of losing the delicacy of their taste and giving sanction to vulgarisms, or to what is worse. On this point, listen to the recent declarations of two leading men in the Senate of the United States (Mr. Webster and Mr. Cass), both of whom understand the use of the English language in its power: "In truth, I must say that, in my opinion, the vernacular tongue of the country has become greatly vitiated, depraved, and corrupted by the style of our Congressional debates." And the other, alluding to the debates in the British House of Commons, in courteous response, remarked, "There is such a thing as an English and a Parliamentary vocabulary, and I have never heard a worse, when circumstances called it out, on this side Billingsgate!" This work I have endeavored to make such that every undergraduate may study it with advantage, and every graduate, and every intelligent man in professional life, may keep it by him as a book of reference and occasional perusal for the cultivation and preservation of a correct taste in his use of language. The growth of language can not be repressed any more than can the genial activity of the human soul. Especially in our own country, in this "wilderness of free minds," new thoughts and corresponding new expressions spring up spontaneously to live their hour or to be permanent. As our countrymen are spreading westward across the continent, and are brought into contact with other races, and adopt new modes of thought, there is some danger that, in the use of their liberty, they may break loose from the laws of the English language, and become marked not only by one, but by a thousand Shibboleths. Now, in order to keep the language of a nation one, the leading men in the greater or smaller communities, the editors of periodicals, and authors generally, should exercise the same guardian care over it which they do over the opinions which it is used to express; and, for this purpose, they should be familiar with works which treat of its analogies and idioms, that they may understand what are the laws of normal and of abnormal growth, and by their own example and influence encourage only that which is strictly legitimate. Our language, as the depository of the wisdom and experience of past generations, we have received by inheritance, to be transmitted to the ages to come certainly enlarged, and, if possible, improved. "A man should venerate his native language as the first of his benefactors; as the awakener and stirrer of his spiritual thoughts, the form, and mould, and rule of his spiritual being; as the great bond and medium of intercourse with his fellows; as the mirror in which he sees his own nature, and without which he can not commune even with himself; as the image which the wisdom of God has chosen to reveal itself to him." It was in some such spirit and under some such impressions that the present work was undertaken at the first, and carried on to its completion. Philology has of late, especially in Germany, been successfully cultivated in what have been called its two great branches: the Philosophy of language, or the formation of words; and the Method of language, or the formation of sentences. English philology has made great advances from the indirect contributions received from such men as Rask and Bosworth, Grimm and Bopp, Becker and Kühner; as well as from the direct efforts of such as Webster, and Latham, and Guest, and Kemble, and Garnet. Some of the practical results of their investigations I have embodied in this work. Other materials were collected from the wide field of English literature while I was engaged in giv ing instruction to classes in college. The older gram- consulted, as well as some of the modern, such as Mur- ray, Crombie, and Arnold. I am also under obliga- tion to Whately, Gray, and Mill, in logic; and to Har- rison, and especially to Sir John Stoddart, in etymol- ogy and syntax. To Dr. Latham, late professor of the English language and literature in the London Uni- versity, something more than a general acknowledg ment is due. I have read his works with great advant- I have also to state that I am much indebted to Pro- fessor J. W. Gibbs, of Yale College, who has been well known as a successful laborer in comparative philolo- gy, especially in its application to the English lan- guage. The sections contributed by him are 38, 39, 50, 53, 74, 75, 76, 83, 84, 225, 308, 309, 317, 319, 324, My thanks are also due to those literary friends who originally advised me to undertake this work, who have encouraged me in its progress, or who have improved The work is divided into eight parts, in which the English language is presented under eight different as- part, to present as examples forms of expression which The labor and the difficulty of preparing a work upon The work, such as it is, is offered to the public, in Amherst, August, 1850. W. C. F. THE CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES. 25. Remarks on Classification... 54 | 34. Sanscrit Family 26. Schlegel's Classification..... 54 35. Iranian Family. 28. Chinese Stock of Languages. 56 38. French Language. 57 |