e. hra pe, the same; on, over; literally, face of heaven. hra pe hemsi, upon the throne.

Amn Ra neter naa hra pe neter.u neb

Ammon Ra, great God above all gods.

Retained in the Coptic hi tpe, above, over. f. hra hru pe, the same.

hra ru pe hemsi, on the throne.

g. hra hra ru, a similar reduplication, in the same sense of, on,

over.

With the suffixes; hra hra ru.k, over thee.

h. hru hra (comp. the Coptic huru, to despise, neglect), negligens faciem, besides (in the sense of not reckoning).

Suten s. ubenet Amn a.t xa Seb en pe, hru hra iri.n.ef em he naa; the King has embellished Diospolis (Thebes) like the mountain of the Sun in heaven, besides what he has done (built) in the palace.

3. em (?bsah) (to) (a Phallic figure; literally, in pene, comp. Latin penes), before, in presence, in face of.

Champollion read the word emto, after the Coptic, emto, emtho, in the same sense, which Peyron most inadmissibly derives from "emtho, presence," a word not in use. Champollion's explanation would be perfectly satisfactory if the tu sound could in any way be annexed to the sign.196

With the affixes, for ex. em f, coram eo, before him, like the Coptic pe. f emto.

4. Compounds with ha (or, with the feminine sign, ha.t), hieroglyphically, the forepart of a lion, in anterioribus before, ante, coram, like the foregoing form.

a. hem ha, or em ha. Coptic, hẽ, thē.

b. er ha (he. t), (literally, versus anteriora), the same; Coptic, e

the.

c. ker (footstool) ha (he. t), the same; Coptic, ha thē.

With the affixes, ker ha.t. a, ker ha.t.ek, before me, thee; Coptic, ha tahe, ha tekhē.

5. ker peh (hinder part of a lion), behind (in a local sense), Copt. pahu, phahu.

196 Phallus is in Egyptian han.

1

6. Compounds with sa (hieroglyphically, the top of a quiver; Ch. sa, in Copt., part), behind, after.

a. em sa, Coptic en sa. The Coptic form seems to correspond with the later Egyptian: en. s.

With the suffixes: em sa. a, em sa. ek, behind me, thee. Coptic, à soi, à sōk, &c.

7. er ma, versus locum, in loco, vice, instead.

er ma. k, versus locum tuum versus te, Copt. e pema, e mau, in mau (generally used as an adverb).

8. er her, reduplication of the form her, in the same sense, with; is the same as the simple form, only a later use of it.

er, her. a, er her. ek her. a, her. ek, with me, thee.

H. THE ADVERB.

I. Adverbs denoting Space.

1. ma (place, see prep. 10., comp. Hebrew ma-kum, the place ?), here.

er ma (Copt. e pema, e mau), versus locum, where (ubi). 2. hra pe (facies cœli) (Birch, hra), above. Hence,

er hra pe (versus faciem cœli), upwards

em (or en) hra. pe (de facie cœli), from above.

3. er ha.t (see compound prep. 4.), before.

4. er (kefa) (ibid. 5.), behind.

5. em, next, (in forti), before.

6. er sa (comp. prep. 6.), behind: Coptic, ǹ sa.

II. Adverbs denoting Time.

1. as, then (in Hebrew as), also, as (quum); and supplementarily in the sense of ecce, Lo! like the Coptic is, eis.

(Darius ordered me to go to Egypt) as hent-suten. ef hem Arema then was his Majesty in Aram (Assyria ?). (The arrival of his Majesty King Cambyses occurred) as kah. u neb hna.f

as all countries (were) with him.

2. as.tu, generally as. t, the same; there, see there. as. tu ka ubx ha. t suten hent. f, see there, or then, (goes) the white ox before his Majesty. Copt. djen, ex dje.

3. ter, since, as soon as. Coptic, entere, quando.

(He appeared not in the contest) ter maa. n. ef suten hent. f, as soon as he saw his Majesty.

4. xeft, as soon as, since, when; unknown in Coptic; probably xef.t (xef. tu? Perhaps connected with the Coptic geb, other, different?)

5. aa (Coptic xa), up to.

6. hau neb (Copt. hou niben, hoū nim, haū nibi, nim), daily.

7. em pe hau (Copt. m phoū, in poū, and without m), on this day, i. e. to-day.

8. sef (Copt. saf, sef, sab), yesterday.

9. heh hau, er heh hau (Copt. (e) hah en hou), (per multos dies, i. e. the whole life upon earth, for the whole lifetime), long (diu), always (not in the sense of eternally).

9a. er neheh, for ever.

96. eneheh, for ever.

10. tete or ke-te corresponds with the Coptic tka, eternal, for eternity. Likewise tete tete, like the Coptic, eneh en eneh, comp. in sæcula sæculorum, εἰς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Sometimes preceded by the preposition en, em, er tete eneh, for ever.

12. Lastly, also aa heh hau tet, usque ad (in) sæcula sæculorum: and hau xa tete, hodie ut semper, hodie ut in æternum. (The concluding formula of several inscriptions.)

13. ne (sign of negation), sep (Copt. ǹ u sop an),

never.

III. Adverbs denoting Manner.

1. xa, xe, like as (comp. prep. 9).

2. a enti, precisely as, de la même manière que (relative reduplication).

3. xa xa (written with the sign of reduplication), in like manner.

4. em ut. ut, with the same signification (Copt. enouet, nouot).

IV. Adverbs denoting Number.

Repetition; time, preceded by sep, or, em sep, in Coptic, sop, sop, sap, sep, sp, soop, soop, after the numeral.

ftu em sep (Coptic ftou à sop), four times.
sep (xoment) em her, three times a day.
sep (snau), twice (the sign of repetition, bis).

I. WORDS USED FOR THE CONNEXION OF SENTENCES (CONJUNCTIVES).

A. Connexion between the Nouns or agents of two

1. Relative Pronouns.

sentences.

a. pa entet (see above pron.), he who: the following noun has then its suffix as in Hebrew.

the God, whose countenance (that) of a he-cat (is).

b. The relative pronoun, but expressed by the personal pronoun as in Hebrew.

xet

neb nefru

ueb

anx.t neter am sen

every other thing good and pure, and life divine through them.

the King of the Gods, (who) him on the throne placed.

2. Relative Particles.

entet, id quod, to express the object in the sen

tence, comp. or (8,T). The final t in this word seems to be the sign of the feminine gender, which, as in Hebrew, appears also to denote the

neuter.

B. Connexion between the Verbs or actions of two sen

tences.

I. Connexion, conjunction, is very often not expressed at all (asyndeton).

1. au, Copt. auo, and (comp. og in Danish-German auch, or Hebrew ve ?).

2. ha, Copt. hō, and, also.

Salvolini (Rosetta In

scription, p. 99,) compares ha, the member, in the sense of ipse (like persona, Coptic, ho).

3. her, the same; comp. Copt. hi.

4. ker, the same.

5. ki the same, Copt. ke.

II. Consequence.

1. kar, Copt. 'ke, 'ke, dje, consequently, verily: comp. ke, other.

2. hra enti (facies ejus quod), because, for: comp.

dióti, parceque.

3. ka enti (sub eo quod), therefore.

(Pronounce my justification before Osiris)
hra. enti iri. na-ma em (Egypt)

because I justice did in Egypt.