But simpler correlations are involved in similar difficulty. The superabundance of the pollen of pinetrees above referred to, and in oak-trees, is correlated with chance fertilization under the winds. In the analogous instance of willows a diminished amount of pollen is correlated with direct transportation by insects. Even in so simple a case as this it is not easy to see how this difference in the conveyance would reduce the quantity of pollen produced. It is, we know, in the very alphabet of Darwinism that if a male willow-tree should produce a smaller amount of pollen, and if this pollen communicated to the offspring of the female flowers it fertilized a similar tendency (as it might), this male progeny would secure whatever advantage might come from the saving of a certain amount of work and material; but why should it begin to produce less pollen? But this is as nothing compared with the arrangements in orchidflowers, where new and peculiar structures are introduced-structures which, once originated and then set into variation, may thereupon be selected, and thereby led on to improvement and diversification. But the origination, and even the variation, still remains unexplained either by the action of insects or by any of the processes which collectively are per sonified by the term natural selection. We really believe that these exquisite adaptations have come to pass in the course of Nature, and under natural selection, but not that natural selection alone explains or in a just sense originates them. Or rather, if this term is to stand for sufficient cause and rational explanation, it must denote or include that inscrutable something which produces-as well as that which results in the survival of "the fittest." We have been considering this class of questions only as a naturalist might who sought for the proper or reasonable interpretation of the problem before him, unmingled with considerations from any other source. Weightier arguments in the last resort, drawn from the intellectual and moral constitution of man, lie on a higher plane, to which it was unnecessary for our particular purpose to rise, however indispensable this be to a full presentation of the evidence of mind in Nature. To us the evidence, judged as impartially as we are capable of judging, appears convincing. But, whatever view one unconvinced may take, it cannot remain doubtful what position a theist ought to occupy. If he cannot recognize design in Nature because of evolution, he may be ranked with those of whom it was said, "Except ye see signs and wonders ye will not believe." How strange that a convinced theist should be so prone to associate design only with miracle! All turns, however, upon what is meant by this Nature, to which it appears more and more probable that the being and becoming-no less than the wellbeing and succession-of species and genera, as well as of individuals, are committed. To us it means "the world of force and movement in time and space,” as Aristotle defined it-the system and totality of things in the visible universe. What is generally called Nature Prof. Tyndall names matter—a peculiar nomenclature, requiring new definitions (as he avers), inviting misunderstand ing, and leaving the questions we are concerned with just where they were. For it is still to ask: whence this rich endowment of matter? Whence comes that of which all we see and know is the outcome? That to which potency may in the last resort be ascribed, Prof. Tyndall, suspending further judgment, calls mystery-using the word in one of its senses, namely, something hidden from us which we are not to seek to know. But there are also mysteries proper to be inquired into and to be reasoned about; and, although it may not be given unto us to know the mystery of causation, there can hardly be a more legitimate subject of philosophical inquiry. Most scientific men have thought themselves intellectually authorized to have an opinion about it. "For, by the primitive and very ancient men, it has been handed down in the form of myths, and thus left to later generations, that the Divine it is which holds together all Nature;" and this tradition, of which Aristotle, both naturalist and philosopher, thus nobly speaks'-continued through succeeding ages, and illuminated by the Light which has come into the world-may still express the worthiest thoughts of the modern scientific investigator and reasoner. 1 Παραδέδοται δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων καὶ παμπαλαίων ἐν μύθου σχήματι καταλελειμένα τοῖς ὕστερον, ὅτι περιέχει ΤΟ ΘΕΙΟΝ τὴν ὅλην φύσιν.— Arist. Metaphys., xi. 8, 19. INDEX. Accident incidental to design, 154–157. Alaska, Sequoia fossil in, 228. Argyll, Duke of, on creation by law, 275. Austin, Mrs., on the California pitcher- Bacon, Lord, view of Providence, 144. Baird, Prof., on variation in the birds of insectivorous Beech, species of, now extending their Bentham, on the derivative hypothesis, Bible, does not determine the mode of Bladderwort, insectivorous, 323. Breeding, thorough, 30; tendency of, to British flora, discrepancy of views re- Broccoli, origin of, 111. Brongniart, Adolphe, on distribution of Budding, propagation by, relation of, to Butler, Bishop, definition of natural, Butterwort, insectivorous, 825; diges- Cabbage, origin of, 111. California, gigantic trees of, 207, see Se- Canby, observations of, on sundew, 298, 41. Cedar, species of, 188. Chair, classification of, 167. Chance, not admissible, 42, 55, 59, 68, China, relation of flora of, to that of Classification, difference of opinion upon, Climate, as affecting the numbers of a Condor, rate of increase, 89. Contingency, Darwinian hypothesis Continuity of Nature, 123, 190, 234, 258, Creation, three views of, theistic, 158, Cretaceous flora, relation of, to present Cross-breeding, essential to longevity and vigor of species, 33, 346, 354. Cuvier, on the part animals have to play Cypress, the bald, relation of, to Sequoia, Darwin, Charles, standing as a naturalist, Darwinian Teleology, accounts for abor- De Candolle, Alph., on the oak, 178; Des Hayes, on gradation of species in Dionæa, account of, 291-295, 820; digests Diseases, contagious, relation of, to nat- Divergence, how produced by natural "Division of labor" in the organic world, Dogs, of diverse origin, 27. Domestication, effect of, upon variation, Dubuque, address of Professor Gray at, 205. Effect, as result of complex causes, 62–86. Equilibrium of natural forces, 41, 42. 390. Extinction of species, not by cataclysms, 41. Eye, formation of, 59, 60; illustrating Falconer, on the affinity of the mammoth Final causes, see Teleology. Forbes, Edward, on the dispersion of |