who walks by night to pilfer corn. It offers, I applied, we have been unable to discover. therefore, a kind of parallelism in expression to the preceding term.-Oneóta, p. 254.

Pugasaing, with thirteen pieces.-p. 24. This game of the Bowl is the principal game of hazard among the Northern tribes of Indians. Mr. Schoolcraft gives a particular account of it in "Oneóta," p. 85. "This game," he says, "is very fascinating to some portions of the Indians. They stake at it their ornaments, weapons, clothing, canoes, horses,-everything in fact they possess ; and have been known, it is said, to set up their wives and children, and even to forfeit their own liberty. Of such desperate stakes I have seen no examples, nor do I think the game itself in common use. It is rather confined to certain persons, who hold the relative rank of gamblers in Indian society,-men who are not noted as hunters or warriors or steady providers for their families. Among these are persons who bear the term of Tenadizz-wug that is, wanderers about the country, braggadocios, or fops. It can hardly be classed with the popular games of amusement, by which skill and dexterity are acquired. I have generally found the chiefs and graver men of the tribes, who encourage the young men to play ball, and are sure to be present at the customary sports, to witness, and sanction, and applaud them, speak lightly and disparagingly of this game of hazard. Yet it cannot be denied, that some of the chiefs, distinguished in war and the chase, at the West, can be referred to as lending their example to its fascinating power."

See also his "History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes," Part II, p. 72.

To the Pictured Rocks of sandstone.-p. 27. The reader will find a long description of the Pictured Rocks in Foster and Whitney's "Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Land District," Part II, p. 124. From this, I make the following extract:

"The Pictured Rocks may be described, in general terms, as a series of sandstone bluffs extending along the shore of Lake Superior for about five miles, and rising in most places, vertically from the water, without any beach at the base, to a height varying from fifty to nearly two hundred feet. Were they simply a line of cliffs, they might not, so far as relates to height or extent, be worthy of a rank among great natural curiosities, although such an assemblage of rocky strata, washed by the waves of the great lake, would not, under any circumstances, be destitute of grandeur. To the voyager, coasting along their base in his frail canoe, they would, at all times, be an object of dread: the recoil of the surf, the rock-bound coast, affording, for miles, no place of refuge,-the lowering sky, the rising wind, all these would excite his apprehension, and induce him to ply a vigorous oar until the dreaded wall was passed. But in the Pictured Rocks there are two features which communicate to the scenery a wonderful and almost unique character. These are, first, the curious manner in which the cliffs have been excavated, and worn away by the action of the lake, which, for centuries, has dashed an oceanlike surf against their base; and, second, the equally curious manner in which large portions of the surface have been coloured by bands of brilliant hues.

"It is from the latter circumstance that the name, by which these cliffs are known to the American traveller, is derived; while that applied to them by the French voyageurs ('Les Portails') is derived from the former, and by far the most striking peculiarity.

"The term Pictured Rocks has been in use for a great length of time; but when it was first

It

would seem that the first travellers were more impressed with the novel and striking distribution of colours on the surface, than with the astonishing variety of form into which the cliffs themselves have been worn.

."Our voyageurs had many legends to relate of the pranks of the Menni-bojou in these disposed to fabricate stories, without end, of the caverns, and, in answer to our inquiries, seemed achievements of this Indian deity."

Toward the sun his hands were lifted.-p. 33.

In this manner, and with such salutations, was Father Marquette received by the Illinois. See his "Voyages et Découvertes," Section V. The sword of Damascus.-p. 36.

Standish's sword is still preserved at Plymouth, with an Arabic inscription on the back, showing it to be a "Damascus blade." His coat of mail, when taken out of an old box: and touched, crumbled to dust.

Lies buried Rose Standish.-p. 36.

The first winter's mortality among the settlers was very great. Among the victims "died Rose Standish, wife of Captain Standish, on January 29th."

