mellium, qui etiam eloquentem reddidit (to the Sasernae and Tremellius COLUM. 1, praef. 32 adds Stolo, see § 293, 4), et M. Terentium, qui expolivit; mox Vergilium, qui carmine quoque potentem fecit. nec postremo quasi paedagogi eius meminisse dedignemur, Iulii Hygini, veruntamen ut Carthaginiensem Magonem rusticationis parentem maxime veneremur. nam huius XXVIII memorabilia illa volumina ex SCto in latinum sermonem conversa sunt. non minorem tamen laudem meruerunt nostrorum temporum viri, Cornelius Celsus et Iulius Atticus cuius velut discipulus duo volumina ... Iulius Graecinus posteritati tradenda curavit.-RREITZENSTEIN, de scriptorum RR. inter Catonem et Columellam librr. deperditis, Berl.

1884.

1

3. COLUM. 12, 4, 2 tum demum nostri generis postquam a bellis otium fuit quasi quoddam tributum victui humano conferre non dedignati sunt, ut M. Ambivius et Menas Licinius, tum etiam C. Matius, quibus studium fuit pistoris et coci nec minus cellarii diligentiam sui praeceptis instituere. If the enumeration, as is possible, is chronological, Ambivius may be placed in the first half of the 7th cent. u.c. A certain Maenas is also mentioned in VARRO RR. 2, 3, 11. cf. 2, 1, 1. 2, 8, 1. On Matius, the contemporary of Cicero, see COLUM. 12, 44, 1 quae C. Matius diligentissime persecutus est; illi enim propositum fuit urbanas mensas et lauta convivia instruere. libros tres edidit, quos inscripsit nominibus Coci et Cellarii et Salgamarii.

4. PLIN. NH. 19, 177 Sabinus Tiro in libro Cepuricon (Kŋrovρiŵv) quem Maecenati dicavit. Cf. the ind. auct. to b. 18 (Sabino). Other authors of Kηrovρiká are, according to the ind. auct. to PLINY b. 19 Caesennius, Castricius, Firmus. Perhaps also Sergius Paulus (ib. b. 18)?

5. MACR. 3, 18, 7 vir doctus Oppius, in libro quem fecit De silvestribus arboribus ; likewise ib. 3, 19, 4. He is probably the Oppius quoted by PLINY in the ind. auct. to b. 11 (zoological) and 11, 252. A grammarian (apparently) Oppius in FEST. 182b, 133. Cf. § 41, 1 ad fin.

6. Curtius Justus is instanced by Gargilius Martialis in the Neapolitan fragment c. 2 and 4; Sextius Niger (§ 266, 7) in the St. Gallen fragment of Garg. Mart., ap. VROSE, Anecd. 2, 129; see his edition of Garg. (§ 411, 1) p. 139.

7. Collections of the Scriptores rei rusticae veteres latini by PVICTORIUS, Lugd. 1541 V, IMGESNER (adi. nott. varr. et lexicon rusticum), Lps.2 (v. IAERNESTI) 1773. 74 II., especially by IGSCHNEIDER, Lps. 1794-97 IV.

55. Medical art was unknown at Rome during more than five centuries. The simple and invigorating way of living caused it to be but rarely wanted; in cases of need, there were domestic remedies and incantations good for man and beast. This was still the opinion of Cato the Elder, who inveighed against the Greek physicians, who resorted to Rome in constantly increasing numbers, and in whose hands the practice of scientific medicine remained almost exclusively, until the Arabs began to rival them.. Only a small number of Latin works exist on medical subjects. Under Tiberius, Celsus wrote his encyclopaedia, and was thus obliged, although not a physician, to treat also of medicine. These books de medicina, which we still possess, are entirely dependent on Greek authors. Of a few Roman physicians who

wrote literary works we only know the names from Pliny. Pliny's own writings contain much concerning the history of medicine, and he devotes (beginning with book XX) to the healing efficacy of various objects in the natural kingdoms 12 books of his Natural History, which, in the 4th century A.D., were epitomised by an unknown author as the Medicina Plinii. The Empiricists Scribonius Largus (in the 1st century A.D.) and Serenus Sammonicus (at the beginning of the 3rd century) composed special works on pharmacology, the former treating, in a dry manner, of compound remedies, while the latter produced a popular compendium of domestic medicine in metrical form, like that of Vindicianus in the 4th century. In the 5th century the African Caelius Aurelianus translated the Methodician Soranus. The 4th and 5th centuries supply as well a number of stupid Empiricists, who propounded much superstition in unpolished language, e.g. Sex. Placitus, Marcellus (Empiricus), Theodorus Priscianus, the so-called Apuleius (Barbarus), and the supposititious Antonius Musa. In the 4th and 5th centuries we have also veterinary works by Pelagonius and P. Vegetius. From the 5th to the 8th centuries many medical works were translated into Latin for the use of the Germanic nations; one of the most remarkable of these works is that by Anthimus.

