336 337 GREEK PREFIXES. The following prefixes are found in words of Greek origin: 1. a or an (not). Anarchy. 2. amphi (on both sides, or round). Amphibious, amphitheatre. 3. ana (up). Anabasis, anatomy, analogy, 4. anti (against). Antithesis, antipathy. 5. apo (from). Apogee, apology. 6. cata (down). Catalepsy, catastrophe. 7. di (two, or in two). Disyllables, diphthong. 8. dia (through, among). Diameter, diaphanous. 9. en or em (in or on). Emphasis, enema. 10. endo (within). Endosmose. 11. epi (upon). Epilogue, epitaph. 14. hyper (over). Hyperbolical. 15. hypo (under). Hypotenuse, hypothesis. 16 meta (implying change). Metamorphosis 18. peri (round). Peristyle, perimeter. 19. pro (before). Program. 20. pros (to). Prosody. 21. syn (with, together), modified into sym or syl. Syndic, syntax, symbol, syllogism, syliable. 22. eu (well). Euphony, eulogy. LATIN SUFFIXES. The following suffixes are found in words of Latin origin a. Noun Suffixes. 1. acy (Lat. acia). Fallacy. 2. aster (forming diminutives). Poetaster. 3. ance or ancy (Lat. antia). Constancy, constance, parlance. 4. am or an. Captain, mountain, sacristan, publican. 5. ary. Granary, lapidary. 6. ate. Magistrate, magnate, consulate. 7. ency or ence (Lat. entia). Credence. 8. olence or ulence (Lat. olentia or ulentia). Violence, virulence, corpulence, somnolence. 9. ion (Lat. io, in nom. case). Religion, legion. 10. tion or sion (Lat. tio or sio, in nom. case, derived from 12. ture or sure (Lat. tura or sura, derived from perfect 13. ice (Lat. itia or itium). Justice, solstice, service. 14. ty or ity (Lat. tas or itas). Dignity, security, ability. 338 339. 16. mony (Lat. monia). 17. or or our (Lat. or). Parsimony, acrimony, patrimony. 18. t or te (Lat. tum). Fact, date, com-pact. 20. cule, cle, ule, il, or le. (Lat. culus, cula or culum, ulus, 21. ple (Lat. pulus). Maniple. 22. sor, tor, and trix, f. (marking the agent). Sponsor, victor, 23. y (Lat. ia). Misery, infamy. b.-Adjective Suffixes. 1. al (Lat. alis). 2. ar (Lat. aris). 3. ary (Lat. arius). 4. an or ane (Lat. Carnal, venal, regal, capital. Binary, plenary, auxiliary. 5. ene (Lat. enus and oenus). Terrene, obscene. 6. ine (Lat. inus). Vaccine, marine. 7. ian (Lat. ianus). Christian. 8. ible or ble (Lat. ibilis, bilis). Forcible, amiable, able. 10. ic (Lat. icus). 11. il or ile (Lat. ilis). Civil, futile. 12. y (Lat. ius). Amatory, cursory, illusory. 13. ous or ose (Lat. osus). Gibbous, curious, verbose. 14. aceous (Lat. aceus). Herbaceous, crustaceous. 15. olent or ulent (Lat. olentus or ulentus). Virulent, turbulent, violent. 16. tive or sive (Lat. tivus or sivus). Cursive, furtive. 17. ant or ent (Lat. ans, ens, nom. case, participle). Extant, verdant, ardent. 18. te or se (Lat. tus or sus, pass. part.). Irate, concrete, erudite, sparse, diffuse. 19. ple (Lat. plex). Double, treble, &c. c.-Verb Suffixes. There are two principal modes in which verbs are formed in English from Latin verbs. One mode is by taking simply the crude form of the infinitive mood or present tense, without any suffix; as intend, defend, manumit. Sometimes mute e makes its appearance after a long vowel, as in incline, opine, revise. The second mode is to adopt as a suffix the termination of the perfect participle passive (slightly modified), t, s, ate, or ite (Lat. tus, sus, atus, itus); as create (from creatus), conduct (from conductus), credit (from creditus), expedite (expeditus), incense (from incensus). When derivatives are formed by both 340 341 methods, one generally retains one of the meanings of the original verb, the other another. Compare deduce and deduct; conduce and conduct; construe and construct; revert and reverse; convert and converse. Nouns (or adjectives) and verbs of Latin origin are often the same in form, but are distinguished by the accent, the noun or adjective having the accent on the first syllable, the verb on the second. The following suffixes mark words of Greek origin : 1. sm or ism. a.-Noun Suffixes. Sophism, spasm, aneurism. 2. st or ist. Iconoclast, panegyrist, sophist. 3. sis. Crisis, phthisis, emphasis. 4. e. Catastrophe. 