1. The duke yesterday. 2. Tom ...... a lot of marbles, but he soon ...... them all. 3. He ...... me to ...... soon. 4. ...... me your copy-book. so many blunders. 6. The gardener 5. I never ...... "God the bushes. the Queen!" 8. The old man in the wood. 9. The Volunthrough the town. 10. Those cruel stones at him. 11. The farmer home a bundle of sticks which he ...... teers ...... his crop of hay by the late floods. 12. Now, children, ...... a hymn before you (2.) Put in suitable adverbs. 1. How did the horse run? start? I shall start ; The horse ran ....... 5. Did 3. How does your pen write? My pen writes ....... 4. Where have you put the dictionary? I have it. you post the letter? I sent it posted it 7. Did he write it 8. Did he take long time to write it? make many trials? ....; he tried it 10. Is this bird a good singer? one sings ....; he wrote it ...... ...... 9. Did he before he succeeded in doing it .; it sings EXERCISE XXI. Put in suitable prepositions. but the other 1. The door the schoolroom is shut. 2. You see the pen hand. 3. The wall the garden needs repairing. 4. We enjoyed the hill. 5. The cat was sitting 6. his absence they behaved well. 7. There was a complaint one ...... the scholars a garden. 8. The prisoner sat two policemen. 9. The gentleman had a race ...... his hat, which was the wind. 10. Who does not admire the beauties such a landscape? Vast lawns that extend like sheets ...... here and there clumps...... gigantic trees; the solemn pomp. ...... the deer trooping groves and woodland glades, silent herds ...... them; the hare bounding away the covert, or the pheasant suddenly bursting the wing; the brook, taught to wind natural meander ...... ...... ...... ings, or expand ...... a glassy lake; the sequestered pool, reflecting the quivering trees, the yellow trout roaming fearlessly its limpid waters; while some rustic temple or sylvan statue, grown green and dank age, gives an air sanctity the seclusion: these are but a the features which the park scenery Britain is dis ...... few tinguished. ...... 11. The shades night were falling fast, A youth, who bore, ...... snow and ice, 12. Rock Ages, cleft Let me hide myself. Thee; Let the water and the blood, Put in suitable conjunctions. 1. The farmer sows ...... reaps. 2. I told him to go, gone. 3. You may go he start much earlier. 5. he has not you like. 4. He cannot reach home to-day ...... 6. The green fruit withers in the drought, ...... 7. His plan failed it did not get a fair trial. 8. It is for you to decide, this freedom shall yet survive, be covered with a funeral pall, I wrapped in eternal gloom. 9. Who told you by digging there you should find sand? 10. The model showed a gallant craft; Broad in the beam Put in suitable interjections. 1. Soon, ! he closed his eyes in death. 2. But human still. 3....... ...! my breast is 4. He spake, and 66 ..! the conqueror comes." 6. ! each murmur ceased. 5. The people shouted, king! live for ever. 7. The boy rudely answered, ..! what care I?" 8. They know their duty; but, ......! they do it not. PART II.-SYNTAX. 41. The words of a sentence stand in certain relations to one another, and the particular form of a word very often depends upon its connection with some other word. 42. In joining words together to form sentences, certain general principles are observed. The more noticeable of these general prin ́ciples may be embodied in the form of a few rules, called the Rules of Syntax (Greek, syn, taxis, "arranging together"). [In this treatise the Rules of Syntax are given in connection with the various inflexions upon the use of which they are founded; and it cannot be too carefully impressed upon the learner that these Rules are to be regarded, not as independent laws having some mysterious authority of their own, but merely as short general statements of what is observed in the actual practice of the best speakers and writers of our language. It is also obvious that usage in this respect may vary from time to time; though, on the other hand, there are forms of expression which have become in a manner fixed by invariable usage.] PART III-INFLEXION. 43. By means of certain little changes in the sound or form of a word we are able to convey different ideas of things in relation to each other: thus, taking the word prince, we have the various formsprince's, princes, princes', princess, princesses, &c.; or, again, taking the word happy, we have the forms happier and happiest; the word he gives his, him; turn gives turns, turned, turning, &c. These changes are termed Inflexions.