trymen as points of departure for real homes elsewhere-or the settlement near one another, natural in a strange country, of people hailing from the same land and speaking a common tongue. Most country Germanies, Swedens, Bohemias, and so on, belong to this latter type. Their existence betrays no un-American motive, no obstinacy, no contumacy, and they will quietly dissolve after a time. Temporary infelicity may attach to this species of banding, but it cannot prove disastrous.

Bohemians everywhere patronize schools, not behind even the Germans in this. In a certain city, the board of education being unable to provide a suitable place for the high school graduation exercises, a Bohemian merchant came forward and placed the opera house at their disposal, himself paying the bill.

Dangerous or pernicious herding is of the other, the intentional kind, meaning dislike, or dread of, and a more or less resolute stand against, Americanism.

One powerful cause of the tenacity with

which nodes of foreigners withstand American ideas is the presence among them of many men and women who came here too far advanced in years to learn English. These form in each case a tough nucleus of foreign life and manners. They hang together, doing all they can to foster their vernacular and their national customs. Children and grandchildren cannot but be influenced thus. Even when knowing. English and free from prejudice against American things, younger people sustain the old language for the sake of the old people, and otherwise, so far as interest and convenience allow, aid and humor the aged in their old country whims.

This influence is decadent and must in the not distant future cease to act. A German lady in an eastern city had five bright children, all of whom, being in school, talked English beautifully, though they also spoke German with equal ease. They did not like German, however. That her own isolation might be lessened, their mother used to punish them till each promised always to

speak German in her presence. This continued a good while, but in vain. Games with American children counteracted every chastisement, and by the end of a week, in spite of mamma and her birch, the culprit completely relapsed into English. The penalty was regularly renewed every Friday till the good woman saw its uselessness and desisted.

Immigrants' love for their mother speech is a powerful centripetal force, its hold continuing long after most or all of them become able to converse in our language. "The sound of my native tongue beyond the sea," said Edward Everett, "is as music to my ear, beyond the sweetest strains of Tuscan softness or Castilian majesty." Few of our foreign-born neighbors could express this so eloquently as Mr. Everett, but the dullest of them feel it no less intensely than he. This sentiment has prompted the Germans of many cities to agitate for the teaching of German in the public schools which they help support, a demand successful in many municipalities. Swedes and Bohe

mians have here and there asked the same but in vain.

It is doubtful whether the public school teaching of German has anywhere been of much assistance in keeping up the German Wesen in a community. The purpose and method of the instruction have, and rightly, been made such as to render it beneficial to all pupils, general and literary, no mere drill in speaking. And the reason why cities decline to take up Bohemian, Swedish, and Russian is that the literatures of these tongues are deemed of too little value to the constituencies at large.

Close to language as a conservator of "foreignism" stands religion. Men coming here addicted to a given rite which they richly associate with the land of their birth, its language, government, and customs, cannot see these accompaniments dissolve without feeling that essential faith and worship are going by the board. They therefore try to retain and bolster items of their old nationality, standing together to fight off whatever antagonizes that. Many settlers

are slow to apprehend the reality of American religious liberty, fearing the national spirit that besets them behind and before as somehow representing an alien faith or atheism, and not daring to give up to it lest their salvation be imperiled. The attitude of the oldest American churches, at times. haughty and intolerant, as if they were established and authoritative, nurses the unfortunate timidity named.

The superciliousness of Americans tends to make foreigners herd. Men whose fathers, grandfathers, or great-grandfathers were themselves immigrants put on an air of superiority toward people landing yesterday. To this is sometimes added positive abuse by American employers toward workpeople freshly arrived whom one may easily grind, underpay, or cheat in trade. Not seldom newcomers are made to believe themselves thus maltreated when they are not. They learn to hate and dread Americans and rally in national groups for self-defense.

In many cases this "nucleization" among