Middle classes, the, strength given to Whigs
by adhesion of, 49, 58, 205; a combina-
tion of the working and middle classes
necessary to successful agitation, 221, 243.
Middlesex, electors of, cause of, supported
by public meetings, 121.

Military and Naval Officers Oaths Bill, the,

377.

Militia, the Catholics in, 351.

Miller, tried for publication of a libel, 108.
Mines, labour of children, &c., regulated
in, 610.

Ministers of the Crown, increasing influ-
ence of public opinion over, 13, 50, 117,
204; the principles of coalition between,
24, 77; responsibility of ministers to
their supporters, 55, 74; the premiership
rarely held by the head of a great family,
86; revision of salaries of, 589.
Mohun, Lord, cudgelled Dyer for a libel, 101.
Moravians. See Quakers.

Muir, T., trial of, at Edinburgh, for sedi-
tion, 142; comments thereon in Parlia-
ment, 148.

Municipal Corporations. See Corporations.
Mutiny Act (Ireland) made permanent,
525; repealed, 528.

NAPOLEON, First Consul of France, demands

the suppression of the press, 176; the
dismissal of refugees, 300; trial of
Peltier for libel on, 177.

Naturalisation Act, passing of, 300.
Navy, impressment for, 272; flogging in,
abated, 605.

Negroes freed by landing in England, 284;
in Scotland, 285; the slave trade and
slavery abolished, 128, 238, 287.
New Brunswick, the constitution of, 564.
Newfoundland, the constitution of, 564.
Newport, the Chartist attack on, 243.
New South Wales, a legislature granted to,
565; transportation to, abolished, ib. ;
democratic constitution of, 575.
Newspapers, the first, 97, 99, 100; stamp

and advertisement duties first imposed,
101; increased, 172; removed, 218--
220; improvement in newspapers, 118,
180; commencement of The Times "
and other papers, 118, n.; measures of
repression, 174, 199.

New Zealand, constitution granted to, 577.
Nonconformists. See Dissenters.
Norfolk, Duke of, his eldest son abjured

the Catholic faith, 1780, 339; his Catho-
lic Officers Relief Bill, 376; enabled by
Act to serve as Earl Marshal, 386.
"North Briton," the, proceedings against,
104, 105, 255.

North, Lord, in office, 11, 13; driven from

office, 18; the Coalition, 20; his measure
to conciliate the American colonies, SEL
Nottingham Castle, burnt by mob, 224.
Nova Scotia, responsible government in. 5′′1
Nugent, Lord, his bill for Catholic reli
383; obtained relaxation to Irish com-
merce, 522.

OCCASIONAL CONFORMITY ACT, the, 324.
O'Connell, Mr., leads the Irish party,
62; heads the Catholic Association,
208; agitates for repeal of the Uzing.
229; trials of, 230, 233; released on
writ of error, 234; returned for Clare.
394; his re-election required, 403; his
motions on Irish tithes and Church, 479-
485.

O'Connor, F., presents the Chartist petition,

216.

Octennial Act, the (Ireland), 519.

Official salaries, revision of, since the Re-
form Act, 589.

Oliver, the government spy, 289.
Opinion, liberty of, the last liberty to be
acquired, 95; the press, from James I. til
the accession of Geo. III., 97; the North
Briton" prosecutions, 103; the law of
libel, 107; political agitation by puble
meetings, 119; by associations, 122; demo-
cratic associations, 130; repressive mea
sures, 1792-99, 136; Napoleon and the
English press, 176; the press, before the
Regency, 180; repressive measures under
the Regency, 183; the contest between
authority and public opinion reviewed,
203; the Catholic Association, 207 ; the
press under Geo. IV., 214; its freedom
established, 217; the Reform agitation.
221; for repeal of the Union, 229;
Orange lodges, 235; trades' unions, 239;
the Chartists, 241; the Anti-Corn Law
League, 247; political agitation reviewed,
250. See Press; Political Associations;
Public Meetings.

