with groans, imprecations, and cries of indignation. The stones leaped, as it were, from the pavement; the trees of. the boulevards were felled without remorse, and barricades without number sprung up as if by magic. Houses were entered for arms, not for plunder; the railings were torn from the churches, to serve as pikes; and the night was passed in those terrible preparations which bespoke an eventful morn. This dawned upon a city so fortified and so defended, that it could not have been taken by two hundred thousand resolute soldiers. The troops were silent, sad, and hesitating; the populace full of rage, fire, and determination; the more sober citizens were breathless with agitation. Bloodshed was inevitable-traffic was impeded -most of the shops were closed — and, as during the great plague of London, the ejaculation "Lord have mercy upon us!" was chalked upon the doors of those houses where the inhabitants were stricken with the pestilence, so the doors of most of the tenements in Paris were marked with the inscription, "Ici on a donné les armes !" as a protection from assault and pillage.

The reformers of France now drew their swords, and a deadly conflict commenced, every quarter of the city resounding with the rattling fire of musketry and the roar of cannon. The Municipal Guards fought desperately in behalf of the King to the last, but the troops of the line gradually fraternized with the insurgents, giving up their arms and ammunition, until the Marseillaise was triumphantly sung in nearly every one of the fifteen hundred barricades thrown up in different parts of the city. One of these hastily erected fortresses, and one of their defenders, are thus described by an eye-witness:

"At the point where the Rue Montmartre crosses the boulevard, the whole pavement was torn up, and something like a square breastwork was formed, in which a cannon was planted. The whole space around was crowded with the populace. As I stood

for a moment, surveying the scene, a young man about twenty, pressed through the crowd, and, stepping upon the carriage of the carmen, cried out, 'Down with Louis Philippe ! The energy with which this was spoken seemed to arrest general attention, and the remarkable appearance of the youth gave effect to his words. He seemed the very personification of revolution. He was short, broad shouldered, and full chested. His face was pale, his cheek spotted with blood, and his head, without hat or cap, was bound with a handkerchief. His features were keen, and his deep-set gray eye was lit with a spark that seemed borrowed from the tiger. As he left the throng, he came near to me, and I said inquiringly, 'Down with Louis Philippe?' 'Yes!' was his reply. And what then?' said I. 'A Republic!' was his answer; and he passed on, giving the watchword of 'Down with Louis Philippe' to the masses he encountered. This was the first instance in which I heard the overthrow of the King, and the adoption of a Republic, proclaimed."

Molé having declined the task of forming a new ministry, the King had sent before sunrise for Thiers, who at eleven o'clock issued a proclamation announcing that Barrot, Lamorcière, de Hauranne, and himself had been created ministers. It also stated that orders had been given to suspend the firing, and ended with "liberty! order! union! reform!" The night before, or even earlier in the day, this proclamation would have satisfied the Parisians, but they now knew their power, and stimulated by the Republicans, determined to guarantee the freedom within their grasp. A piece of duplicity on the part of the superior officers, who, instead of ordering the troops to their barracks, concentrated them around the royal palace, changed the popular indignation into fury, and from all parts of the capital immense bodies of insurgents, mingled with the National Guards, began to march upon the Palais Royal and the Tuileries.

When the Duchess of Orleans, the most loved and popular woman in France, proceeded on foot to the Chamber, and placed herself and sons under the protection of

the Deputies, they seemed touched with this proof of confidence. But ere the applause with which they greeted her had subsided, an omnious voice sounded from one of the galleries, solemnly and distinctly "Il est trop tard!" It is too late! The Dynasty and the Legislature were deposed by an armed crowd of the populace, who broke in upon their deliberations,- a combined repetition of what occurred in the Constituent Assembly on the 10th of August, 1792, and of the decisive blow struck by Bonaparte on the 18th Brumaire, when he turned the legislative body out of doors with his grenadiers. Some of the insurgents directed their muskets at the President, others ascended the tribune, tricolored flags were waved, and the Chamber presented a scene of almost unimaginable violence, during which several of the members vainly endeavored to make themselves heard. At last Monsieur de Lamartine seemed to shake off the poet and the philosopher, and suddenly became a man of action. Ascending the tribune, he said:

