Technical Chemistry.-Vegetable Parchment-Papyrine, 278.-Weighing of Moist Pre-
cipitates, by FERDINAND F. MAYER. 280.-New Chemical Journal, by W. CROOKES:
American Druggists' Circular and Chemical Gazette, 282.
Geology-On some of the Igneous Rocks of Canada, by T. STERRY HUNT, F.R.S., 282.
-Notes on the Dolomites of the Paris Basin, etc., by T. STERRY HUNT, F.R.S., 284.
-New Paleozoic Fossils, by J. H. McCHESNEY, 285.-Explorations in Nebraska, 286.
-Geological Surveys of South Carolina and Kentucky: First report of Progress of
the Geological and Agricultural Survey of Texas, by B. F. SHUMARD, M.D., 287—
Post-pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina, by FRANCIS S. HOLMES, A.M., &c.: Assini-
boine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition, by Prof. HENRY YOULE HIND, M.A.:
Geology for Teachers, Classes, and Private Students, by SANBORN TENNEY, A.M., 288.
Zoology.-On Botanical and Zoological Nomenclature, by WM. STIMPSON, 289.- Les gen-
res Loriope et Peltogaster, H. RATHKE, par W. LILJEBORG: Neue Wirbellose Thiere,
beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde, von LUDWIG K. SCHMARDA,
293.-A Supplement to the Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and
the adjacent Territories of North America, by W. G. BINNEY: Catalogue of the Re-
cent Marine Shells found on the Coasts of North and South America, by J. D. Kurtz,
294.-Proceedings of Scientific Societies: New Zoological Journal, by Dr. H. F. WEIN-
LAND, 295.
Astronomy and Meteorology.-Supposed intra-Mercurial planet: Mr. Alvan Clark's New
Micrometer for measuring large Distances, 296.-New Double Stars discovered by
Mr. Alvan Clark, communicated by the Rev. W. R. DAWES, 297.-Notice of the Me-
teor of Nov. 15, 1859, by Prof. E. LOOMIS, 298--Sandwich Island Meteor of Nov. 14,
1859: Der Meteoreiesnfall von Hraschina bei Agram am 26 Mai 1751, von W. HAI-
DINGER, 300.
Miscellaneous Scientific Intelligence.-Monthly varying level of Lake Ontario, 300.-
Eruption of Mauna Loa, Sandwich Islands, from letters of Prof. R. C. HASKELL and
Rev T. COAN, 301, 302.
Book Notices.-TRÜBNER'S Bibliographical Guide to American Literature, 302.-Manual
of Public Libraries, etc., in the United States and British Provinces of North America,
by WILLIAM J. RHEES: The New American Cyclopedia; a popular Dictionary of
general Knowledge, edited by GEO. RIPLEY and CHAS. A. DANA, 303.
Obituary.-Mr. Gustavus Wurdemann: James P. Espy: Jean-Fréd.-Ludw. Hausmann,
304.
XXXV. The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th,
1859. 4th Article,
XXXVI.-Geographical Notices; by DANIEL C. GILMAN. No. XII, 400
Reprint of a Tract, by NICOLAUS SILLACIUS, (A. D. 1494),
on the Second Voyage of Columbus: Voyage around the
World of the Austrian Frigate Novara, 400.-Dr. HAYES'S
Proposed Arctic Journey, 401.-Journal of the American
Geographical and Statistical Society: Explorations in the
Amoor Region, 402.-KHANIKOFF's Travels in Persia, 409.
XXXVII. Correspondence of Prof. JEROME NICKLES.-French
Academy of Sciences-Distribution of Prizes: Prize for
Astronomy, 410.-Prize for Mechanics: Physical Science :
Experimental Physiology, 411.--Pasteur's researches on fer-
mentation, 412.-Transplantation of the Periosteum: Prize
relative to the unhealthy Arts: Medical Prize, 413.-Prize
for Organic Chemistry: Bréant Prize: Prizes for 1861-62,
414.- Obituary-Death of Poinsot: Discovery of an Intra-
Mercurial Planet, 415.-New members elected: Hypnotism
and Magnetism, 417.-Porous bodies, 418.-Application of
electric light in Medicine, 419.-Phosphorescence: Works
of Arago Bibliography, 420.
