Supreme Court, April, 1921. [Vol. 115. struction of the constitutional provision is a simple matter. Obviously congress is under a duty to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment. The states are under no duty in this respect, but have the privilege, which they may accept or reject at pleasure, of passing acts for that purpose. If any state government elects to remain inactive, its officers and its courts will take no part in the enforcement of the amendment. A state may enact a law which is more or less stringent than the enforcement act of congress. No state can, of course, render lawful, so far as the federal government is concerned, any act proscribed by the federal law, but if the state law be less stringent than the federal law, the state officials will not take cognizance of, and state courts will not punish, acts which are not forbidden by the state law although they may be violations of the federal law. Thus, if the state law declare beverages containing two and seventy-five one-hundredths per cent of alcohol to be non-intoxicating and do not in any way forbid the sale thereof, a person selling a beverage containing that percentage or less of alcohol cannot be prosecuted in the state courts, although he may be in the federal courts, if he sell, within the limits of such state, a beverage containing more than one-half of one per cent of alcohol. But, of course, a state government cannot now grant a license to sell liquor containing more than one-half of one per cent of alcohol, notwithstanding that a state statute may in terms authorize the granting of such license. In other words, the state officials are not authorized to take any affirmative action which would tend to violation of the federal statute, but neither will they take action not authorized or commanded by the state statute. Acts falling within the limbo, so to speak, between the Misc.] Supreme Court, April, 1921. federal and state statutes can only be prosecuted by federal officials and punished by federal courts. It has been generally recognized that the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act did not have the effect of abrogating the previously existing state statutes relative to trafficking in liquors, except in so far as the state acts may be in open and direct conflict with the federal statute. All provisions of the state laws which tend fairly to the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment and are not in direct conflict with the Volstead Act remain unimpaired and may be enforced by the state courts. This has been settled by the authorities in several jurisdictions. Probably the most notable case is Commonwealth v. Nickerson, 128 N. E. Repr. 273, in which the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in an elaborate opinion by Chief Justice Rugg, held that the liquor law of that state was not abrogated in its entirety by the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act, but that so far as it was not in conflict with the amendment and the federal act the state act was valid and in force, and hence that a prosecution could be maintained thereunder for selling liquor without a license, although on account of the amendment and the federal act no license could be issued by the state authorities. To the same purport are Ex parte Guerra, 110 Atl. Repr. 224, dealing with the effect of the wartime prohibitory act of congress, and State v. Fisher, 111 id. 432. In People v. Foley, 113 Misc. Rep. 244, the precise question now before the court was passed upon by Justice Tuthill of this court, sitting in Tompkins county, to the extent that the court in dismissing an indictment found under the former Liquor Tax Law, because that law had been superseded by chapter 911 of the Laws of 1920, directed that the matter be again submitted to the Supreme Court, April, 1921. [Vol. 115. grand jury under the latter act. Mr. Justice Tuthill quotes from a charge delivered by Chief Justice Gummere of New Jersey to a grand jury, in which the latter said in substance that the liquor law of New Jersey as in existence when the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act became effective, remained in force except those provisions relative to the granting of a license, so that it became by virtue of the amendment and the federal legislation an absolute prohibitory act. Reference may also be had to notes in 34 Harvard Law Review, 317 (see N. Y. L. J., Jan. 25, 1921, p. 1410) and 19 Michigan Law Review, 329 (N. Y. L. J., Feb. 5, 1921, p. 1554). The question here presented differs from that presented in any of the cases above mentioned except People v. Foley, supra, in that the New York statute under consideration was enacted since the amendment and the Volstead Act, and so the doctrine stated by Chief Justice Rugg in Commonwealth v. Nickerson, supra, must be considered. He said: "This point is not the same which would arise where a whole statute has been enacted, some parts of which are beyond legislative power under then existing constitutional provisions. In such cases one part of the statute may be valid and enforceable and another part obnoxious to some constitutional inhibition, subject to this limitation: That the parts so held respectively constitutional and unconstitutional must be wholly independent of each other. But if they are so mutually connected with and dependent on each other, as conditions, considerations and compensations for each other, as to warrant a belief that the Legislature intended them as a whole, and that, if all could not be carried into effect, the Legislature would not pass the residue independently, and some parts are unconstitutional, all the provisions which are thus dependent, Misc.] Supreme Court, April, 1921. conditional or connected, must fall with them.'"' P. 282. There is no question but that the doctrine thus stated has the support of the authorities in this and other states. Hauser v. North British & Mercantile Ins. Co., 206 N. Y. 455, 465, affg. 152 App. Div. 91, 95; People v. Harrison, 170 id. 802, 811; Daly v. Garven, 90 N. J. L. 512; Agricultural Society v. State, 130 Md. 474; Snetzer v. Gregg, 129 Ark. 542, 548. In Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 U. S. 540, 565, the Supreme Court of the United States, by Mr. Justice Harlan, referring to a statute one section of which had been held to be unconstitutional, said: “But if an obnoxious section is of such import that the other sections without it would cause results not contemplated or desired by the legislature, then the entire statute must be held inoperative." As chapter 911 of the Laws of 1920 was enacted subsequent to the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act, and is in its interpretation of the amendment to some extent in direct conflict with the Volstead Act- that is as to what percentage of alcoholic content makes a liquor intoxicating can it be upheld as valid in so far as it is not in conflict with the federal statute? In other words, can we say that the legislature would have enacted the remaining parts of the act if the offending portion had been struck out? The offending portion in the act in question comprises all those provisions which authorize the granting of a liquor tax certificate for the sale of liquor containing more than one-half of one per cent of alcohol, and not more than two and seventy-five one-hundredths per cent, which provisions constitute by far the greater portion of the law. The state authorities, now being apprised by the decision in National Prohibition Cases, supra, that these provisions of the act are void Supreme Court, April, 1921. [Vol. 115. under the Federal Constitution, will, of course, issue no more liquor tax certificates, and presumably any certificates which they may have issued under the act are void. The act is thus made to operate as an absolute prohibition against the sale of all beverages containing more than one-half of one per cent of alcohol, because beverages containing a higher percentage of alcoholic content up to two and seventy-five onehundredths per cent cannot be sold without a liquor tax certificate, and no liquor tax certificate can now be obtained. That is clearly not the result intended by the legislature. If we were to stop here, it would follow under the authorities above cited that the entire act of 1920 is void, and hence that the information conferred no jurisdiction on the magistrate to hold the relator. The act contains, however, certain declarations indicative of a legislative intent which might not be inferable from its provisions apart from such declarations. The title reads as follows: "An Act prohibiting the manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, and exportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes, providing a penalty therefor, in relation to traffic in certain non-intoxicating beverages, and amending the liquor tax law and adapting the provisions of such chapter to conform to the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States." The introductory portion of section 8 reads as follows: "To enable the state to so regulate the traffic in liquors that only non-intoxicating liquors may be trafficked in for beverage purposes, and to protect the public from abuses of the privilege of trafficking in intoxicating liquors for any purpose, and otherwise to aid in the enforcement of the eighteenth amendment to the United States constitution, excise taxes upon |