...

1. PLIN. NH. 29, 11 milia gentium sine medicis degunt, nec tamen sine medicina, sicuti populus rom, ultra sexcentesimum annum, neque ipse in accipiendis artibus lentus, medicinae vero etiam avidus. 12 Cassius Hemina auctor est primum e medicis venisse Romam Peloponneso Archagathum (a. 535/219). 13 Cato's warning to beware of Greek physicians: iurarunt inter se barbaros necare omnes medicina (cf. PLUT. Cato mai. 23). 15 profitetur (Cato) esse commentarium sibi quo medeatur filio, servis, familiaribus (17) solam hanc artium graecarum nondum exercet romana gravitas in tanto fructu; paucissimi Quiritium attigere, et ipsi statim ad Graecos transfugae; immo vero auctoritas aliter quam graece eam tractantibus, etiam apud imperitos expertesque linguae, non est. But the greater the number of quacks and cheats among the Greek physicians, the less respected was the whole profession; cf. illa infelix monumentis inscriptio, turba se medicorum perisse (PLIN. 1. 1. 11) and in VOPISC. Firm. 7, 4 the collocation: sunt Aegyptii . . mathematici, haruspices, medici. On the other hand the Imperial court physicians knew how to make themselves respected.

2. The oculists also, whose names we learn from their seals, are, to conclude from their cognomina, most of them of Greek origin, and on account of the frequency of the names Julius and Claudius must belong to the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century after Christ; CLGROTEFEND, die Stempel d. Augenärzte, Hannov. 1867; the new discoveries in JKLEIN, Jahrb. d. Altertumsfr. im Rheinl. 55, 93; further additions 57, 200 and elsewhere. AHERON de VILLEFOSSE et HTHEDENAT, cachets d'oculistes rom. I, Par. 1882. For elucidation see also WFRÜHNER, Phil. Suppl. 5, 87.

3. Among his Roman authorities on medicine PLINY NH. quotes in the ind. auct. to b. 28 Granius medicus, Ofilius medicus (both quoted 28, 42) and Rabirius medicus (28, 74), further in the ind. auct. to b. 29 Caecilius medicus (his commentarii 29,85). MARCELLUS (EMPIR.) praef. enumerates among veteres medicinae artis auctores latino sermone perscriptos: uterque Plinius (Plin. the Elder and the so-called Plin. Valerianus) et Apuleius Celsus et Apollinaris ac Designatianus, aliique nonnulli etiam proximo tempore illustres honoribus viri, cives ac maiores nostri, Siburius, Eutropius atque Ausonius. CASSIOD. inst. div. litt. 31 quodsi vobis non fuerit graecarum litterarum nota facundia, imprimis habetis Herbarium Dioscoridis, qui herbas agrorum mirabili proprietate disseruit atque depinxit. post haec legite Hippocratem atque Galenum latina lingua conversos, i.e. Therapeutica Galeni ad philosophum Glauconem destinata et Anonymum quendam qui ex diversis auctoribus probatur esse collectus. deinde Aureliani Caelii de medicina et Hippocratis de herbis et curis (cibis VRose), diversosque alios de medendi arte compositos quos vobis in bybliothecae nostrae sinibus reconditos dereliqui. MARCELL. EMPIR. p. 145. 216 mentions Nero's court physician, Marcellus, as a medical writer. Cf. GALEN 14, p. 459.—Dietetical works by Soranus (in the form of questions and answers), translated through Caelius Aur., by Theodorus Priscianus, Anthimus and others.-' Dicta Marci medici ad virum clarissimum inter cetera sic: etc.' from Bern. 109 s. X in HHAGEN, de cod. Bern. Tironianis, Bern 1880 p. 9.