Orange societies, suppressed by Act, 210;
revived, 212; organisation of, 235, 535;
in the army, 237; dissolved, 238; pecu
liar wo.xing of Orange societies, ib.
Orsini conspiracy, the, plotted in England,
303.

Oxford University, state of feeling at, on

Catholic relief, 372; admission of dis-
senters to degrees at, 425.

PAINE, T., tried for seditious writings, 131.
Palmer, the Rev. T. F., trial of, for sedition,

145; comments thereon in Parliament,
148.

Palmerston, Viscount, adhered to Mr. Can-
ning, 52; in the Duke of Wellington's

ministry, 54; in office, 75; secession of
the Peelites, 78; his overthrow in 1857
and 1858, 79, 304; his second ministry, 81.
Papal aggression, 1850, the, 450 ;- -Court,

diplomatic relations with, Bill, 452, n.
Paper duty, the, abolished, 220.
Parish, the, local affairs of, administered
by vestries, 493.

Parliament, secessions of the Whigs from,
16, 38, 167; repression of the press by
Parliament, 100; attempted intimidation
of, by the silk-weavers, 120; by the
Protestant Associations, 125; relations
of the Church and Parliament, 449;
supremacy of, over the Irish Parliament,
518; Parliament since the Reform Act,
620; vast amount of public business, ib.,
Parliament (Ireland), state of, before the

Union, 513; exclusion of Catholics, ib.,
516; expired only on demise of the Crown,
515; Poynings' Act, 517; supremacy of
the English Parliament, 518; agitation
for independence, 524, 527; submits to
the permanent Mutiny Bill, 525; in-
dependence granted, 528; corrupt influ-
ence of the government, ib.; motions for
Parliamentary Reform, 530; the Union
carried, 539.

Parnell, Sir H., his views of financial
policy, 620.

Party, influence of, in party government,

1; origin of parties, 2; parties under
the Stuarts, and after the Revolution,
3, 5; Whigs and Tories, 4; their dis-
tinctive principles, 7, 13, 82; parties
on the accession of George III., 9,
12; the American war a test of party
principles, 15; secessions of the Whigs
from Parliament, 16, 38, 167; overtures
to the Whigs, 18; commencement of a
democratic party, ib.; crisis on death of
Lord Rockingham, 19; the Coalition,
20-22; ruin of the Whigs, 23; principles
of coalition, 24; the Tories under Mr.
Pitt, 25, 34; the Whigs and the Prince
of Wales, 27, 42, 46; effect of the French
Revolution upon parties, 29, 32; position
of the Whigs, 30, 33, 36; the Tories in
Scotland, 36; schism among the Tories,
39; parties on Pitt's retirement from
office, 40; the Whigs in office, 1806,
41-43, 361; coalesce with Lord Sid-
mouth's party, 41; the Tories reinstated,
43; position of the Whigs, 44; the
strength they derived from the adhesion
of the middle classes, 45, 205; the Tories
under Lord Liverpool, 46-52; under
Canning, 52; influence of national dis-
tress, and of proceedings against Queen
Caroline, upon parties, 48, 49; increase

of liberal feeling, 50; effect of the
Catholic question upon parties, 52, 55,
364, 374, 399; party divisions after Mr.
Canning's death, 53; the Duke of Well-
ington's ministry, 54; secession of liberal
members from his cabinet, ib. ; the Whigs
restored to office, 57; supported by the
democratic party, 58; Whig ascendency
after the Reform Acts, 59; state of par-
ties, 60; the Radicals, ib.; the Irish
party, 62; the Tories become "Conserva-
tives," 64; increase in power, ib.; break-
up of Earl Grey's ministry, 65; dismissal
of Lord Melbourne's ministry, ib.; Libe
rals reunited against Sir R. Peel, 66;
his liberal policy alarms the Tories, ib.;
parties under Lord Melbourne, 67; a con-
servative reaction, 68; effect of Peel's
free-trade policy upon the Conservatives,
71, 72; the obligations of a party leader,
74; the Whigs in office, 75; Lord
Derby's first ministry, 76; coalition or
Whigs and Peelites under Lord Aber-
deen, 77; fall of his ministry, ib.; the
Peelites retire from Lord Palmerston's
first administration, 78; his overthrows,
in 1857 and 1858, 79; Lord Derby's
second ministry, 80; passed the Jewish
Relief Act, 414; Lord Palmerston's se-
cond administration, 81; fusion of par-
ties, ib.; essential difference between
Conservatives and Liberals, 82; party
sections, 83; changes in the character, &c.
of parties, 83; politics formerly a pro-
fession, 85; effects of Parliamentary Re-
form on parties, 88; the conservatism of
age, 89; statesmen under old and new
systems, ib.; patronage, an instrument of
party, 91; review of the merits and
evils of party, 92; the press an instru-
ment of party, 100, 117, 118; oppo-
sition of the Whigs to a repressive
policy, 138, 198; to the Six Acts, 199;
the Habeas Corpus Suspension Bills,
158, 264-270; the Treasonable Prac-
tices, &c. Bills, 164-168; the Irish
Church appropriation question adopted
by the Whigs, 485; abandoned by them,
486.