Why don't you speak for yourself, John.-p. 40.
"Olivia. O by your leave, I pray you;
I bade you never speak again of him;
But would you undertake another suit,
I had rather hear you to solicit that
Than music from the spheres."

Twelfth Night, Act III, Scene 1.

The sailing of the May-Flower-p. 42. After remaining one hundred and ten days in little ship returned to England in the month of Plymouth Harbour, this historical and gallant sufferings all the Pilgrims remained at their April, 1621; and notwithstanding their great

posts; not one asked to re-embark.

The Field of the First Encounter.—p. 43.
This name was given to the scene of the skir
mish, in which the intrepidity of Standish and
his litlle band proved more than a match for an
assault of Indians.

But their Sachem, the brave Mattawamat.
Fled not; he was dead-p. 46.

"But it is incredible how many wounds these two princes (braves), Pecksuot and Wattawamat, received before they died, not making any fearful noise, but catching at their weapons, and striving to the last."―Journal of the Colonists.

Yes; Miles Standish was dead-p. 47. Standish had a very narrow escape from an assassin. A wily Indian, a "notable insulting villain," persuaded the Captain and his party to land at his village, with the intent to murder them, but a contrary wind prevented their touching at the place.

Acadia, home of the happy.-p. 49.

The historical facts on which the poem of "Evangeline" is founded, are as follow:-Some dispute existing between the English and the French governments respecting the territorial limits of either, to settle the matter, the region about Hudson's Bay, and the province of Acadia, since called Nova Scotia, were, in 1713, ceded to Great Britain.

Acadia was inhabited by an excellent French population. When these good people found their country yielded to England, and them. selves no longer subjects of the French king, they were grieved to be forced to acknowledge another master. They knew that the French and English were hostile to each other, and

they dreaded to be compelled, some time or other, to take up arms against Frenchmen; they there fore entreated the English that they might never be forced to so painful a service, and might be excused from taking the oath of allegiance.

This request received no special attention, but, for a time, a kind forbearance was exer. cised towards them. After a period of forty years, the English government came to the conclusion that these neutral French, as they were called, might become dangerous to its interests, by taking part with the Canadian French, its active enemies. On account of this presumed danger, without the least alleged provocation, or the least show of justice, the English govern ment took upon itself to drive out of their possessions this peaceable, prosperous, and unoffending people.

The Acadians had no warning of their fate. At harvest-time they were ordered to assemble in a certain district, and being collected, were informed they were prisoners, that their lands, cattle, and movables were no longer their own, but were confiscated by government,-that they might take what they could convey away, but must immediately quit the province.

In one single district, two hundred and fiftyfive houses, as many barns, eleven mills, and one church were destroyed. Ships were in readiness to convey the persecuted Acadians to different parts of the continent,-to Louisiana, to French Guiana in South America, and to distant places in the then British provinces on the Atlantic.

pany them; this was denied, and the soldiers were ordered to advance upon them with bayonets fixed. The prisoners were thus forcibly driven towards the ships.

The road from the chapel to the shore was crowded with women and children, who, on their knees, and with hands and eyes raised to heaven, entreated blessings on their young friends, so unmercifully torn from them. Some of the latter broke out into bitter lamentations; others prayed aloud; and another portion sang mournful hymns as they took their way to the ships. The seniors formed another detachment, and their departure occasioned a similiar scene of distress. Other vessels arrived, and their wives and children followed. Their dwellings were burnt before their eyes, and the work of destruction was complete. Desolate and depopulated was the beautiful tract they had occupied; their homes lay smoking in ruins; the cattle, abandoned by their protectors, assembled about the forsaken dwelling-places, anxiously seeking their wonted masters; and all night long the faithful watchdogs howled for the hands that had fed and the roofs that had sheltered them. The distress of one family will serve to exhibit the sufferings of these refugees. There was among them a notary-public named René le Blanc. He loved the English. On one occasion the Indians would have persuaded him to assist them in an attempt upon the English. He refused; and the Indians, in resentment, made him prisoner, and detained him four years,