XXXVIII. Description of an Equatorial recently erected at Hope-
field Observatory, Haddenham, Bucks; by the Rev. W. R.
DAWES,
Chemistry and Physics.-On Fraunhofer's Lines, KIRCHOFF, 423.-On the direct conver-
sion of Lactic into Propionic Acid, LAUTERMANN: On the formation of Alanin from
Lactic Acid, KOLBE: On the constitution of Lactic Acid, KOLBE: Contributions to the
Chemistry of the Platinum-metals, CLAUS, 425.-Synthesis of new Bases containing
Oxygen, WURTZ, 426.—On a new series of Alcohols, WURTZ: Researches on the Pla-
tinum metals, Dr. WOLCOTT GIBBS, 427.
Technical Chemistry.—Solution of Cellulose in Ammonio-oxyd of Copper: Decoloration
of Indigo by Sesquioxyd of Iron, 429.-Aluminum Leaf: Critical and Experimental
Contribution to the Theory of Dyeing, 430.-Cellulose Digested by Sheep, 432.
Geology.-Notes on the Geology of Nebraska and Utah Territory, by Dr. F. V. HAYDEN,
433.-Note on Prof. Newberry's criticisms of Prof. Heer's determination of species
of North American Fossil Plants, by LEO LESQUEREUX, 434.
Botany and Zoology.--Florula Ajanensis, by REGEL and TILING: Primite Flora Amu-
rensis, by C. J. MAXIMOWIEZ, 436.--Harvey's Thesaurus Capensis: Hooker's species
Filicum, or Descriptions of all known Ferns: Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnæan
Society, 437.-Martius, Flora Brasiliensis, 4339.--J. D. Hooker's Flora Tasmania: Poi-
son of Plants by Arsenic, 440.-Botanical Necrology for the year 1859—C. A. Agardh :
Arthur Henfrey: Dr. Thomas Horsefield: A. L. S. Lejeune: Thomas Nuttall, 441.—
Zoological Notices.-A trip to Beaufort, N. C., by WM. STIMPSON, M.D., 442.
Meteorology and Astronomy.-Abstract of Meteorological Observations at Sacramento,
Cal., by THOMAS M. LOGAN, M.D., 446.--Daylight Meteor of Nov. 15th, 1859, 447.
Miscellaneous Scientific Intelligence.--Probable origin of Flint Nodules in Chalk, 447.——
New form of Compressor for use with the Microscope, by S. MORTON CLARK, 448.—
On Contraction of the Muscles induced by contact with bodies in vibration, by Prof.
O. N. ROOD: Large Object-Glass: Boyden Premium: Geological Survey of Califor-
nia, 449.
Book Notices.-Elements of Chemical Physics, by Prof. JOSIAH P. COOKE, Jr., 450.--
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections: The New American Cyclopedia, 451.—Cav-
endish Socy's Ed. of Gmelin's Hand Book of Chemistry: LIEBER; Geology of South
Carolina: Fundamental Ideas of Mechanics and Experimental Data, by A. MORIN:
revised, translated, &c., by JOSEPH BENNETT, C. E., 452.-Gangstudien, oder Beiträge
zur Kenntniss der Erzgänge, 453.
P. 101, 1. 4, for "ethyl," read "silver."
"102, 1. 13, for "43-5," read "448" (as the half sum of equivalents U and Ni.) "102, 1. 25, for "Mg," read "Mn."
"272, 1. 8 from bottom, for "HENTZ," read "HEINTZ."
Vol. XXVIII, p. 135, 1. 33 from top, for Vol. VI, read Vol. IV.-P. 356, line 20 from bot- tom, after the word "cultivation," insert a period, putting a capital W for the word "where.' Same page, line 19 from bottom, omit "then."-P. 357. line 10 from top, for "deposition of sand," read "deposition of mud."