Patronage, an instrument of party, 91; the
effect of competition, 92; abuses of co-
lonial patronage, 567; surrendered to the
colonies, 569.

Patronage Act (Scotland), 473. See also
Church of Scotland.
Peel, Mr. See Peel, Sir R.
Peel, Sir R. the first, his Factory Children
Act, 610.

Peel, Sir R., his commercial policy, 50,
617; seceded from Canning on the

Catholic question, 52; opposes that mea-
sure, 375, 381; brings in the Relief Act,
55, 399; his first ministry, 66; his policy,
and fall, ib., 485; his relation to the Con-
servatives, 69, 72; his second ministry,
69; his free-trade policy, 70; repeal of
corn laws, 71, 247, 616; his obligations
as a party leader, 74; obtains the
bishops' consent to the repeal of the
Corporation and Test Acts, 390; pro-
poses to retire from the Wellington
ministry, 397; loses his seat at Oxford,
398; the Irish Franchise Act, 402; his
Dissenters Marriage Bills, 418; plan
for commutation of Irish tithes, 484;
resists the appropriation question, 485;
proposes endowment to Maynooth and
the Queen's Colleges, 488; his scheme
for Irish corporate reform, 508; the first
minister to revise the criminal code, 599.
Peers, the Catholic, restored to the privilege
of advising the Crown, 346, 381; ex-
empted from the oath of supremacy, 380;
the Catholic Peers Bill, ib.; take seats
in the House of Lords, 403; creation of,
to carry the Union with Ireland, 540.
Peltier, J., trial of, for libel, 177.
Perceval, Mr. in office, 43, 46, 364.
Peto, Sir M., his Dissenters Burial Bills,
421.

Phillimore, Dr., his Catholic Marriages
Bill, 385.

Pillory, punishment of, abolished, 601.
Pitt, Mr. W., Tory principles never com-
pletely adopted by, 15, 20, n., 25; entered
Parliament as a Whig, 19, 23; the
leader of the Tories, 25; his first ministry
a coalition, 24; his policy contrasted with
Mr. Fox's, 20, n., 25; his feelings towards
the French Revolution, 29, 136; attempted
coalitions with Fox, 31, 41; joined by
portion of the Whigs, 32; the consolida-
tion of his power, 34, 136; dangerous to
liberty, 38; his liberal views on Catholic
question, 39, 352-359, 542; his retire-
ment from office, 40; his return, 41; the
Tory party after his death, 43; member of
the Constitutional Information Society,
123, 133; commences a repressive policy,
136; brings in the Seditious Meetings Bill,
165; opposes relief to dissenters, 341–
344, 348; his proposal for commutation
of Irish tithes, 475; his Irish commercial
propositions, 531; carried the Union with
Ireland, 539; his India Bill, 584.
Pius IX., his brief appointing bishops in
England, 451; and against the Queen's
Colleges, 491.

Plunket, Mr., his advocacy of Catholic re-
lief, 379, 383.

