What words often precede this mood, or indicate it?

If, though, that, lest, except, unless, provided, etc.

What does a verb in the subjunctive mood suggest, when it refers to present or past time?

That the contrary of what is supposed, or something different, is the true state of the case. See p. 36.

What other mood does the subjunctive resemble in its form, and what one in its meaning?

In its form, the indicative; but in meaning, the potential, with which it is also most frequently associated in sentences. See p. 36.

What does the potential mood affirm of the subject?

The potential mood affirms merely the power, liberty, liability, necessity, will, duty, or a similar relation of the subject, in regard to the act or state. Ex-God can destroy this world. You may play. They who would be happy, must be virtuous. Children should obey their teachers.

How can this mood be known, or what words are used to express it?

May, can, must, might, could, would, and should.

What does the imperative mood express?

The imperative mood expresses command, exhortation, entreaty, or permission.

Ex.-John, study your lessson. (Command.) Go where glory waits thee. (Exhortation.) Oh! then remember me. (Entreaty.) Return to your friends.

What is the subject of every verb in the imperative mood?

Thou, you, or ye, usually understood.

Ex.-"Know thyself"-Know thou thyself.

"My young friends, be pure

Exercises.

The verb, and why; then the mood, and why :-
William is writing.

The rosemary nods
He caught a fish.

I may command, but you must obey.

on the grave, and the It will rain this evenHe could and should

lily lolls on the wave. ing. have assisted us, but he would not. I wish to go, but I can not.

We

Words Eplained.-Potential, implying the power only; expressing what causes the act, but not that the act is produced. Liability, what may be. Necessity, what must be. Duty, what ought to be. Exhortation, advice and persuasion to do good. Entreaty, beseeching; humble yet urgent request. command inferiors, exhort equals, entreat superiors, and permit in compliance with the will of others. Expressed, put down in the book; understood, not put down but to be supplied by the mind."

and cautious" My young friends, be ye pure and cautious. A verb in this mood sometimes has a subject of the 1st or 3d person; as, "Seek we now some deeper shade." "Lead he the way who knows the spot."

How does the infinitive mood express the act or state?

The infinitive mood does not affirm the act or state. It comprises the infinitive and the participle.*

Ex.-Be careful to avoid the danger.

The clouds dispersing. See p. 28.

Which of the moods can be used interrogatively?

The indicative and the potential.

Ex-Who is my friend?

Must I endure all this?

How are they made interrogative?

By placing the subject after the verb, or after some part of it.

Ex.-"Thou art he;" "ART thou he?" "CAN you HELP US?"

c. Time may naturally be divided into present, past, and future; and we may consider an act or state as simply taking place in each of these periods, or as completed: thus, "I write, I have written;" "I wrote, I had written," "I shall write," "I shall have written"-Present, present-perfect; past, past-perfect; future, future-perfect. Hence verbs have what grammarians call tenses. How, then, would you define tense?

Tense is the form and meaning of the verb to distinguish time.

Exercises.

If William study, he

O, that If you

Do not value a gem by what it is set in. will soon know his lesson. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride. Train up a child in the way he should go; and when he is old, he will not depart from it. The violet soon will cease to smile, the whippoorwill to chant. May you be happy. he were wiser! If you are disappointed, blame not me. be disappointed, blame not me. This government will fall, if it lose the confidence of the people. This government would fall, if it lost the confidence of the people. This government would have fallen, had it lost the confidence of the people. Let us now turn to another part. Turn we now to another part. Somebody call my wife. (Imperative.)

*The infinitive mood is tolerated, only as we tolerate a neuter gender. It implies the absence of all assertion rather than any particular mode of assertion. Prof. Gibbs, of Yale, says, "The infinitive mode so called is the crude form of the verb. It is the verb divested of all modality. It is no mode at all." In this book, we practically ignore this mood; or, when we call a verb a participle or an infinitive, the mood is implied. And we include under the infinitive mood, participles with infinitives, just as zoologists include under the eat genus not merely cats, but also lions, tigers, leopards, etc.

There are six tenses; the present, the past, the future, the perfect, the pluperfect, and the future-perfect. In stead of perfect and pluperfect the words present-perfect and past-perfect may also be used.

What does the present tense express ?

The present tense expresses present acts or states.
Ex.-I am writing. It snows.
You may commence. Let me see it.

This tense is also used to express what is always so from the very nature or condition of things.

Ex.-Heat melts ice. Traveling is expensive.

People must die.

Sometimes the present tense is used to express past or future events more vividly; as, "The combat deepens. On, ye brave!" "The guard never surrenders: it dies !" Also in speaking of the dead, when judged by their existing works; as, "Seneca moralizes well." How does the past tense express the act or state?

The past tense refers the act or state simply to past time.

Ex.-Bonaparte was banished to St. Helena. She died this morning. I soon saw that he could not see. The ship arrived before day.

This tense is usually called the imperfect tense, but inappropriately. It may be well to call it the aorist or indefinite tense, in the subjunctive and the potential mood, whenever it does not denote past time.

