men, those of your deputies who are already in Paris have assembled, and, for the present, till the Chambers can regularly interpose their voices, they have invited a Frenchman, who has never fought but for France, M. le Duke of Orleans, to exercise the functions of Lieutenant-General of the kingdom. This is in their eyes the means of promptly accomplishing by peace the success of the most legitimate defence.

"The Duke of Orleans is devoted to the national and constitutional cause. He has always defended its interests and professed its principles. He will respect our rights, for he will hold his own from us. We will secure to ourselves by laws all the guarantees necessary to render liberty strong and lasting;

"The re-establishment of the national guard, with the intervention of the national guards in the choice of their officers;

"The intervention of the citizens in the formation of the municipal and department administrations;

"Trial by jury for offences of the press;

"The legally organized responsibility of the ministers and secondary agents of the administration;

"The re-election of deputies promoted to public offices.

"We will, in concert with the head of the state, give our institutions the development which they need.

"Frenchmen, the Duke of Orleans himself has already spoken, and his language is that which becomes a free country. The Chambers, he tells you, are about to assemble. They will consult on the means of securing the reign of the laws and the maintenance of the rights of the nation.

"The charter shall be henceforth a true thing."

On the first of August, Louis Philippe promulgated his first ordonnance, declaring the resumption of the tri-color as a national flag. That morning he received a commission as Lieutenant-General from Charles X., who was at Rambouillet, and Monsieur Dupin drew up a rude reply, refusing it. Louis Philippe, (if we may credit Louis Blanc,) read it, put it with his own hands under an envelope, and lighted the sealing-wax to seal it, when all at once, appearing to bethink him, he said, "This is too serious a matter to be

despatched without consulting my wife." He went into an adjoining room, and returned some minutes afterwards with the same envelope in his hand, which was delivered to the messenger. The letter that was actually inclosed breathed affection and fidelity, and it soothed and touched the old monarch; so much so, that from that moment all his doubts and uncertainties vanished. Charles X. was delighted to find in Louis Philippe the protector of his grandson, and feeling assured that his honor was the best guarantee of the Duc de Bordeaux's royal expectations, he put in execution, without delay, a project that, before this, had but vaguely presented itself to his mind. Not content with abdicating the crown, he used the absolute control he possessed over the Dauphin to make him also abdicate; and he believed that he should thus secure the salvation of his dynasty.

He accordingly drew up the following act of abdication which was sent with a letter from the Duchess of Berri to the Duchess of Orleans, and the receipt of which caused the latter to burst into tears. She did not attempt to conceal her grief before the messenger at the recent catastrophe, but made no explanations as to her husband's policy, merely saying that he was an honest man, aad the family might rely upon him.

"RAMBOUILLET, AUG. 2.

"My Cousin, I am too profoundly grieved by the evils which afflict or might threaten my people, not to have sought a means of preventing them. I have, therefore, taken the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke de Bordeaux.

"The Dauphin, who partakes of my sentiments, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew.

"You will have then, in your quality of Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, to cause the accession of Henry V. to the Crown to be proclaimed. You will take, besides, all the measures which concern you to regulate the form of the Government during the minority of the new King. Here I confine myself to making known these dispositions; it is a means to avoid many evils.

"You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic body; and you will acquaint me as soon as possible with the proclamation by which my grandson shall have been recognised King of France, under the name of Henry V.

"I charge Lieutenant-General Viscount de Foissac-Latour to deliver this letter to you. He has orders to settle with you the arrangements to be made in favor of the persons who have accompanied me, as well as the arrangements necessary for what concerns me and the rest of my family.

"We will afterwards regulate the other measures which will be the consequence of the change of the reign.

"I repeat to you, my cousin, the assurances of the sentiments with which I am your affectionate cousin,

"CHARLES."

It was singular, says Louis Blanc, that Charles should have drawn up in the form of a letter the important document that changed the order of succession to the throne. Such an informality was particularly remarkable in a monarch so scrupulously observant of the laws of etiquette. But the assurances of attachment contained in the letter written by the Duke of Orleans had sealed the mind of Charles X. against suspicion. In this document the Duke of Orleans was considered as the natural protector of the minority of Henry V., and he was left supreme arbiter of all the measures which the fatality of the circumstances might render imperative.

