been indiscriminately used, and explains and correlates the varying usage, so that by its aid the older petrographic and mining literature can be read

understandingly.

CROSS:

IDDINGS:

PIRSSON:

WASHINGTON:

Quantitative Classification of Igneous Rocks (1903).

A wholly arbitrary but minute and logical classification of igneous rocks based on chemical composition and related mineral content. Useful to the advanced student and trained petrographer. Inapplicable to ordinary mining or field usage.

IDDINGS, JOSEPH PAXTON: Professional Paper No. 18, U. S. G. S.: Chemical Composition of Igneous Rocks Expressed by Means of Diagrams (1903). With reference to rock classification on a quantitative chemico-mineralogical basis.

The differences between the various kind of igneous and crystalline rocks depends primarily on difference in their chemical compositions, for this determines the species of the rock-making minerals which were formed when the rock-mass solidified or crystallized from a molten or amorphous condition. The quantitative classification of Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Washington has been mentioned. (See above.)

These chemical and resulting mineralogical relationships, being based on the figures of the percentage composition obtained by chemical analyses of the rocks, are extremely difficult to grasp and correlate upon reading. Detailed and prolonged study is absolutely necessary to accomplish this to even a moderate degree. Various attempts have been made to overcome this by means of tables, charts, and diagrams. These, by presenting visually the analytical results in qauntitative diagrammatic form arranged in related groups, enable the mind, in spite of the overwhelming mass in detail, to grasp and apprehend relationships, and the resulting qualities and classification of the rocks.

Nearly all of the late works on geology and petrology employ some form of these aids; the latest edition of Kemp's "Handbook of Rocks" using both tables and diagrams. Examples of tabular schemes as applied to both igneous and sedimentary rocks are given in the Appendix.

The above Professional Paper contains a brief but very interesting sketch of the various schemes of this kind that have been proposed, and it then presents an ingenious method of representing the various classes of the said author's "syndicate" quantitative classification by means of little colored diagrams arranged on large sheets.

These at first sight give an impression of multitudinous fleets of gayly colored yachts sailing serenely on a cross-hatched sea. But an examination of the diagrams show that they convey, by moderate study, an understanding of the quantitative system of rock classification that otherwise could be obtained only by enormous labor. WASHINGTON, HENRY STEPHENS: Chemical Analysis of Igneous Rocks from 1884-1900, with a Critical Discussion of the Character and Use of Analysis: Professional Paper No. 14, U. S. G. S.

An interesting discussion on this branch of petrology by an authority on the subject. It contains a compilation of an immense number of rock analyses which are not available for consultation in any other form.

German

REINISCH: Petrographisches Praktikum, ii (1904).

A good brief German text-book.

WEINSCHENK: Grundzüge der Gesteinskunde, i (1902).

A good brief text.

ROSENBUSCH: Elemente der Gesteinslehre (1898).

One of the best text-books on the subject.

ROSENBUSCH: Microskopische Physiographic der Messigen Gesteine (1896). A more extended discussion.

ZIRKEL: Lehrbuch der Petrographie, i, ii, iii (1893–1894).

The most elaborate and complete discussion of the subject on its descriptive side in any language.

STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY

American

GRABAU, A. W. & SHIMER, H. W.: North American Index Fossils (1907). Brief descriptions and illustrations of fossils that indicate the geological horizon of the formations in which they are found. By means of keys and schemes for identification and the illustrations, fossils can be identified in the field, and thereby the position of the formation in which they are found can be determined in the geological time scale. This is often a matter of great practical importance. It is the only work of the kind in the English language and invaluable. (Parts i and ii published; part iii in press.) GRABAU, A. W.: Principles of Stratigraphy.

Contains a full discussion of the principles on which modern stratigraphy is based and of the geological formations of North America, with numerous examples from the geology of Europe and the other continents, interpreted in the light of these principles and generalizations. (To appear shortly.)

English

MARR, J. S.: Principles of Stratigraphal Geology (1898).

