EXERCISE VIII.—ADVERBS, &c.

1. Compare the following adverbs: soon, often, well, badly or ill, little, much, far, forth.

2. Prefix the comparative adverbs of increase to each of the following adverbs: purely, fairly, sweetly, earnestly, patiently, completely, fortunately, profitably.

3. Prefix the comparative adverbs of diminution to the following adverbs : secretly, slily, liberally, favourably, powerfully.

4. Insert suitable conjunctions in place of the following dashes : Love—fidelity are inseparable. Beware of parties-factions. Improve time—it flies. There would be few paupers —no time were lost. Be not proud—thou art human. -it was necessary. Neither he—I can do it. It must be done —to-day—to-morrow. Take care—thou fall.

I saw

5. Insert suitable prepositions in the place of the following dashes: Plead—the dumb. Think often—the worth—time. Live—peace—all men. Jest not—serious subjects. Take no part—slander. Guilt starts its own shadow. Go not—sleep —malice. Debate not—temptation. Depend not—the stores —others. Contend not—trifles. Many fall—grasping—things —their reach. Be deaf—detraction.

PART III.—SYNTAX.

Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, government, and arrangement, of words in sentences.

The relation of words is their dependence upon, or connexion with, each other, according to the sense.

The agreement of words is their resemblance in person, number, gender, case, mood, tense, or form.

The government of words is that power which one word

Of what does Syntax treat? What is the relation of words ?---the agreement of words ?---the government of words ?

has over another, to cause it to assume some particular modification.

The arrangement of words is their collocation, or relative position, in a sentence.

A sentence is an assemblage of words, making complete sense, and always containing a nominative and a verb; as, "Industry heightens enjoyment."

The principal parts of a sentence are usually three; namely, the Subject, or nominative—the Verb—and (if the verb be transitive) the Object governed by the verb; as, "Kindness produces gratitude."

The other parts depend upon these, either As primary or as secondary adjuncts; as, "Great kindness justly produces the highest gratitude."

Sentences are of two kinds, simple and compound.

A simple sentence is one which conveys but one affirmation or negation; as, "Life is uncertain."—" Conscience is not easily silenced."

A compound sentence is one which may be resolved into two or more simple ones; as, "Industry produces health, wealth, and happiness."

A clause, or member, is a subdivision of a compound sentence; and is itself a sentence, either simple or compound.

"In

A phrase is two or more words which express some relation of different ideas, but no entire proposition; as, short"—"These things being considered.'

Words omitted by ellipsis, but necessarily understood in order to complete the construction, must be supplied in parsing.

What is a sentences What are the
What are the other parts called?
How many
What is a simple sentence? What is a compound
What is a phrase? What words must be supplied

What is the arrangement of words? principal parts of a sentence? kinds of sentences are there? sentence? What is a clause? in parsing?

RULES OF SYNTAX.

1. RELATION AND AGREEMENT.

RULE I. ARTICLES.

Articles relate to the nouns which they limit.

BULE II. NOMINATIVES.

A Noun or a Pronoun, which is the subject of a verb, must be in the nominative case.

RULE III.—APPOSITION.

A Noun or a personal Pronoun, used to explain a preceding noun or pronoun, is put, by apposition, in the same

case.

RULE IV. ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives relate to the nouns or pronouns which they describe.

RULE V.—PBONOUNS.

A Pronoun must agree with its antecedent, or the noun or pronoun which it represents, in person, number, and gender.

RULE VI.—PBONOUNS.

When the antecedent is a collective noun giving the idea of plurality, the Pronoun must agree with it in the plural number.

RULE VII. PBONOUNS.

When a Pronoun has two or more antecedents connected by and, it must agree with them in the plural number.

To what do articles relate? What case is employed as the subject of a verb? What Agreement is required between words in apposition? To what do adjectives relate? How does a pronoun agree with its antecedent? How does a pronoun agree with a collective noun ? How does a pronoun agree with joint antecedents?

RULE VIII. PRONOUNS.

When a Pronoun has two or more singular antecedents connected by or or nor, it must agree with them in the singular number.

RULE IX.—VERBS.

A Verb must agree with its subject, or nominative, in person and number.

RULE X. VERBS.

When the nominative is a collective noun giving the idea of plurality, the Verb must agree with it in the plural number.

RULE XI. VERBS.

When a Verb has two or more nominatives connected by and, it must agree with them in the plural number.

RULE XII. VERBS.

When a Verb has two or more singular nominatives connected by or or nor, it must agree with them in the singular number.

RULE XIII. VERBS.

When Verbs are connected by a conjunction, they must either agree in mood, tense, and form, or have separate nominatives expressed.

RULE XIV. PARTICIPLES.

Participles relate to nouns or pronouns, or are governed by prepositions.

RULE XV. ADVERBS.

Adverbs relate to verbs, participles, adjectives, or other adverbs.

How does a pronoun agree with disjunct antecedents? How does a verb agree with its subject or nominative? How does a verb agree with a collective noun? How does a verb agree with joint nominatives? How does a verb agree with disjunct nominatives? What agreement is required, when verbs are connected? How are participles employed? To what do adverbs relate?

RULE XVI. CONJUNCTIONS.

Conjunctions connect either words or sentences.

RULE XVII.—PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions shew the relations of things.

RULE XVIII. INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections have no dependent construction.

2. GOVERNMENT.

RULE XIX.--POSSESSIVES.

A noun or a pronoun in the Possessive case is governed by the name of the thing possessed.

RULE XX. OBJECTIVES.

Active-transitive verbs, and their imperfect and pluperfect participles, govern the Objective case.

RULE XXI. SAME CASES.

Active-intransitive, passive, and neuter verbs, and their participles, take the same case after as before them, when both words refer to the same thing.

RULE XXII. OBJECTIVES.

Prepositions govern the Objective case.

RULE XXIII.—INFINITIVES.

The preposition To governs the Infinitive mood, and commonly joins it to a finite verb.

What is the use of conjunctions? What is the use of prepositions? To what do interjections relate? By what is the possessive case governed? What case do active-transitive verbs govern? What case is put after other verbs? What case do prepositions govern? What governs the infinitive mood?