* Their use is to show things from different points of view, or in different relations to one another. * The exact origin of some of these inflexional changes is still a subject of discussion among grammarians; but generally they are believed to have been at first separate words, which in course of time came to be incorporated with the word affected by them. As to the possessive and the plural forms of nouns, the following explanation is hazarded:-The terminal s or es was at first simply a distinct word equivalent to the word of; thus, "Boy's book," equal to Book of boy;" "One boy-four boys" (that is, "four of boy"). 44. Inflexions are used in only five out of the eight classes of words—namely, in (1) Nouns, (2) Adjectives, (3) Pronouns, (4) Verbs, and (5) Adverbs. 45. To trace the formation of one Part of Speech from another is properly no part of GRAMMAR, but belongs to a branch of study called ETY MOLOGY. 46. A syllable added at the end of a word is named an affix; as, learn, learn-ing. A syllable added at the beginning is named a prefix; as, un-learn. I. THE NOUN. 47. A Noun is the name of anything; as, John, book, house, in the sentence," John left his book in the house." 48. If we consider the nouns in the following sentence-" Elizabeth, queen of England, visited London, the capital of her kingdom, upon the river Thames"-do we notice any difference in the kind of names used? Yes; the names are of two kinds : (1.) One class includes real names of particular persons, places, &c.; as, Elizabeth, England, London, Thames. (11.) The other class consists of those names given in common to any one of the same kind; as, queen, capital, kingdom, river. 49. Every name of the first sort, as being the real or proper name of the person, place, or thing, is termed a Noun Proper. N.B.-Proper names, when written or printed, begin always with a capital letter; thus, Elizabeth, not elizabeth; London, not london. Every name of the second sort, as being common to any one of the same kind, is termed a Noun Common. 50. Some words are the names, not of things, but of qualities belonging to a number of things, which qualities may be considered apart from the things themselves; thus the word sweetness names the quality belonging to a number of things in common, but taken abstractly, as it is termed, or apart from all of them; so with the words softness, hardness, strength, sobriety, &c. All such are therefore distinguished as Nouns Abstract. EXERCISE XXIV. (1.) Tell the NOUNS in the following, and say whether proper or common: 1. Birds build nests. 2. George cut his finger with a sharp knife. 3. Cows eat grass and give us milk. 4. King Solomon built the temple of Jerusalem. 5. This picture is taken from a painting by Dyce, the wellknown Scottish artist. 6. A photograph is a picture made by the light of the sun. 7. No hand of man could fashion so faithful a likeness. 8. By the telegraph we send messages with the quickness of lightning to distant places. 9. The year 1866 witnessed the final triumph of telegraphy in the establishment of subaqueous connection between the Old World and the New. 10. Telegraph lines now stretch across the Atlantic from the south-west corner of Ireland to the island of Newfoundland and the continent of America. 11. Already the electric wires run from Great Britain eastwards to Constantinople and India, from Norway to the shores of Africa. 12. The greater part of Europe and North America is netted over with them; a considerable part of Australia, and a portion of Africa. 13. Thanks to the skill, energy, and perseverance of a few master minds, the problem of girdling the earth is now practically solved. 14. The names of Thomson, Field, Canning, Cooke, Glass, Wheatstone, and Captain Anderson of the steamship "Great Eastern," are imperishably associated together in the great crowning achievements of the telegraphic art. (2.) Select and divide into syllables all the words of more than one syllable in the last two sentences of the above. (3.) Tell the verbs and the adjectives in the whole of the above Exercise. EXERCISE XXV. Put a noun common in place of each noun proper : (1.) George, Anne, David, Milton, Abraham, Moses, Eve, Adam, Elijah, Solomon, Paul, Luther, Cæsar, Socrates. (2.) London, Tweed, Cairngorm, Bute, Paris, Alps, Holyrood, Dee, Crimea, Jamaica, Australia, Niagara, China, Kent, Andes, Nile. (3.) Napoleon, Wellington, Columbus, Newton, Victoria, Albert, William I., Knox, Wallace, Bruce, Shakspeare, Galileo, James Watt, Cook, Haydn, Nelson, Hogarth, Washington, Cromwell, Livingstone, Howard, Scott. I. GENDER. 51. Living creatures are either male or female; and this distinction has to be observed both in the names applied to them and otherwise in speaking of them. For example, James, king, boy, and such like, refer to males, and must therefore be distinguished accordingly ; while, on the other hand, Ann, queen, girl, refer to females, and must be distinguished accordingly. 52. Names of males are, in grammar, termed nouns masculine; names of females, nouns feminine. N.B.-The easiest way to distinguish the masculine from the feminine is to try whether the noun means he or she. |