Remarks. 1. When several proper names of the same object are joined so as to make but one name, they are parsed together as a complex noun; as, "Thomas Jefferson," "General Ethan Allen." 2. A noun may be put in apposition with a sentence; as, "Pay as you go, his business rule, was posted over the door." Sometimes a sentence is put in apposition with a noun; as, His rule, Pay as you go, was always observed." 3. The noun in apposition usually stands last, though sometimes first. Thus, "As an author he is much read." 4. A plural term is sometimes put in apposition with several nouns or pronouns preceding, for the sake of emphasis; as, "Money, friends, influence,-all are gone." 5. Distributive pronouns are sometimes put in apposition with a plural noun or pronoun; as, "They struck each other" that is, "They each struck the other," each being in apposition with they. 6. The proper name of an object may be put in apposition with the common name; as, "The poet Burns," "The river Delaware," "The steamer Ironsides." Sometimes the common name is put in apposition with the proper; as, "Burns the poet," "Clay the statesman.” 7. As is sometimes followed by a noun denoting rank, office, employment, etc., which is taken in apposition with a preceding noun or pronoun; as, "His work as a teacher was highly appreciated." 8. The explanatory term, when it is an equivalent, is sometimes introduced by the conjunction or; as, " Arithmetic, or the science of number, is an important study." Cautions. 1. Nouns or pronouns in apposition must agree in case, though not necessarily in person, number, and gender. 2. When a noun is in apposition with a pronoun in the possessive the sign of the possessive is omitted; as, "Gray's 'Elegy in a Country Churchyard' is one of his best works as a poet." Exercise. Correct the following sentences: Model.-John, him whom we visited, is a farmer. The sentence is incorrect, because him, an objective form, is used in the same case as John, which is in the nominative. The nominative form he should be substituted, according to Rule VI., Caution 1. 1. Mary, Queen of Scots, her who was beheaded, was one of England's queens. 2. I admire Milton, he who wrote "Paradise Lost." 3. Is this the way you treat me, I who have befriended you so often? 4. Please leave the package at Clark's, he who lives on Chestnut street. 5. You think me idle, I who have served you so faithfully. 6. Christ, and Him crucified, was the basis of his sermons. can visit our friends, they who called on us last week. 7. We 8. He is next in succession to the earl of Berkeley, he who has not claimed the title.-Mackenzie. 9. Amid the tumult of the routed train The sons of false Antimachus were slain He who for bribes his faithless counsels sold, And voted Helen's stay for Paris' gold.-Pope. 10. Had he really passed and left her, she who had done so much for him?-Mrs. Oliphant. Exercise. Analyze the following sentences, and parse the words in apposition: 1. I love thy kingdom, Lord, The house of thy abode.-Dwight. 2. We, the people of the United States, . . . do ordain and establish this Constitution.-U. S. Constitution. 3. 4. O Music, sphere-descended maid, Friend of Pleasure, Wisdom's aid!-Collins. The harp, his sole remaining joy, Was carried by an orphan boy.-Scott. 5. Company, villainous company, hath been the spoil of me. Shakespeare. 6. From brightning fields of ether fair disclosed, Child of the Sun, refulgent Summer comes.-Thomson. 7. Go ye every man unto his city.—Bible. 8. His praise, ye brooks, attune.—Thomson. 9. They went out one by one.-Bible. 10. Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage, The promised father of a future age.—Pope. 11. Out of this nettle, danger, we pluck this flower, safety.-Shakeзреаге. Same Case after the Verb. RULE VII. Intransitive verbs and verbs in the passive voice have the same case after them as before them when both words refer to the same thing. Remarks. 1. The verbs usually placed between nouns or pronouns meaning the same thing are-be, become, seem, appear, and intransitive verbs of motion, place, or position; also in the passive voice the transitive verbs call, choose, name, elect, consider, consti tute, appoint, esteem, and a few others. 2. When the noun or the pronoun following the verb is in the nominative case, meaning the same as the subject, it is called the attribute, or predicate nominative. 3. A noun or a pronoun either following or preceding the verb may be in the same case as a phrase or a clause preceding or following the verb, and meaning the same thing; as, “It is sometimes difficult to avoid mistakes,” “That we should be compelled to remain is a disgrace." 4. Intransitive verbs or verbs in the passive voice placed between two nouns or pronouns meaning the same thing perform the office of the copula, and may therefore be called copulative verbs. 5. The noun or the pronoun following the infinitive, and meaning the same as the noun or the pronoun preceding, is sometimes in the objective case; as, "I took him to be a stranger." 6. It has been argued by some writers that the expression "It is me" is correct, because it is common. This is not true. "It is me " is not common among good writers, any more than are the expressions "It is him" and "It is her." "It is I," "It is he," and "It is she" should be used instead." 7. Any verb may be used as the copula between the subject and an attribute meaning the same as the subject, except a transitive verb in the active voice. Those most commonly used are-be, become, etc., named in Remark 1. 8. The noun or the pronoun after a passive or an intransitive participle limited by a possessive is in the nominative case independent, as he in the sentence, "I thought of its being he." Cautions. 1. The objective should not be used as the attribute after a finite verb. 2. When the noun or the pronoun preceding the infinitive is the object of a preceding transitive verb, the noun or the pronoun following the infinitive, and meaning the same thing, should have the objective form. Thus, "I took it to be her," not "I took it to be she." Exercise. Correct the following sentences: Model.-Can you tell me whom that person is? The sentence is incorrect, because whom, a pronoun having the objective form, is used as the nominative after is, meaning the same as The nominative form who should be substituted, according person. to Rule VII. 1. Whom do men say that I am? 2. Whom was it you spoke of? 3. It might have been me whom you saw. 4. If I were him I would return at once. 5. It was him that made the mistake. 6. They did not think of its being me. 7. Who was it that played truant? Not us. 8. It wasn't me that said so. 9. Who is coming? It is me. 10. It is not me you are in love with.-Spectator. 11. It cannot be me.-Swift. 12. Whom do men say that I, the Son of man, am ?-—-Bible. 13. These are her garb, not her; they but express 14. That depends partly on whom the woman may be, and partly on whom the man may be.-A. Trollope. Exercise. Analyze the following sentences, and parse all the words used as nouns or pronouns : 1. 2. Procrastination is the thief of time.-Young. The child is father of the man.- -Wordsworth. 3. When I was a child I spake as a child.-St. Paul. 4. Schoolhouses are the republican line of fortifications.-Horace Mann. 5. “Behold!" said the streamlet; "to nourish this beauty is the end and aim of my life."-Conway. 6. 7. And he returned a friend who came a foe.-Pope. By such a change thy darkness is made light, Thy chaos order, and thy weakness might?-Cowper. 8. But what! is thy servant a dog?—Bible. When pain and anguish wring the brow, 9. A ministering angel thou.-Scott. 10. A man he was to all the country dear, And passing rich with forty pounds a year.-Goldsmith. 11. Art thou that traitor angel? Art thou he who first broke the peace of heaven?-Milton. 12. 13. Where ignorance is bliss 'Tis folly to be wise.-Gray. Neither a borrower nor a lender be, For loan oft loseth both itself and friend, And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.-Shakespeare. |