A small book with examples chiefly from British geology.

French

DE LAPPARENT, A.: Traité de Geologie, 4th ed. (1900).

The best modern text-book in French on geology and stratigraphy.

PALEONTOLOGY, PURE SCIENCE

NICHOLSON & LYDECKER: Manual of Paleontology, 2 vols., 3d. ed. (1889). An excellent treatise with numerous illustrations. Vol. i deals with invertebrates; vol. ii with vertebrates.

WOODS, HENRY: Elementary Paleontology, 3d. ed. (1902).

A small but good elementary work by a British author. ZITTEL, CARL: Text-book of Paleontology, 2 vols (1900).

This is a translation from the German by Dr. C. R. Eastman, with additions by the translator and by numerous American specialists, each section being revised by a specialist in that part of the science. It is perhaps the best systematic treatise in the English language on the pure science; but it deals only with general and higher divisions.

French

FELIX, BERNARD: Elemente de Paleontologie (1895).

The best modern work on paleontology in the French language.

German

von Zittel, CARL A.: Grundzuge der Paleontologie Vol. i, 2d ed. (1903). Described under the notice of Eastman's translation into English.

STEINMAN: Einführung in die Paleontologie (1904).

A book of the general scope of Zittel, though somewhat different treatment. It includes vertebrates and plants.

ROMER, FRECH et al.: Lethæa Geognostica. (In process of publication.) Vols. i and ii complete (through Paleozoic); vols. iii and iv issued in part (Mesozoic and Cenozoic).

The most important and comprehensive of all works in all languages on the stratigraphy and paleontology of the entire earth.

KAYSER: Geologische Formationskunde, 2d ed. (1902).

An excellent text-book, with illustrations from all countries. An English translation of the first edition is known by the title of "Comparative Geology." KOKEN: Leitfossilen (1896).

On index fossils with special reference to European geology. Contains numerous brief descriptions (with few illustrations) of characteristic fossils. NEUMAYR, M.: Erdgeschicte (1895).

A general treatise on the geology of the globe with numerous excellent illustrations.

PENCK, ALBRECHT: Morphologie der Erdoberflache, 2 vols. (1894).
One of the most important treatises on physiographic geology.

MINING

SPURR, J. E.: Geology Applied to Mining (1904).

A valuable elementary treatise on mining geology.

STRETCH, R. H.: Prospecting, Locating, and Valuing Mines (1903).

An elementary treatise, written for prospectors, investors, and others interested in mining matters, rather than for the expert.

chapters on mineralogy, geology, and mineral deposits.

Includes elementary

LAKES, ARTHUR: Prospecting for Gold and Silver in North America.

An elementary text-book of value to prospectors, investors, and others interested in mining.

Lock, C. G.: Economic Mining (1895).

This book reviews in separate chapters the distribution of the different ores and non-metallic minerals, and the conditions under which each is produced in different parts of the world.

MURPHY, JOHN G.: Practical Mining (1890).

This is a small book containing valuable suggestions regarding the organization and conduct of mining as a business.

Mineral Industry (Annual), issued by the Engineering and Mining Journal, 1892 to date (14 vols.).

This is a series of statistical volumes reviewing mining conditions for each mineral and containing a number of valuable monographs on mining progress from year to year.

IHLSING, MAGNUS C.: A Manual of Mining (1905).

An elementary treatise on mining, devoting especial attention to mine plant and mine machinery.

FOSTER, C. LE NEVE: A Text-Book of Ore and Stone Mining (1900).

An advanced manual on metal mining by the late professor of mining in the Royal School of Mines, London, an engineer of wide experience and more than average ability. Best book on the subject in the English language. HUGHES, H. W.: A Text-Book of Coal Mining (1901).

An advanced manual on coal mining, which supplements admirably the work of Foster above mentioned.

FOSTER, C. LE NEVE: The Elements of Mining and Quarrying, London (1903). An elementary text-book by the author of "Ore and Stone Mining" above mentioned.