But Louis Philippe was bent on securing the crown for himself, and fearing the presence of Charles X. so near the capital, at the head of his army, he sent Marshal Maison, Monsieur de Schonen, and Odilon Barrot, to escort him to the coast, under the pretence of protecting him from popular resentment. "What shall we do if they commit the Duke of Bordeaux to our charge?" asked Monsieur de Schonen when receiving his instructions at the Palais Royal. "The Duke of Bordeaux," exclaimed Louis Philippe, "why, he is your King!" The Duchess of Orleans, who was present, burst into tears, and threw herself into her

husband's arms, saying: "Ah! you are the most honest man in the world." She little thought that he had given positive orders for the embarkation and exile of every member of the fallen dynasty.

On the 3d of August the Chambers assembled, or rather the liberal portion of them, for there were few besides. The intrepid De Beranger was there, with De Conny, Pampleun, De Boisbertrand, D'Autpoul, Royer, and De Belissen, all faithful to fallen fortunes - but the remainder of the two hundred royalist Deputies had not the courage to appear. The attendance of the Peers, with Chateaubriand at their head, was more numerous. Louis Philippe's opening discourse is an interesting state paper.

"GENTLEMEN OF THE CHAMBER OF PEERS AND DEPUTIES:

"Paris, disturbed by a deplorable violation of the Charter and of the laws, has defended them with a heroic courage. In the midst of this fearful struggle none of the safeguards of social order existed. Persons, property, rights, and all that is dear to men, and citizens, were in imminent danger. In this absence of all public power, the wishes of my fellow-citizens turned towards me; they have judged me worthy of co-operating with them for the safety of the country, they have invited me to exercise the functions of Lieutenant-General of the kingdom. Their cause appeared just, the dangers great, the necessity imperious, and my duty sacred. I have hastened to join this brave people, accompanied by my family, and bearing those colors which, for the second time among us, are connected with the triumph of liberty. I have come firmly resolved to devote myself to whatever the circumstances may require of me, in the situation in which they have placed me, to establish the power of the laws, to save our liberty which has been menaced, and to render impossible the return of such great evils, by confirming the power of that charter, whose name, invoked during the combat, shall be heard after the victory. In the accomplishment of this noble end, I shall look to the Chambers for a guide. All rights should be fully guaranteed, all necessary institutions for their full and free exercise should receive the developments which they require.

"Attached, from principle and conviction, to the principles of a government, I will take the risk of the consequences. I deem it my duty, from this day, to call your attention to the organization of the national guard, the trial by jury for offences of the press, the formation of administrations in the departments, and above all, that fourteenth Article of the Charter which has been so odiously interpreted.

"In the midst of the joyful transports of the capital and of all France, in the sight of order springing up with such marvellous quickness, after a resistance unstained by any excess, a just national pride swells my heart, and I confidently look forward to the future. Yes, gentlemen, France will be happy and free; this France, so dear to us, will show Europe that, entirely occupied by her internal prosperity, she cherishes peace as well as liberty, and only desires the happiness and tranquillity of her neighbors..

"Respect for the rights of all, care for the interests of all, and faith in the government, are the best means of disarming parties, of restoring to the minds of all, that confidence in the public institutions, and that stability which is the only sure pledge of the happiness of the people and of the force of the state."

The weather just then was beautiful, and Louis Philippe, with the Duchess leaning on his arm and two or three of their children following them, used to mingle with the people in the public gardens. They also visited the hospitals, gave $20,000 to the poor, and made most gracious answers to the numerous deputations who presented themselves. Among other acts calculated to win popularity, was a pension of $300 granted by Louis Philippe to Rouget de L'Lisle, author of the Marseillaise,* with a letter, saying that it recalled "cherished souvenirs" to his heart. Popular enthusiasm was at its highest pitch, and an English observer says that the streets were crowded with that idle populace so peculiarly Parisian while every where one saw the tri

* A free translation of this national war-song of France has been given on page 34. The words and music were composed in a single night — an in