Faction after faction rose struggled and fell. The Constituents were succeeded by the Girondins the Giron dins by the Terrorists the Terrorists by the Thermidori- the Thermidorians by the Directory — the Directory the Consulate by the Empire; and all ans by the Consulate these governments declared to France that war war with some power or any power was necessary to its political existence. The tri-colored flag, which had floated above the scaffold when Louis XVI. fell beneath the axe of the guillotine, and to protect which, Marat had called for the heads of "three hundred thousand aristocrats," was to be borne in glory abroad, in order to prevent anarchy at home. Brilliant, to those who worship before the shrine of military glory, was its flaunting career. Coalition after coalition - there were not less than seven of them was formed among the principal continental powers; but still the tricolor was triumphant, amid all changes, and against all opposition. Napoleon bore it as a conqueror throughout Italy, Pichegru throughout Holland, and Moreau along the banks of the Rhine. To put down this detested banner, which threatened to make the tour of Europe, and which had already revolutionized Switzerland and Naples, annihilated Venice, and been borne in the van of Macdonald's army to the gates of sacred Rome herself, the Czar dispatched the victorious Suwarrow from the snows of Russia to the Alps, there to sustain a crushing defeat at the hands of Joubert and Massena-and England, from first to last, was engaged in a bloody war of twenty years, during which she added upwards of six hundred millions of pounds sterling to her national debt! Still the tri-color was triumphant. It crushed Austrian Lombardy at Marengo- annihilated Prussia at Jena - and broke the heart of Pitt by its signal success at Austerlitz. At length came the period of its humiliation. In Spain-in Portugal-in Russia-at Leipsic-in the heart of France itself—and finally at Waterlooit was only raised to be lowered again, in token of abject defeat. Then, after having been furled for upwards of a quarter of a century, the white flag of the Bourbons, with its golden lilies, was again waving from the Tuilleries It is wrong to attribute this mad attempt to subdue Europe single-handed to Napoleon. His predecessors were more culpable, fostering the war spirit as they did for their private ends; for they feared if peace were concluded, their tenure of office might be shortened that new men and a new system of internal policy might find favor in the eyes of the nation. The sanguinary terror, galling reverses, and scarcely less oppressive victories of the first French Revolution, as it was carried on under the influence of the war spirit, threw political liberty back half a century in the course of political improvement. France, after a mad worship of Mars. and Moloch, was driven, in the end, to bow once more before the crowned idols of legitimacy. During this long and bloody crusade for equality, conquest and fame, Louis Philippe was an exile; nor is his name connected with the history of France until his return from America. FAC-SIMILE OF NAPOLEONE BUONAPARTE'S SIGNATURE WHEN LIEUTENANT. Buonapart CHAPTER VIII. IN April, 1793, Louis Philippe arrived at Coblentz, on the Rhine, where the throneless Louis XVIII. held his court, but was denied a reception, and passed up the river to Basle. Here he learned that Madame de Genlis and his sister were at Schaffhausen, where he joined them, and the two started for Zurich. Arriving there on the 8th of May, the magistrates refused to grant them a resident's passport, for while the Helvetian aristocracy dreaded the presence of a Prince who had served in the Republican ranks with loud professions of Jacobinism, the French royalist emigrants openly insulted him in the streets, exulting over the imprisonment of his father. In a few days they left for Zug, where, having assumed the incognito of an Irish family, they lived for some weeks in tranquillity, but having been recognized by an old officer of Marie Antoinette's household, the magistrates were reproached for granting them an asylum, and requested that they would withdraw. A hundred romantic projects are said to have suggested themselves at this critical moment, for it was evident that they were marked objects of dislike. Count Gustavus de Montjoie, an old friend then at Basle, to whom they wrote for advice, came to give it in person, and after consulting with General Montesquiou of Geneva, it was decided that Mademoiselle Adelaide should be received into the convent of St. Clare at Bremgarten. "As for you," wrote General Montesquiou, "there is nothing left for you but to wander among the mountains, stay but a short time in any place, and continue this miserable mode of travelling until circumstances prove more favorable. If fortune should ever be propitious, your life will be an essay, whose details will at some future day be collected with eagerness." General Dumouriez was of the same opinion. brace," he wrote to "Em General Montesquiou, "our good young friend for me. May he gain both instruction and fortitude from his present misfortunes. This insanity will soon pass away, and he will then occupy his proper place in society. Urge him to keep an accurate diary of his travels. It will be novel to see the journal of an Orleans devoted to other subjects than the chase, women, and the pleasures of the table. I am also delighted to think that this work, which he can finish by and by, will serve as a sort of certificate of his life, and be of essential service to him, either in resuming or regaining his station. Princes should, as you say, produce Odysseys rather than Pastorals." Louis Philippe sold all his superfluous effects and only retained one horse; so that after paying his debts with the proceeds, he found he possessed nearly four hundred dollars. He would also have dismissed his only remaining servant, Baudoin, but that faithful follower persuaded him to let him partake of the sorrows of a persecuted exile, though he was taken so ill that when Louis Philippe left Basle it was on foot, leading the horse upon which his retainer was mounted.* He passed for a French lawyer, who was travelling to gather mineralogical specimens, and often had many curious ones given him, which were thrown into the next brook he passed over, instead of being sent to Paris, as the donors credulously believed. Most of the principal spots of interest in Switzerland were visited in their turn. The former residences of Rousseau and Voltaire, the ruins of Hapsburg Castle, whose owners have so long sat upon the Austrian throne, and the chapel where Tell, after escaping from Gessler's boat on the Lake of Lucerne, lay in wait for the tyrant behind a tree, * Most of the details of Louis Philippe's travels, while in exile, are taken from his life, by Messrs. Laugier and Charpentier, of the Historical Institute of France, and General Cass's "France, its King, Court and Govern ment." and shot him with his unerring arrow as he passed, were particularly noted in his journal. It also contains many valuable notes on the increase of the glaciers, and on the avalanches, which show that he carefully explored "The Alps Those palaces of Nature, whose vast walls Of cold sublimity." On the evening of the 29th of August, 1793, after toiling all day up a zigzag road, carrying their heavy knapsacks, Louis Philippe and Baudoin found themselves in a desolate valley, some seven thousand feet above the level of the sea. Lofty snow-clad peaks towered up all around. There was no vegetation, and the only sign of humanity was the Monastery of St. Gothard, inhabited by monks, who reside in this cheerless spot to assist travellers. "Che volete"what do you want? asked a monk in Italian from the casement, when Louis Philippe pulled the bell. "I wish refreshment and beds for myself and my companion." "You cannot have it here," replied the monk; we do not receive pedestrians, particularly travellers of your class." But, reverend Father, I have money enough to pay for what we may have, even though we may not look very smart." "No, no," replied the capuchin, "this is no place for you, go to the out-building," and he closed the casement. There was 66 66 no alternative, and the future King of the French was forced to sleep on straw, in a miserable loft over the stable, set apart for the muleteers and chamois hunters. Some weeks after, in the little town of Gordona in the Gordons, he was again refused admittance by the landlady of a tavern, who would not lodge such ragged and ill-looking wanderers. However, as it was very stormy and nearly night, she permitted them to sleep in her barn, after much importuning. Fatigued, and unable to proceed farther, the |