The Perfect Participle denotes that which is completed or finished; as, sung, played, stolen.

The Preperfect Participle denotes that which was completed before the time represented by the principal verb; as, having sung, having played, having been, having slept; Having recited, we left the room.

The preperfect participle is formed by placing having before the perfect participle to form the active voice, and having been to form the passive voice.

Remarks on Participles.

1. The perfect participle of a regular verb always has the same form as the past tense.

2. The perfect participle is used in making the complex form of verbs; as, have loved, had loved, shall have loved, am loved, was loved, etc.

3. The time implied by a participle is the same as that asserted by the principal verb; as,

He labors, loved (pres.) by all.
He labored, loved (past) by all.

He will labor, loved (future) by all.

4. When the participle is placed before the noun to describe, it is called a participial adjective; as in the sentence, "He saw books in the running brooks."

5. When the participle follows the noun it is parsed as a participle, governed by the noun which it completes in meaning; as in the sentence, "The horse, running, fell."

6. When a participle is used as a name, it is called a participial noun; as in the sentence, "Reading good books maketh a man better."

7. The participle sometimes becomes a noun simply; as in the sentence, "Hunting and fishing were his amusements."

Exercise.

Name the participles in the following sentences, giving the class of each also the participial adjectives and the participial nouns:

1. Distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

2. Writing maketh an exact man.

3. Bowling is good for the back; and shooting, for the lungs.

4. The palaces of crowned kings were burnt for beacons.

5. The wild birds shrieked, and, terrified, did flutter on the ground.

6. The mingling notes came softened from below.

7.

8.

All bloodless lay the untrodden snow,

And dark as winter was the flow

Of Iser, rolling rapidly.

'Tis the last rose of summer,

Left blooming alone;

All her lovely companions
Are faded and gone.

9. "Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber-door." 10. Our work having been done, we started for our home.

11. The child, running rapidly down the hill, fell and struck its arm against a projecting root.

12. The team came rattling along.

13. She sat near, reading.

14. The engine, having been oiled, runs well.

15. Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again.

Regular and Irregular Verbs.

According to their form, verbs are either Regular or Irregular.

A Regular Verb is one whose past tense in the Indicative and whose perfect participle are formed by annexing -ed to the present tense; as, pres., live; past, lived; perf. participle, lived.

An Irregular Verb is one whose past tense in the Indicative, or whose perfect participle, or both, are not formed by annexing -ed to the present tense; as, pres., sing; past, sang; perf. participle, sung.

The Principal Parts of Verbs.

The Present Tense, indicative mode, the Past Tense, indicative mode, and the Perfect Participle, are called the Principal Parts of a verb, because, in addition to being parts of the verb, they assist in forming all the other parts.

Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs.

Note 1.-Those marked R have also the regular ending -ed.

Note 2.—When a verb has two forms, the preferable form is placed first in the following table.

* Hang, hanged, hanged, meaning to suspend by the neck with in

tent to kill.