At the time of the expulsion, Le Blanc was living at an advanced age. His fidelity to the These people had been remarkable for their English, and sufferings on that account, deserved industry, their skilful husbandry, their pure favour, but he found none. Le Blanc had twenty morals, and their exemplary piety. Their lands children, and about one hundred and fifty grandproduced wheat and corn, potatoes and flax children; these were embarked in different abundantly. Their houses were convenient, and vessels and scattered in different provinces. The furnished with all things necessary to comfort. unfortunate old man was set ashore in New Their numerous flocks afforded the wool which York, with his wife and the two youngest of was manufactured in the family for their cloth- their children. Love for those that wer ing; they had no paper-money, and little silver scattered led him from one strange city to or gold, and lived by simple exchange. So little another. He reached Philadelphia; there he contention rose among them, that courts and found three of his children, and there, despairing lawyers were needless; the wise and ex- to recover the rest, in penury and sorrow, he perienced decided their small differences. They sunk into the grave. It may be questioned," were Catholics: the priests drew up their public says a writer in the North American Review," acts, wrote their wills, and kept possession of "if the history of the world exhibits a more the documents until death called for the execu-heart-rending incident than the exile of this tion of them. To requite these services, the in- amiable and unfortunate people. When the habitants allowed them one twenty-seventh of traveller contemplates the noble dykes reared the harvest for their subsistence. by their industry; while he walks beneath the shade of their abundant orchards, and stands over the ruins of their cottages, or muses among their graves, his imagination goes back to a scene of rural felicity and purity seldom seen in the world, and his heart melts at the suddent and dreadful fate of the unhappy Acadians."

In September, 1775, Colonel Winslow, an officer usually resident at Marshfield, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, was sent with the king's commission to demolish the property of the neutrals, and to expel them, without exception, from the province. Colonel Winslow deeply regretted that he should be employed in this cruel service. He knew, so he said, that they were of "the same species" with himself, and "it was disagreeable to his make and temper" to inflict pain. His first measure, on landing at Grand Pré, was to make prisoners of several hundreds of the most considerable men of the settlement. "In consequence of their earnest entreaties, the prisoners were permitted, ten at a time, to return to visit their wretched families, and to look for the last time upon their beautiful fields, and their loved and lost homes."

These unhappy men bore their misfortune with firmness until they were ordered on board the transport ship, many to be dispersed among people in the British provinces, whose customs, language, and religion were opposed to all they held dear and sacred.

On the 10th of September the prisoners were drawn up six deep: and the young men, one hundred and sixty in number, were ordered to go on board the vessels. They refused to do so unless their families were permitted to accom

All the Foresters of Flanders.-p. 72. The title of Foresters was given to the early governors of Flanders, appointed by the kings of France. Lyderick de Bucq, in the days of Clotaire the Second, was the first of them; and Beaudoin Bras-de-Fer, who stole away the fair Judith, daughter of Charles the Bold, from the French court, and married her in Bruges, was the last. After him, the title of Forester was changed to that of Count. Philippe d'Alsace, Guy de Dampierre, and Louis de Crécy, coming later in the order of time, were therefore rather Counts than Foresters. Philippe went twice to the Holy Land as a Crusader, and died of the plague at St. Jean-d'Acre, shortly after the capture of the city by the Christians. Guy de Dampierre died in the prison of Compiégne. Louis de Crécy was son and successor of Robert de Réthune, who strangled his wife, Yolande de Bourgogne, with the bridle of his horse, for having poisoned, at the age of eleven years, his only son by his first wife, Blanche d'Anjou.

