8. Thank Heaven for breath-yea, for mere breath-when it is made up of a breeze like this.-Hawthorne.

9. Cromwell, I did not think to shed a tear.-Shakespeare.

10.

How wonderful is Death

Death and his brother, Sleep!-Shelley.

Classes of Sentences with Regard to Form. With regard to form, sentences may be divided into three classes-Simple, Complex, and Compound.

A Simple Sentence is one which contains a single proposition; as,

Flowers are beautiful. Boys like play. Studious pupils learn readily.

A Complex Sentence is one which contains a principal proposition modified by one or more subordinate propositions; as,

1. The sun was shining as we came to school.

2. The girl who studies will improve.

In the first sentence, The sun was shining is the principal proposition, and the remainder of the sentence the subordinate.

In the second sentence, The girl will improve is the principal proposition, and who studies is the subordinate. The propositions in Complex Sentences are called Clauses.

A Compound Sentence is one which contains two or more principal propositions; as,

1. The sun shone, and the ice was melted.

2. We shall go if it be pleasant, but if it rain we shall remain at home.

The parts of Compound Sentences are called Members.

The words used to connect the propositions of Complex and Compound Sentences are called Connectives.

Remarks.

A simple sentence may have a compound subject.

Ex-Music and painting are arts.

A simple sentence may have a compound predicate.

Ex. She can knit and sew.

A simple sentence may have a compound subject and a compound predicate.

Ex.-Boys and girls study and play.

Note. Each of the foregoing sentences is a single statement or proposition, and therefore a simple sentence.

"Rivers and brooks are streams of water" is a simple sentence as much as the sentence, "A river and a brook are streams of water." Each is a single proposition.

The connectives joining subordinate to principal propositions are either relative pronouns, conjunctive adverbs, or subordinate conjunctions.

The connectives joining the members of compound sentences are co-ordinate conjunctions.

Sometimes the connective is understood.

Ex. He thinks (that) you will come to-morrow.

Models for Classification.

1. The better part of valor is discretion.

This is a simple declarative sentence-simple, because it contains but one proposition; and declarative, because it is used to affirm.

2. When I was a child I spake as a child.

This is a complex declarative sentence; complex, because it contains a principal proposition, "I spake as a child," modified by a subordinate proposition, "when I was a child," and declarative, because it is used to affirm.

3. Bring your books and prepare to study.

This is a compound imperative sentence-compound, because it contains two principal propositions, "Bring your books” and “prepare to study;" and imperative, because it expresses a command.

Exercise.

Classify the following sentences :

1.

2.

3.

There is a garden in her face,

Where roses and white lilies blow.-R. Allison.

Who can tell what a baby thinks?— Holland.

Who can follow the gossamer links

By which the manikin feels his way

Out from the shore of the great unknown?-Holland.

4.

How sweetly doth the moonbeam smile

To-night upon yon leafy isle!-Moore.

5. The sun had scarcely begun to shed his beams upon the summits of the snowy mountains which rise above Grenada, when the Christian camp was in motion. - Irving.

6. Great nations resemble great men in this particular, that their greatness is seldom known until they get in trouble.—Irving.

7.

When the lamp is shattered

The light in the dust lies dead.-Shelley.

8.

Lord, tarry not, but come.-Bonar.

9.

"Shall I have naught that is fair?" saith he,

"Have naught but the bearded grain ?"—Longfellow.

10. A man of real merit is never seen in so favorable a light as through the medium of adversity.-Hamilton.

11. The native brilliancy of the diamond needs not the polish of art.-Hamilton.

12. The conspicuous features of pre-eminent merit need not the coloring pencil of imagination nor the florid decorations of rhetoric. -Hamilton.

13.

Soldier, rest! thy warfare o'er,

Dream of fighting fields no more.-Scott.

14. To one unaccustomed to it there is something inexpressibly lonely in the solitude of a prairie.—Irving.

15. Life is a bubble which any breath may dissolve.--Greeley. 16. How beautiful the long mild twilight, which, like a silver clasp, unites to-day with yesterday!-Longfellow.

17. Life bears us on like the stream of a mighty river.-Heber.

18. God has given the land to man, but the sea He has reserved to himself.-Swain.

19. Were all the interesting diversities of color and form to disappear, how unsightly, dull, and wearisome would be the aspect of the world!-Dwight.

20. How can we expect the fabric of the government to stand if vicious materials are daily wrought into its framework?-H. Mann. 21. The whole land must be watered with the stream of knowledge. -H. Mann.

22.

These, as they change, Almighty Father, these

Are but the varied God.-Thomson.

23. Labor is rest from the sorrows that greet us.-Frances S. Osgood. The air is full of poetry, the air

24.

25.

Is living with its spirit; and the waves

Dance to the music of its melodies,

And sparkle in its brightness.-Percival.

Lo, the lilies of the field!

How their leaves instruction yield!-Heber.

Divisions of Syntax.

The component parts of a sentence are called Elements. Analysis is the separation of a sentence into the elements of which it is composed.

Note. The word analysis is derived from the Greek ana, "again," and lyein, "to loose."

Synthesis is the construction of sentences from words.

Note. The word synthesis is from the Greek syn, "with," and tithe nai, "to place."

Elements of Sentences.

The Elements of Sentences are the Principal, the Modifying, the Connecting, and the Independent parts.

The Principal Elements are those which are necessary to the construction of a sentence. They are the Subject and the Predicate.

The Modifying Elements are those used to limit or modify other elements. They are either Adjective, Adverbial, or Objective.

The Connectives are those which unite words, phrases, or clauses.

The Independent parts are those which have no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.

The Subject.

The Subject of a sentence may be either Simple, Complex, or Compound.

The Simple Subject is a noun or a pronoun, or some word, phrase, or clause used as a noun; as,

Ice melts. She sings. The is a word. + is the sign of addition. Lying is wicked. To lie is wicked. For us to lie is wicked. That one should lie is wicked.

The Simple Subject is also called the Grammatical Subject.

Exercise.

Name the simple subjects in the following sentences:

1. A book is good company.-Beecher.

2. Blessed is he who has found his work!-Carlyle.

3. It is noble to seek truth, and it is beautiful to find it.-Sydney Smith.

4. Never speak anything for a truth which you know or believe to be false.

Hale.