California Mines and Minerals (The California Miners Association, 1899).

This book contains a series of descriptive articles prepared by California mining men for the use of members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, on the occasion of their visit to California in 1898. UNDERHILL: Mineral Land Surveying, Denver (1906).

A treatise on the surveying of mining claims in the United States public lands.

CURLE, J. H.: The Gold Mines of the World (1902).

The above is a reprint of a series of articles which appeared in the London Economist. In the last edition these articles have been revised and brought up to date.

WARWICK, A. W.: Ore in Sight (Denver, Colo., 1903).

RICKARD, T. A., and others: Sampling and Estimation of Ore in a Mine (1904). RICKARD, T. A., and others: Economics of Mining (Engineerng and Mining Journal, 1905).

These three books consist for the most part of reprints of articles which have appeared in the Mining Reporter and in the Engineering and Mining Journal during the past two years, and contain much valuable material. Bowie, A. J.: A Practical Treatise on Hydraulic Mining in California (1898).

A complete and valuable monograph on this method of mining gold-bearing gravels.

PURINGTON, C. W.: Gravel and Placer Mining in Alaska (1905).

A valuable report describing modern methods of working placer deposits, covering open cut and drift mining, hydraulic mining and dredging. RICHARDS, R. H.: Ore Dressing, two vols. (1905).

The standard treatise on concentration and stamp milling.

LOUIS: Handbook of Gold Milling (1899).

This is one of the most satisfactory text-books on the stamp milling of gold ores.

PRESTON: California Gold Mill Practices (1895).

An elementary and descriptive text-book.

RICKARD, T. A: Stamp Milling of Gold Ores (1898).

A series of critical and descriptive essays on variations in stamp milling in different parts of the world written from the standpoint of an expert.

ADAMS: Hints on Amalgamation and the Care of Gold Mills (1899).

A small book containing many valuable suggestions on stamp milling written by an engineer for the benefit of experts.

METALLURGY

SEXTON, A. HUMBOLDT: Fuel and Refractory Materials (1897).

This is the best general book on fuels, although it is English and is considerably out of date.

FULTON, JOHN: Coke; International Text-book Co. (1905).

This is the best book on the manufacture of coke either in beehive or byproduct ovens.

PETERS, EDWARD D.: Principles of Copper Smelting (1907).

Supplementing and bringing down to date the same authors, Modern American Methods of Copper Smelting (1895).

The best books on copper smelting.

HIXON, HIRAM W.: Notes on Lead and Copper Smelting (1897).

RICKARD, T. A. editor: Pyritic Smelting (1905).

A collection of papers by various authorities giving the latest information on this recent development in metallurgy.

INGALLS, WALTER R., editor: Lead Smelting and Refining (1907).

A practical series giving the latest developments in lead smelting. HOFMAN, H. O.: The Metallurgy of Lead (1901).

This is the best book on lead.

ROSE, T. KIRKE: The Metallurgy of Gold (1896). 2d ed. Edited by Prof.

W. C. Roberts-Austen.

This is the best book on gold.

COLLINS, HENRY F : The Metallurgy of Lead and Silver (1900). Part II – Silver. Edited by Prof. W. C. Roberts-Austen.

This is the best book on silver.

INGALLS, WALTER R.: The Metallurgy of Zinc and Cadmium (1904).

This is the best book on zinc.

RICHARDS, JOSEPH W.: Aluminum 3d ed. (1896).

This is the best book on aluminum.

JULIAN & SMART: The Cyaniding of Gold and Silver Ores.

This is the best book on the cyanide process.

SCHNABEL, CARL: Handbook of Metallurgy, vol. i, 2d ed. (1905).

This is the best general work on metallurgy and the best treatise on the metallurgy of mercury.

BALE, GEORGE R.: Modern Iron Foundry Practice: Part i (1902); Part ii (1906). This is the best book on foundry practice.