Stately dames, like queens attended.-p. 72. whose commerce would have been much injured When Philippe-le-Bel, King of France, visited by the canal. They were led by Jean Lyons, Flanders with his queen, she was astonished captain of a military company at Ghent, called with the magnificence of the dames of Bruges, the "Chaperons Blancs." He had great sway and declared that they were dressed like queens over the turbulent populace, who, in those prosand princesses. perous times of the city, gained an easy liveWhen the burgomasters of Ghent, Bruges, lihood by labouring two or three days in the and Ypres went to Paris to pay homage to King week, and had the remaining four or five to deJohn, in 1351, they were received with great vote to public affairs. The fight at Minnewater pomp and distinction; but being invited to a was followed by open rebellion against Louis de festival, they observed that their seats at table Maele, the Count of Flanders and Protector of were not furnished with cushions; whereupon, Bruges. His superb château at Wondelghem to make known their displeasure at this want was pillaged and burnt, and the insurgents of regard to their dignity, they folded their forced the gates of Bruges, and entered in richly embroidered cloaks, and seated themselves triumph, with Lyons mounted at their head. A upon them. On rising from table, they left few days afterwards he died suddenly, perhaps their cloaks behind them; and being informed of by poison. their apparent forgetfulness, Simon van Eertrycke, Burgomaster of Bruges, replied, "We Flemings are not in the habit of carrying away our cushions after dinner."

Knights who bore the Fleece of Gold.-p. 72. Philippe de Bourgogne, surnamed Le Bon, espoused Isabella of Portugal, on the 10th of January, 1430; and on the same day instituted the famous order of the Fleece of Gold.

I beheld the gentle Mary.-p. 73. Marie de Valois, Duchess of Burgundy, was left by the death of her father, Charles-leTéméraire, at the age of twenty, the richest heiress in Europe. She came to Bruges as the Countess of Flanders, in 1477, and in the same year was married by proxy to the Archduke Maximilian. According to the custom of the time, the Duke of Bavaria, Maximilian's substitute, slept with the princess. They were both in complete dress, separated by a naked sword, and attended by four armed guards. Marie was adored by her subjects for her gentleness and her many other virtues.

Maximilian was son of the Emperor Frederick the Third, and is the same person afterwards mentioned in the poem of "Nuremberg," as the Kaiser Maximilian, and the hero of Pfinzing's poem of "Teurdank." Having been imprisoned by the revolted burghers of Bruges, they refused to release him till he consented to kneel in the public square, and to swear on the Holy Evangelists and the body of Saint Donatus, that he would not take vengeance upon them for their rebellion.

The bloody battle of the Spurs of Gold.-p. 73. This battle, the most memorable in Flemish history, was fought under the walls of Courtray, on the 11th of July, 1302, between the French and the Flemings, the former commanded by Robert, Comte d'Artois, and the latter by Guillaume de Juliers, and Jean, Comte de Namur. The French army was completely routed, with a loss of twenty thousand infantry and seven thousand cavalry; among whom were sixtythree princes, dukes, and counts, seven hundred lords-banneret, and eleven hundred noblemen. The flower of the French nobility perished on that day; to which history has given the name of the Journée des Esperons d'Or," from the great number of golden spurs found on the field of battle. Seven hundred of them were hung up as a trophy in the Church of Nôtre Dame de Courtray; and as the Cavaliers of that day wore but a single spur each, these vouched to God for the violent and bloody death of seven hundred of his creatures.

Saw the fight at Minnewater.-p. 73. When the inhabitants of Bruges were digging a canal at Minnewater to bring the waters of the Lys from Deynze to their city, they were attacked and routed by the citizens of Ghent,

Meanwhile the insurgents received a check at the village of Nevéle; and two hundred of them the Count's orders. One of the chiefs, Jean de perished in the church, which was burned by Lannoy, took refuge in the belfry. From the summit of the tower he held forth his purse filled with gold, and begged for deliverance. It was in vain. His enemies cried to him from below to save himself as best he might; and half suffocated with smoke and flame, he threw himself from the tower and perished at their feet. Peace was soon afterwards established, and the Count retired to faithful Bruges.