Police, modern system of, 604.
Political associations, commencement of
119, 121, 123; for Parliamentary Reform
122, 221; Protestant associations, 124-
128, 336; anti-slave trade, 128, 25;
democratic, 130, 132, 161, 169, 172:
proceeded against, 142, 152; suppressed
173, 186, 200; associations for suppres
ing sedition, 140, 206; for Catholic re
lief, 207; finally suppressed, 213; fr
repeal of the Union with Ireland, 299;
Orange lodges, 235; trades' unions, 239;
the Chartists, 241; the Anti-Corn Lav
League, 247.

Ponsonby, Mr., chosen leader of the Whigs,

45.

Poor laws, the old and new systems, 605;
in Scotland and Ireland, 608.
Population, great increase of, in the man-
facturing districts, 194; its effect on the
position of the Church, 436.

Post Office. See Letters, Opening at.
Poynings' Act, the, 517.

Pratt, Lord Chief Justice. See Camden,
Lord.

Presbyterians, in England, 311; in Seat-
land, 312, 317; in Ireland, 314, 456.
See Church of Scotland.

Press, the, under censorship, 96; from the
Stuarts to accession of George III, 97-
102; the attacks on Lord Bute, 103;
general warrants, 104; the prosecutions
of, 1763-1770, 105; publishers liable
for acts of servants, 107; the rights of
juries in libel cases, 108-117; the
progress of free discussion, 117, 180,
204, 214, 220; caricatures, 118; laws
for repression of the press, 164, 172,
174, 190, 199; the press and foreign
powers, 176; the press not purified by
rigour, 206; complete freedom of the
press, 217; fiscal laws affecting, ib.;
public jealousies of, 220.

Prisons, debtors', 281; improved state of,
602.

Protection, &c., against Republicans' So-
ciety, the, 140.

Protestant associations, the, 124, 337; the
petition, and riots, 125, 337. See also
Orange Societies.

Protestant Dissenters Ministers Bill, 369.
Protesting Catholic Dissenters, bill for re-
lief of, 344.

Public meetings, commencement of poli-
tical agitation by, 119, 121; riotous
meetings of the silk-weavers, 120; meet-
ings to support the Middlesex electors,
121; for Parliamentary Reform, 1799, ih.;
in 1795, 162; in 1831, 223; of the Pro-
testant Association, 125, 337; to oppose

RADICAL PARTY. See Party.

Reeves, Mr., his pamphlet condemned, 170.
Reform in Parliament, carried by the Whigs,

as leaders of the people, 58; influence
of, on parties, 88; on official emolu-
ments, 589; on law reform, and amend-
ment of the criminal code, 590, 595; on
the spirit and temper of the judges, 594;
on the condition of the people, 605; on
commercial and financial policy, 615; on
Parliament, 620; the first reform meet-
ings, 121; and in Ireland, 529; reform
discouraged from the example of the
French Revolution, 135, 201, 204; re-
pressed as seditious, 142-148, 160, 192;
cause of, promoted by political agitation
and unions, 221; review of reform agita-
tion, 228.

Reformation, the, effect of, upon England,
306; doctrinal moderation of, 308; in
Scotland, 312; in Ireland, 314.
Reformatories, instituted, 604.
Refugees. See Aliens.

Regent, the Prince. See Wales, Prince of.
Registration of births, marriages, and
deaths, Act for, 419.

Religious liberty, from the Reformation to

Geo. III., 305-324; commencement of
relaxation of the penal code, 329; Cor-

poration and Test Acts repealed, 389;
Catholic emancipation carried, 399;
admission to the Commons by affirma-
tion, 406; Jewish disabilities, 414;
registration of births, marriages, and
deaths, 419; the Dissenters' Marriage
Bill, 420; admission of dissenters to the
universities, 422; dissenters' chapels,
425; church rates, 427. See also Church
of England; Church in Ireland; Church
of Scotland; Dissenters; Jews; Quakers;
Roman Catholics.