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ARTS.
ART. I.-On the Origination and Distribution of Species:Introductory Essay to the Flora of Tasmania; by Dr. JOSEPH D. HOOKER.*
§ 1. Preliminary Remarks.
THE Island of Tasmania does not contain a vegetation pecu liar to itself, nor constitute an independent botanical region. Its plants are, with comparatively few exceptions, natives of extratropical Australia; and I have consequently found it necessary to study the vegetation of a great part of that vast continent, in order to determine satisfactorily the nature, distribution, and
* To the Editors of the American Journal of Science, &c.:-The sheets of this Introductory Essay, having been obligingly communicated to me in advance of the publication of the concluding part of the Flora of Tasmania, to which it belongs, I asked and have received the distinguished author's permission to reprint them, or a considerable portion of them, in your Journal, and now offer them for that purpose. This is in order that we may have before us, at the earliest date, an essay which cannot fail to attract the immediate and profound attention of scientific men; but which, if confined to the pages of the Flora of Tasmania, would be seen by very few American readers. To those who have intelligently observed the course of scientific investigation, and the tendency of speculation, it has for some time been manifest that a re-statement of the Lamarkian hypothesis is at hand. We have this, in an improved and truly scientific form, in the theories which, recently propounded by Mr. Darwin, followed by Mr. Wallace, are here so ably and altogether independently maintained. When these views are fully laid before them, the naturalists of this country will be able to take part in the interesting discussion which they will not fail to call forth.
To save room, a few paragraphs are omitted which do not directly bear upon the subject in hand.
SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXIX, No. 85.-JAN., 1860.
affinities of the Tasmanian Flora. From the study of certain extratropical genera and species in their relation to those of Tasmania, I have been led to the far more comprehensive undertaking of arranging and classifying all the Australian plants accessible to me. This I commenced in the hope of being able thereby to extend our knowledge of the affinities of its Flora, and, if possible, to throw light on a very abstruse subject, viz. the origin of its vegetation, and the sources or causes of its peculiarity. This again has induced me to proceed with the inquiry into the oxigin and distribution of existing species; and, as I have already treated of these subjects in the Introduction to the New Zealand Flora, I now embrace the opportunity afforded me by a similar Introduction to the Tasmanian Flora, of revising the opinions I then entertained, and of again investigating the whole subject of the creation of species by variation, with the aid of the experience derived from my subsequent studies of the Floras of India and Australia in relation to one another and to those of neighboring countries, and of the recently published hypotheses of Mr. Darwin and Mr. Wallace.
In the Introductory Essay to the New Zealand Flora, I advanced certain general propositions as to the origin of species, which I refrained from endorsing as articles of my own creed: amongst others was the still prevalent doctrine that these are, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, created as such, and are immutable. In the present Essay I shall advance the opposite hypothesis, that species are derivative and mutable; and this chiefly because, whatever opinions a naturalist may have adopted with regard to the origin and variation of species, every candid mind must admit that the facts and arguments upon which he has grounded his convictions require revision since the recent publication by the Linnean Society of the ingenious and original reasonings and theories of Mr. Darwin and Mr. Wallace.
Further, there must be many who, like myself, having hitherto refrained from expressing any positive opinion, now, after a careful consideration of these naturalists' theories, find the aspect of the question materially changed, and themselves freer to adopt such a theory as may best harmonize with the facts adduced by their own experience.
The Natural History of Australia seemed to me to be especially suited to test such a theory, on account of the comparative uniformity of its physical features being accompanied with a great variety in its Flora; of the differences in the vegetation of its several parts; and of the peculiarity both of its Fauna and Flora, as compared with those of other countries. I accordingly prepared a classified catalogue of all the Australian species in the Herbarium, with their ranges in longitude, latitude, and elevation, as far as I could ascertain them, and added what fur
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