cat. p. 13.

5. On HoR. S. 2, 5, 40 (a. 724/30) seu pingui tentus omaso (cf. Gl. Philox. omasum Tŷ tŵv Páλλwv yλŵTTŋ) Furius hibernas cana nive conspuet Alpes PORPH. remarks: hic versus Furi Bibaculi est. ille enim, cum vellet Alpes nivibus plenas describere, ait

'Juppiter hibernas cana nive conspuit Alpes' (this line is quoted by QUINT. 8, 6, 17 as an instance of a dura translatio). Acro ad loc. more circumstantially: Furius Bibaculus in pragmatia belli gallici 'Juppiter etc.' From this epos are probably derived the hexameters (11) quoted in MACROB. 6, 1, 31-34. 44. 6, 3, 5. 6, 4, 10 (FPR. 318) as Vergil's models: among which are 6 on martial subjects. Macrobius quotes them from Furius in I (and IV) annali; and Furius in sexto, decimo, undecimo. Further SCHOL. VERS. Aen. 9, 379 (a lacuna) in annalibus belli gallici (an hexameter follows). It is improbable that these clever verses should have been written by the antiquated Furius of Antium (§ 150, 1). E. BÄHRENS, comment. Catull. 21.-To Furius Bibaculus has also been referred with some probability HOR. s. 1, 10, 36 turgidus Alpinus ingulat dum Memnona, dumque diffingit Rheni luteum caput; on which ACRO: Bibaculum quendam poetam Gallum tangit, who, according to this, besides the bellum gallicum denoted by Rheni luteum caput must also have composed an Aethiopis, or must at least have inserted in the bell. gall. a pompous comparison relating to the death of Memnon; PORPHYRIO ad loc. used to read as follows: [Cornelius Alpinus Memnona] hexametris versibus nimirum describit: but the words in brackets are not found in the best copies.-As regards the attribution of the bellum gallicum to Bibaculus, there is an obstacle in the fact that in his iambics he attacked Caesar (n. 4: or perhaps Bibaculus attacked Augustus only, and not Caesar), while in the epos he is supposed to have eulogised him; in the iambics he is terse and caustic, while in the epos he appears turgid and insipid: but this obstacle will not appear insuperable to anyone who reflects on the frequent alternations of political sympathy and antipathy in stirring times, and does not forget the exigencies of the different styles (e.g. terseness for epigrams, exuberance and elevation of style for epic poetry).

6. Bibaculus lived at least until 730/24, for he alludes to Orbilius' (born 640/114, § 200/3) senile weakness of memory (vixit prope ad centesimum aetatis annum amissa iam pridem memoria, ut versus Bibaculi docet: 'Orbilius ubinam est, litterarum oblivio?' SUET. gr. 9. He also outlived Valerius Cato's (§ 200, 3) summa senectus (SUET. 1.1.). According to Hieronymus (n. 4) Bibaculus was born 651/103, he would therefore himself have been an octogenarian, when he thus expressed himself concerning the infirmity of the old Orbilius: this is hardly credible. Moreover the lines on Cato (§ 200, 1) prove that the writer is a considerably younger man. Besides, his epigrams are in tone, versification, and Republican attitude near akin to those of Catullus, Calvus and their associates, and his references to Cato (mei . . . Catonis, SUET. 1.1.) indicate that he belonged to that circle. Hence NIPPERDEY'S conjecture (op. 500) is plausible, that the date assigned for his birth by Hieronymus is wrong, and that Bibaculus was about 20 years younger.-AWEICHERT, de M. Furio Bibaculo, in his rell. poett. Rom. 331. NIPPERDEY, op. 498. RIBBECK, röm. Dicht. 1, 313. AWISSOWA, die der Dichter Furius betr. Stelle in Hor. s. 2, 5, Bresl. 1857. GCAMOZZI, riv. di filol. 16, 161.