How does the future tense express the act or state?

The future tense refers the act or state simply to future time.

Ex. The cars will come this evening. Merit will be rewarded.

How does the perfect tense express the act or state?

The perfect tense represents something as past, but still connected with present time.

Ex. This magnificent city has been built within one hundred years. I have just sold my horse. The mail may have arrived. This house appears to have been a church. I have often read Virgil.

it flowed for ages. (Act still remaining.) or result, still remaining.)

(Subject still remaining.) Thus has Cicero has written orations. (Object

How does the pluperfect tense express the act or state?

The pluperfect tense represents something as finished or ended by a certain past time.

Ex.-I had already sent my trunk to the river, when I received your letter. A fish had been on the hook. A fish might have been on the hook.

Words Explained.—Tense, from the French temps, Latin tempus, time. Period, a going round, as a year; a portion of time. A'-o-rist, from the Greek a, not, and oristos, marked out; indefinite. Plu'perfect, from the Latin plus, more, and fectus, finished; that is, farther back in time than what is only now finished.

How does the future-perfect tense express the act or state?

The future-perfect tense represents something as finished or ended by a certain future time.

Ex. The flowers will have withered, when winter returns.

The three perfect tenses are sometimes called the relative tenses, because they relate from one point of time to another; and the other three tenses, which havo not this relation, are called the absolute tenses.

Every perfect tense, except sometimes a participle, must have what two parts?

Have, or some one of its variations, and the perfect participle of some verb.

Ex. Have written; having written; to have written; may have written; has been writing; shall have written; should have been writing; had written. How does the present, the past, or the future tense, sometimes express the act or state?

As something habitual or customary in present, past, or future time.

Ex.-He chews tobacco.

People go to church on Sunday.

he spend his earnings. The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb.

There would

When the act or state is expressed as ideal rather than real, as in the subjunctive mood, and frequently in the potential, what may be observed of the tenses, in respect to the time of the event?

That they move forward, one tense or more, in time. Ex.-"If I am"-now; "If I be"-hereafter. "If I was"-at any past time; "If I were"-now. "I had been there"-before a certain past time; "Had I been there"-at a certain past time. "I had paid you”—before a certain past time; "I might have paid you"-at a certain past time. "Such gov. ernments could not last, if they contained ever so much wisdom and virtue."P. Henry. At any time. See second definition of present tense.

The present and the perfect indicative are sometimes carried into future time, by the words when, as soon as, whoever, etc.; as, "When he comes home, send for me;" When he has done the work, I will pay him."

In most of the tenses, a verb may be expressed in several different ways: as, “He strikes,” “He does strike;" "He is striking ;" "He is struck;” “He striketh." Grammarians usually distinguish these, by calling them, emphatically, the FORMS of the verb-better, the forms of the tenses.

What is the common form?

The common form is the verb expressed in the most simple and ordinary manner.

Ex.-He went home. Time flies.

No man has ever been too honest.

Words Explained.— Future-perfect literally means future-finished. Habitual, what a person does often. Customary, what is done by many people. Ideal, merely in the mind. Progres'sive, from pro, forth, and gressive, stepping; going forth or on.

What is the emphatic form?

The emphatic form has do or did as a part of the verb, to give it greater force.

Ex.-I did say so. Really, it does move. Do come to see me.

Do and did are also generally used to express propositions negatively or interrogatively; but they do not make such propositions emphatic.

What is the progressive form?

The progressive form is be, or some variation of it, combined with the participle that ends in ing.

This form denotes continuance of the act or state. Ex.-I wrote; I was writing. He is drinking wine. (Drinks-habit.) What is the passive form?

The passive form is be, or some variation of it, combined with the perfect participle.

This form is generally passive in sense.

Ex. The oak was shattered by lightning. The melancholy days are come. What is the ancient form, or solemn style?

The ancient form has the ending t, st, or est, for the second person singular; and th or eth, in stead of s or es, for the third person singular; and generally uses thou or ye in stead of you.

This form occurs often in Scriptural or poetic style. Ex.-Thou barb'dst the dart. Adversity flattereth no man. Who chooseth me, must hazard all he hath. Ye are the salt of the earth.

Doth is used for the auxiliary does, and doeth for the verb does. Hath and saith are contractions of haveth and sayeth.

d. When I say, "I am, thou art, he is;" "I write, thou writest, he writes;" you see that the verb varies with the person of its subject: and when I say, "He is, they are;" "He writes, they write;" you see that the verb varies with the number of its subject. Hence the verb is said to have person and number; that is, it is so expressed as to indicate the person and number of its subject, and

Exercises.

The verb, and why; then the form, and why:Twilight is weeping o'er the pensive rose. It does amaze me. Ye know not what ye say. away the barbarity of men's minds. The apples sold. Our chains are forging. The improved introduced into the army. Thou art the man.

It fell instantly. Learning taketh are gathered and rifles are being

The tenses being more difficult, the exercises on them are deferred till the Conjugation bas been learned.