5. y. Anatomy, analogy, monarchy. 6. ic or ics, or tic. Logic, rhetoric, ethics, arithmetic. 7. ad or id. Iliad, Aeneïad, Thebaïd, Troad. 8. isk (diminutives). Asterisk, obelisk. 9. ma. Diorama, enema. 10. tre or ter. Centre, meter, theatre. b.-Verb Suffix. ize. Baptize, criticise. The following examples will illustrate the way in which groups of derivatives cluster round a common origin. 341 b. When a compound or derived word is made up of elements derived from different languages, it is called a hybrid (hybrida = mongrel, from Greek üßpis), as falsehood, politely. Some writers speak as if all such formations were faulty, and lay down as a rule that "in derived words all the parts must belong to one and the same language." This is quite a mistake. When a word of foreign origin has been thoroughly naturalized in English, it is capable of receiving all the inflections, prefixes, and affixes which are employed in English. If this were not the case we could not decline such words when they are nouns, or conjugate them when they are verbs. Such words as falsehood, grateful, unjust, rudeness, doubtless, useless, artful, accuser, seducer, politeness, grandfather, conceited, readable, martyrdom, wondrous, are all hybrids, the stem and the prefix or suffix being the one of English, the other of classical origin; but any rule which would condemn such formations should be rejected as arbitrary and groundless. The following principle, however, is observed in the formation of derivatives :-If a derived word has been formed by means of an English suffix, and a secondary derivative has to be formed by means of a prefix, the prefix should be English. If the suffix of the first derivative is of classical origin, the prefix should be classical. Thus we say undecided and indecisive, un- and -ed being both English, in- and -ive both Latin. So ungrateful, ingratitude; unjustly, injustice. But one or two suffixes of Latin origin (like -able) are treated as if of English origin, as in unspeakable. SYNTAX. 342 THE word syntax means arrangement (Greek syn, together, taxis, arrangement). The rules of syntax are statements of the various ways in which the words of a sentence are related to each other. 343 A sentence is a collection of words of such kinds, and arranged in such a manner, as to make some complete sense. By "making some complete sense " is meant, that something is said about something. 344 It is plain, therefore, that every ordinary* sentence must consist of two essential parts: 1st, that which stands for what we speak about; 2nd, that which is said about that of which we speak. 345 The word which stands for that about which we speak is called the subject of the sentence. The subject of a sentence, which is a word, must not be confounded with the thing that is spoken about. 346 That part of a sentence which consists of what is said about the thing spoken of consists of two portions or elements. One part represents some idea which we attach in thought to what is spoken about; this is called the predicate. The other part consists of the means by which the predicate is connected with the subject; this part is called the copula (or link). That act of the mind by which the notion expressed by the predicate is joined to the notion expressed by the subject, is called a judgment. The result of a judgment is a thought. The expression of a thought is a sentence. 347 The grammatical copula in every sentence consists of the personal inflections of the verb. In the sentence, "Time flies," the subject is Time; that which is predicated or asserted of time is flying: the personal termination of the verb flies unites this idea to the subject. In the sentence, "The rose is red," the subject is rose; that which is pre In Latin we have sentences in which there is absolutely no subject, as pluit (it rains), tonat (it thunders), concurritur (a rush together takes place). The word it, that we use in such cases, is the mere ghost of a subject. There is really nothing definite to which it relates. That is, the inflections by which number and person are marked, and by which the verb is made a finite verb. 1 |