"Gentlemen, I share in the sentiments of grief which just now agitated this assembly on beholding the most afflicting spectacle that human annals can present that of a Princess coming forward with her innocent son, after having quitted her deserted palace, to place herself under the protection of the nation. But if I shared in that testimony of respect for a great misfortune, I also share in the solicitude—in the admiration which that people, now fighting two days against a perfidious government for the purpose of re-establishing order and liberty, ought to inspire. Let us not deceive ourselves - let us not imagine that an acclamation in this Chamber can replace the co-operation of thirty-five millions of men. Whatever government be established in the country, it must be cemented by solid definitive guarantees. How will you find the conditions necessary for such a government in the midst of the floating elements which surround us? By descending into the very depth of the country itself, boldly sounding the great mystery of the right of nations. Instead of having recourse to these subterfuges, to these emotions, in order to maintain one of those fictions which have no stability, I propose to you to form a

government, not definite, but provisional —a government charged, first of all, with the task of staunching the blood which flows, of putting a stop to civil war- a government which we appoint without putting aside any of our resentments and of our indignation; and in the next place, a government on which we shall impose the duty of convoking and consulting the whole people-all that possess, in their title of man, the right of a citizen."

The Duchess of Orleans, seated between her two sons, had thus far preserved the most admirable self-possession, assured by Dr. Powell, of New York, and others around her, that there were no fears for her personal safety. But when she heard her son thus set aside, and saw him surrounded by a mob fierce with the passions of unrestrained triumph, brandishing their weapons, she must have realized one moment of the long martyrdom which his great-grandfather imposed upon Marie Antoinette. They were escorted from the Chamber by a private door, while the Duke of Nemours saved himself by jumping from a window.

The entire contents of the Palais Royal were soon ruthlessly demolished, and an attack commenced on the Chateau d'Eau, a strong military post occupied by the Municipal Guard, which formed a part of the defences of the Tuileries. After a desperate siege of two hours, the post was set on fire in the rear, and those of its brave defenders who had not been shot, were burned or suffocated. The insurgents were now victorious, and the following proclamation was posted up:

"Citizens of Paris. the King has abdicated. The crown bestowed by the revolution of July, is now placed on the head of a child, protected by his mother. They are both under the safeguard of the honor and courage of the Parisian population. All cause of division amongst us has ceased to exist. Orders have been given to the troops of the line to return to their respective quarOur brave army can be better employed than in shedding its blood in so deplorable a collision.

ters.

"My beloved fellow-citizens! — From this moment the maintenance of order is intrusted to the courage and prudence of the people of Paris and its heroic National Guard. They have ever been -faithful to our noble country. They will not desert it in this grave emergency.

"ODILON BARROT."

Immediately after the act of abdication was signed, the Duchess of Orleans, accompanied by her two sons, left for the Chamber of Deputies, and as the insurgents advanced upon the Tuileries, Louis Philippe and his family fled in different directions. No sooner had they left the palace, than it was taken by storm, the furniture and pictures destroyed, the windows and mirrors smashed, the wine in the cellars drunk, the throne carried to the site of the Bastille to be burned, and a wild saturnalia enacted, which Mr. Goodrich thus graphically describes :

"I entered the palace, and passed through the long suite of apartments devoted to occasions of ceremony. A year before, I had seen these gorgeous halls filled with the great and the fair, the favored and the noble, gathered to this focal point of luxury, refinement and taste, from every quarter of the world. How little did Louis Philippe, at that moment, dream of coming events!' How little did the stately Queen- a proud obelisk of silk and lace and diamonds - foresee the change that was at hand! I recollected well the effect of this scene upon my own mind, and felt the full force of the contrast, which the present moment presented. In the very room, where I had seen the pensive Princess de Joinville and the Duchess of Montpensier- then fresh from the hymeneal altar- her raven hair studded with a few diamonds, like stars of the first magnitude-whirling in the mazy dance - I I now behold four creatures like Caliban, gambolling to the song of the Marseillaise.

"On every side my eye fell upon scenes of destruction. Passing to the other end of the palace, I beheld a mad scene in the chambers of the Princesses. Some rolled themselves in the luscious beds, others anointed their heads with choice pomade- exclaiming, Dieu how sweet it smells!' One of the Gamins, grimmed