4. The numerous writers on medicines (esp. on simple cvrópɩora), fall into two divisions according as they classed their prescriptions by the natural kingdom from which they were taken, or by the suffering parts of the body which they were intended to affect. The first arrangement is adopted esp. by Sex. Placitus (animalia) and Ps.-Apuleius (herbae); but the majority, following the example of Pliny (NH. 25, 132), adopted the second system and began the enumeration with the head; thus Scribonius Largus, Serenus Sammonicus, Plinius Val., Marcellus Emp., Theodorus Priscianus.

5. Collections of the medici vett. lat. by Aldus (1547) and H. Stephanus (1567). Anonymus de re medica in Mai, class. auct. 7, 459 (fragment).-Collection of the writers on pharmacology by JCHGACKERMANN (Parabilium medicamentorum scriptt. ant., Nürnb. 1788).

6. KSPRENGEL, Gesch. d. Arzneikunde, b. 1' (by JRosenbaum) Lpz. 1846, 1, 199. JFCHECKER, Gesch. d. Heilkunde, vol. 2. HHÄSER, Gesch. d. Medizin 13 (Jena 1875), 254. RBRIAU, l'archiatrie rom. ou la médecine officielle dans l'empire rom., Par. 1877. HNANKE, lexicogr. Bemerkungen medizinisch-philologischen Inhalts, Phil. 32, 385. 577. On the medicina pliniana see § 411.

56. Military science and history were introduced into literature only in the Imperial period, and thus we have Sex. Julius Frontinus' Strategemata (under Domitian), Hyginus' work on encampments (cf. § 58), and (in the 4th century) Vegetius' work Epitoma rei militaris.

1. In the Republican time we may perhaps mention the defence of his strategical conduct in Spain and before Carthage addressed by Scipio Africanus the Elder in a Greek letter to King Philip: see POLYB. 10, 9, 3. Cf. § 46, 2.

...

2. VEGET. 1, 8 compulit evolutis auctoribus ea me in hoc opusculo . . . dicere quae Cato Censorius de disciplina militari scripsit, quae Cornelius Celsus, quae Frontinus perstringenda duxerunt, quae Paternus diligentissimus iuris militaris adsertor in libros

redegit, quae Augusti et Traiani Hadrianique constitutionibus cauta sunt. ib. 2, 3 Cato ille maior. ... se reip. credidit profuturum si disciplinam militarem conferret in litteras... idem fecerunt alii complures, sed praecipue Frontinus, divo Traiano ab eius modi comprobatus industria. LAUR. LYD. de magistr. 1, 47 μáprupes Kéλσos TE καὶ Πάτερνος καὶ Κατιλίνας (οὐχ ὁ συνωμότης, ἀλλ ̓ ἕτερος), Κάτων πρὸ αὐτῶν ὁ πρῶτος, καὶ Φροντῖνος, μεθ ̓ οὓς καὶ Ρενάτος (Vegetius), 'Ρωμαῖοι πάντες.

3. From Vegetius is copied the little book de vocabulis rei militaris ad Tacitum Aug. by the soi-disant Modestus (cf. n. 4) composed in the 15th century by Pomponius Laetus (or one of his pupils), together with whose work de magistratibus (and de legibus) it was originally brought out (anonymously). PEYRON, notitia libr. bibl. Taurin. (1820) 85.

4. Vett. de re militari scriptores in unum redacti corpus, Wesel 1617. We find besides Frontinus and Modestus (n. 3.) printed in earlier editions of Vegetius, e.g. by Stewechiùs (Antv. 1585) and PScriverius (Antv. 1607).—MJäнns, d. röm. Militärliteratur, Grenzboten 1878 Nr. 38.

57. In the department of Architecture, even in the Republican period, a literature was commenced by Fuficius, Varro and P. Septimius. Only the work of Vitruvius de architectura belonging to the Augustan period has been preserved.

1. VITRUV. 7, praef. 14 animadverti in ea re ab Graecis volumina plura edita, ab nostris oppido quam pauca. Fuficius enim mirum de his rebus ni primus instituit edere volumen, item Terentius Varro de novem disciplinis (see below § 166, 6, a) unum de architectura, P. Septimius duo. As architects of whom no written works are known to him, he mentions ib. 17 Cossutius and C. Mucius. Cf. CPROMIS, gli architetti e l'architettura presso i Romani (Mem. d. Turin. Akad. Ser. II, t. 27. 1873). ACHOISY, rev. archéol. 28 (1874), 263.