The Golden Dragon's nest.-p. 73.

The Golden Dragon, taken from the church of St. Sophia, at Constantinople, in one of the Crusades, and placed on the belfry of Bruges, was afterwards transported to Ghent by Philippe van Artevelde, and still adorns the belfry of that city.

The inscription on the alarm bell at Ghent may be thus translated:-"My name is Roiand; when I toll, there is fire; and when I ring, there is victory in the land."

That their great imperial city stretched its hand
through every clime.—p. 75.

An old proverb of the town runs thus:-
"Nuremberg's hand

Goes through every land."
Sat the poet Melchior singing Kaiser Maximilian's
praise. p. 75.

Melchior Pfinzing was one of the most celebrated German poets of the sixteenth century. The hero of his "Teuerdank" was the reigning Emperor Maximilian; and the poem was to the Germans of that day what the "Orlando Futioned before, in the "Belfry of Bruges." rioso" was to the Italians. Maximilian is menSee page 73.

In the church of sainted Sebald sleeps enshrined his holy dust.-p. 75.

The tomb of Saint Sebald, in the church which bears his name, is one of the richest works of by Peter Fischer and his sons, who laboured art in Nuremberg. It is of bronze, and was cast upon it thirteen years. It is adorned with nearly one hundred figures, among which those of the Twelve Apostles are conspicuons for size and beauty.

In the church of sainted Lawrence stands a pix of sculpture rare.—p. 75.

This pix, or tabernacle for the vessels of the sacrament, is by the hand of Adam Kraft. It is an exquisite piece of sculpture in white stone, and rises to the height of sixty-four feet. stands in the choir, whose richly painted windows cover it with varied colours.

It

Wisest of the Twelve Wise Masters.-p. 75.
The Twelve Wise Masters was the title of the

original corporation of the Mastersingers. Hans

Sachs, the cobbler of Nuremberg, though not
one of the original Twelve, was the most re-
nowned of the Mastersingers, as well as the
most voluminous. He flourished in the six-
teenth century; and left behind him thirty-four
folio volumes of mauuscript, containing two
hundred and eight plays, one thousand seven
hundred comic tales, and between four and five
thousand lyric poems.

As in Adam Puschman's song.-p. 75.
Adam Puschman, in his poem on the death of
Hans Sachs, describes him as he appeared in a
vision:-

"An old man,
Grey, and white, and dove-like,
Who had, in sooth, a great beard,
And read in a fair, great book,
Beautiful with golden clasps."

The Occultation of Orlon.-p. 78. Astronomically speaking, this title is incorrect; as I apply to a constellation what can properly be applied to its stars only. But my observation is made from the hill of song, and not from that of science; and will, I trust, be fsund sufficiently accurate for the present purpose.

Walter von der Vogelweid.-p. 81. was one of the principal Minnesingers of the Walter von der Vogelweid, or Bird-Meadow, thirteenth century. He triumphed over Hemrich von Ofterdingen in that poetic contest in Wartburg Castle, known in literary history as the War of Wartburg.

Like imperial Charlemagne.-p. 83. Charlemagne may be called by pre-eminence the monarch of farmers. According to the German tradition, in seasons of great abundance, his spirit crosses the Rhine on a golden bridge at Bingen, and blesses the cornfields and vineyards. During his lifetime, he did not disdain, says Montesquieu, "to sell eggs from the farm-yards of his domains, and the superfluous vegetables of his garden; while he distributed among his people the wealth of the Lombards and the immense treasures of the Huns."

