contract so made by her in her own name, or for any tort thereafter committed by her.

The real estate of a woman at her marriage, or that which she may subsequently acquire by gift, devise or inheritance, or that may be purchased with her separate means, together with the rents and profits thereof, continues to remain her separate property; and she may make contracts in relation to the improving or leasing of the same, in her own name.

In actions against husband and wife upon any cause existing against her at their marriage, or upon any tort committed by her during coverture, or upon any contract made by her concerning her separate property, her property is liable to be taken to satisfy any judgment therein. Husbands are entitled to the estate of their deceased wives by the curtesy.

Curtesy or Courtesy is defined as, "a life-rent, given by law to the surviving husband, of all his wife's heritage of which she died infeft, if there was a child of the marriage born alive." But by the statutes of Ohio the husband is entitled to the curtesy whether there has been issue born during coverture or not.

The husband, whose duty it is to provide for his family, is liable for necessaries furnished them.

Male children under the age of twenty-one years, and females under the age of eighteen years may be bound to serve as clerks, apprentices or servants until they arrive at those ages respectively.

Orphans and children of parents who fail to provide for them, may be "bound out" by the township trustees. In other cases, the indenture or covenant of service must

be signed by the father; or, in case of his death or inability, by the mother or guardian.

The law requires that the indenture or any covenant by which any minor may be bound shall contain, in case of a female bound to service for four years or more, a covenant, on the part of the master or mistress, to teach or cause such minor to be taught to read and write, and also the first four rules of arithmetic; and in case of a malebound to serve five years or more, to read and write, and so much of arithmetic as will include the single rule of three, if such minor can by law, be received into and educated in any common school; and in all cases at the expiration of the term of service, to furnish the minor with a new bible, and at least two suits of common wearing apparel; and all money or property stipulated to be paid by the master or mistress shall be secured to and for the sole use and benefit of the minor.

Orphan or destitute children may be bound to orphan asylums, by the trustees, oversers of the poor, or other proper officers. Parents may also "bind out" their children to orphan asylums.

The several courts of common pleas may grant divorces. *

* The causes for divorce, recognized by the statutes of this State are as follows: 1. When either of the parties had a former wife or husband living, at the time of solemnizing the second marriage. 2. Where either of the parties shall have been willfully absent from the other three years. 3. Adultery. 4. Impotency. 5. Extreme cruelty. 6. Fraudulent contract. 7. Gross neglect of duty. 8. Habitual drunkeness for three years. 9. Imprisonment in States prison or penitentiary for violation of some law of the United States, or of a law of some other State, Territory, or District of Columbia, which if the offence had been committed in this State would be punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary. Where a divorce has been granted in another State, to a party, the other party, may, for good cause shown, be divorced,.

The court has power to grant alimony to the wife for her sustenance during a petition for divorce, and in case her petition for divorce is granted, she is restored to her separate property, and to her maiden name if she so desires, and allowed such alimony out of her husband's real and personal property, as the court shall think reasonable.

If the husband file a petition for divorce, the wife may file a cross-petition for alimony, with or without a prayer for divorce, setting up in her petition for the relief sought, some of the grounds enumerated in sec. 10, chap. 37 of the Revised Statutes, by Swan and Critchfield.

The court has power, on the petition of the wife, and on proper showing, to grant her a separate maintenance out of her husband's estate, without dissolving the marriage, and may vest in her the power to acquire and dispose of property and to sue and be sued the same as if she were an unmarried woman.

Questions-What persons are deemed competent to contract marriage? Who may solemnize marriages? What is said of notice or license? What is said of the personal property of married women? In case a husband desert his wife or becomes dissipated, what acts may the wife perform in her own name? What order may be made by the court? What is said of the real estate of the wife? Ofcertain actions against husband and wife? Of title by the curtesy ? Of the liability of the husband for necessaries? Of apprentices? What does the law require in the indentures of apprenticeship? What courts have power to grant divorces? What power has the court in regard to the granting of alimony? What is said of a cross-petition? Of the separate maintenance of the wife? Of certain rights with which she may be vested in such case?

where the other party has already procured a divorce in some other State, by virtue of which the party obtaining the decree shall have been released from the obligation of the marriage contract, while the same remains binding upon the other party.

SUNDRY

MATTERS AFFECTING

CIVIL RIGHTS.

CHAPTER LVIII.

THE LAW CONCERNING LIENS.

Bouvier, in his Law Dictionary, has given us an abstract of authorities on the law of liens, arranging the matter methodically, and stating the conclusions of the courts with clearness and brevity.

He says:

"In its most extensive signification, this term includes every case in which real or personal property is charged with the payment of any debt or duty; every such charge being denominated a lien on the property. In a more limited sense it is defined to be a right of detaining the property of another until some claim be satisfied.

"There are two kinds of lien; namely, particular and general. When a person claims a right to certain property in respect of money or labor expended on such particular property, this is a particular lien.