2. VITRUV. 1, 1, 3 requires of the architect ut litteratus sit, peritus graphidos, eruditus geometria, historias complures noverit, philosophos diligenter audierit, musicam scierit, medicinae non sit ignarus, responsa iurisconsultorum noverit, astrologiam caelique rationes cognitas habeat.

3. VITRUV. 5, 1 non de architectura sic scribitur ut historia aut poemata. vocabula ex artis propria necessitate concepta inconsueto sermone obiciunt sensibus obscuritatem.

58. The science of land-measurement, which at an early time became indispensable to the Romans for the purpose of encampments and for the distribution of land in lots, was, so far as we know, first treated independently by Varro. On account of the military colonies and the survey of the Empire under Augustus, the importance of the art of measuring the land was so increased that schools were instituted exclusively for this in the Imperial period, and a peculiar kind of literature, half mathematical and half juridical, was formed, extending from the first century after Christ to the sixth. The oldest of these literary land-measurers (gromatici, agrimensores) is Frontinus, whose

work was in the 5th century commented on by Aggenus Urbicus. Under Trajan, Balbus wrote his expositio; to the same reign belongs Hyginus, a little later is Siculus Flaccus. But M. Junius Nipsus, Innocentius, and others whose Latin is partly barbarous, belong perhaps to the 5th century. Many works of Boethius concerning these subjects are of doubtful authenticity. Other works again are anonymous.

1. Caesar summoned astronomers and geometers from Alexandria to Rome, and by them the works of Hero were introduced into Roman literature. With but unimportant exceptions all the formulas, calculations and arrangements for surveying land which are to be found in Roman authors can be traced back to passages in those works which have been handed down to us as written by Hero. MCANTOR, Agrimens. 86. Connection of the art of surveying with ecclesiastical affairs, see HNISSEN, Templum (Berl. 1869), 11; with jurisprudence, cf. Cic. Mur. 22. Cf. also MART. 10, 17, 5 mensorum longis vacat ille libellis.

...

2. PS.-BOETH. Schrr. d. röm. Feldmesser 1, 403 nomina agrimensorum: Igeni (Hygini), Iuli Frontini, Siculi Flacci, Ageni Urbici, Marci Iuni Nipsi, Balbi mensoris, Cassi Longini, Igini, Euclidis. Extracts are also extant ex libris Dolabellae, ex libris Latini (also called Latinus Togatus), ex libris Magonis et Vegoiae auctorum (cf. p. 350 Lachm. idem Vegoiae Arrunti Veltymno; cf. § 77 and MÜLLER'S Etr. 22, 31. 312. 560. NISSEN 1.1. 10); also fragments of Faustus, Gaius, Innocentius (§ 447, 2), Mysrontius (? Dyspontius), Valerius, Vitalis.

3. The chief MS. is Arcerianus s. VI/VII in Wolfenbüttel.-Collections: by GGOESIUS (Rei agrariae auctores legesque, Amst. 1674), but especially: Die Schriften der röm. Feldmesser herausgg. u. erläutert von FBLUME, KLACHMANN, THMOMMSEN U. ARUDORFF, Berl. 1848. 52 II.

4. PAUL. Festi 96 groma (from gnorma? see FHULTSCH, JJ. 113, 767) appellatur genus machinolae cuiusdam quo regiones agri cuiusque cognosci possunt, quod genus Graeci yvwuova dicunt. A gauging instrument therefore. Cf. in general MOMMSEN, Schr. d. röm. Feldm. 2, 174, WREIN and EWÖLFFLIN, PRE. 12, 594, FHULTSCH in Ersch and Gruber's Enc. 1, 92, 97, MCANTOR, d. röm. Agrimensoren, Lpz. 1875, ESTÖBER, d. röm. Grundsteuervermessungen nach d. lat. Text des gromat. Cod. insbes. des Hyg. Frontin. u. Nipsus, Münch. 1877, GRossi, groma e squadro ovvero storia dell' agrimensura italiana, Rome 1877. PDETISSOT, les agrimensores dans l'anc. Rome, Par. 1879.

5. On the popular constituents in the language of the gromatici see AFPOTT, ZAW. 1854, 219.

59. Weights and measures were first treated independently, sometimes in metrical form, in the Imperial period.

1. Metrologicorum scriptorum reliquiae; coll. rec. partim nunc primum ed. FHULTSCH. Vol. 2 (scriptores romani) Lps. 1866..

60. Geography was among the Romans first separately treated by Varro the polyhistor, next, probably, by Cornelius Nepos, but generally only as an addition or appendix to history,