Behold at last,

Each tall and taperiny mast
Is swung into its place.—p. 112,

I wish to anticipate a criticism on this passage, by stating, that sometimes, though not usually, vessels are launched fully rigged and sparred. I have availed myself of the exception, as better suited to my purpose than the general rule; but the reader will see that it is neither a blunder nor a poetic license. On this subject a friend in Portland, Maine, writes me thus:

"In this State, and also, I am told, in New York, ships are sometimes rigged upon the stocks, in order to save time, or to make a show. There was a fine, large ship launched last summer at Ellsworth, fully rigged and sparred. Some years ago a ship was launched here, with her rigging, spars, sails, and cargo aboard. She sailed the next day, and-was never heard of again! I hope this will not be the fate of your poem!"

tember they arrived, through mucht empest and peril, at Falmouth. But nothing more was seen or heard of the Admiral."-Belknap's American Biography, i. 203.

The Blind Girl of Castèl Cuillè.-p. 118.

Jasmin, the author of this beautiful poem, is to the South of France what Burns is to the South of Scotland-the representative of the heart of the people, one of those happy bards who are born with their mouths full of birds. He has written his own biography in a poetic form, and the simple narrative of his poverty, his struggles, and his triumphs, is very touching. He still lives at Agen, on the Garonne; and long may he live there to delight his native land with his native songs!

The following description of his person and way of life is taken from the graphic pages of "Béarn and the Pyrenees," by Louisa Stuart Costello, whose charming pen has done so much to illustrate the French provinces and their literature:"At the entrance of the promenade Du Gravier is a row of small houses,-some cafés, the indication of which is a painted cloth, placed aross the way, with the owner's name in bright gold letters, in the manner of the arcades in the street, and their announcements. One of the most glaring of these was, we observed, a bright blue flag, bordered with gold; on which, in large gold dark-eyed woman, who informed us that her letters, appeared the name of Jasmin, Coiffeur. We entered, and were received by a smiling, husband was busy at that moment dressing a customer's hair, but he was desirous to receive us, and begged we would walk into his parlour at the back of the shop.

"She exhibited to us a laurel crown of gold, of delicate workmanship, sent from the city of Clémence Isaure, Toulouse, to the poet; who toul. Next came a golden cup, with an inscripwill probably one day take his place in the capition in his honour, given by the citizens of the king, Louis Philippe; an emerald ring, worn Auch; a gold watch, chain, and seals, sent by and presented by the lamented Duke of Orleans; a pearl pin, by the graceful Duchess; a fine service of linen, the offering of the town of Pau, after its citizens had given fêtes in his honour, and loaded him with caresses and praises; and nicknacks and jewels of all descriptions offered to him by lady-ambassadresses and great lords; English misses' and 'miladis;' and French, and foreigners of all nations, who did or did not understand Gascon.

"All this, though startling, was not convincing; Jasmin, the barber, might only be a fashion, a furore, a caprice, after all; and it was evident that he knew how to get up a scene well. When we had become nearly tired of looking over tributes to his genius, the door opened, and the poet himself appeared. His manner was free and unembarrassed, well-bred and lively; he received our compliments naturally, and like one accustomed to homage, said he was ill, and unfortunately too hoarse to read anything to us, or should have been delighted to do so. He spoke with a broad Gascon accent, and very rapidly, and eloquently; ran over the story of his successes; told us that his grandfather had been a beggar, and all his family was very poor; that Sir Humphrey Gilbert.—p. 113. he was now as rich as he wished to be; his son "When the wind abated, and the vessels were placed in a good position at Nantes; then showed near enough, the Admiral was seen constantly us his son's picture, and spoke of his disposition, sitting in the stern, with a book in his hand. On to which his brisk little wife added that, though the 9th of September he was seen for the last no fool, he had not his father's genius, to which time, and was heard by the people of the Hind to truth Jasmin assented as a matter of course. I say, We are as near heaven by sea as by land.' told him of having seen mention made of him in In the following night the lights of the ship an English review; which he said had been sent suddenly disappeared. The people in the other him by Lord Durham, who had paid him a visit; vessel kept a good look-out for him during the and I then spoke of Me cal mouri' as known to remainder of the voyage. On the 22nd of Sep-me. This was enough to make him forget his