Revenue laws, restraints of, on personal
liberty, 275; offices thrown open to
dissenters and Catholics, 349, 389, 399.
Revolution, the, effect of on the press, 99;
the Church policy after, 320.
Revolution Society, the, 132.
Rockingham, Marquess, Whigs restored to
power under, 18, 87; his death, 19; his
administration consent to the indepen-
dence of Ireland, 527.

Roman Catholics, the first Relief Act,
1778, 124, 336; the riots in Scotland
and London, ib., 337; the Scotch Catho-
lies withdraw their claims for relief, 125,
338; the penal code of Elizabeth, 308;
Catholics under James I., Chas. I., and
Cromwell, 315-317; the passing of
the Test Act, 319; repressive measures,
Wm. III.-Geo. I., 321-323; the Catho-
lics, at accession of Geo. III., 324, 330,
335; their numbers, 325, n.; later in-
stances of the enforcement of the penal
laws, 336; bill to restrain education of
Protestants by Catholics, 338; the case
of the Protesting Catholic Dissenters,
344; another measure of relief to En-
glish Catholics, 1791, 345; first mea-
sures of relief to Catholics in Ireland
and Scotland, 348, 349, 532; the Catho-
lics and the militia, 351; effect of union
with Ireland on Catholic relief, 39, 352;
Catholic claims, 1801-1810, 355-367;
the Army and Navy Service Bill, 361;
the Regency not favourable to Catholic
claims, 368; freedom of worship to Catho-
lic soldiers, 369; the Catholic Question,
1811-1823, 370-383; treated as an
open question, 374, 382; Acts for re-
lief of Naval and Military Officers,
377; the Catholic Peers Bill, 380;
the Catholic Question in 1823, 382;
efforts for relief of English Catholics,
383; the laws affecting Catholic mar-
riages, 384, 385; Office of Earl Marshal
Bill, 386; Sir F. Burdett's motion, 387;
State provision for Catholic clergy carried
in the Commons, 388; the Duke of
Wellington's ministry, 54, 388; repeal

of the Corporation and Test Acts, 389;
Catholic relief in 1828, 393; the Act,
55-57, 399, 544; the Catholic peers
take their seats, 403; Catholic emanci-
pation too long deferred, 404; number of
Catholic members in House of Commons,
405; Bills for relief in respect of Catho-
lie births, marriages, and deaths, 416-
420; final repeal of penalties against
Roman Catholics, 427; numbers, &c. of,
in England, 446, 447; in Ireland, 486; the
papal aggression, 450; the Maynooth and
Queen's Colleges, 488; exclusion of Irish
Catholics from the Corporations, 508;
from the Parliament, 513, 516; number
on Irish bench, 545. See also Corpo-

rations.

Roman Catholic Officers Relief Bill, the,376.
Romilly, Sir S., his efforts to reform the
penal code, 598.

Rothschild, Baron L. N. de, returned for
London, 411; claims to be sworn, ib.
Russell, Lord John, attempts to form a
free-trade ministry, 72; in office, 75;
retires from Lord Palmerston's ministry,
78; carries the repeal of Corporation and
Test Acts, 389; his efforts to obtain the
admission of Jews to Parliament, 413;
his Dissenters' Marriage Bills, 417, 420;
his Registration Act, 419; his letter on
the papal aggression, 452; overthrows
the Peel ministry upon the Appropria-
tion Question, 485; carries Municipal
Reform, 499; and amendments of the
criminal code, 600.

ST. ASAPH, Dean of, the case of, 112.
Salomons, Mr., returned for Greenwich, 412;
claims to be sworn, ib.

Salters (Scotland). See Colliers.
Savile, Sir G., among the first to advocate

Catholic relief, 336; his bill to restrain
Catholics from teaching Protestants, 339.
Schism Act, the, 324.

Scotland, the Tory party in, 36, 44; literary
influence of the Scotch Whigs, 45; alarm
of democracy in, 141; trials for sedition
and high treason, 142, 152, 192; the
slavery of colliers and salters abolished,
287; the reformation in, 312; intimida-
tion of Parliament by the mob, 124, 337;
motion for repeal of the Test Act (Scot-
land), 346; relief to Scotch Episco; a-
lians, 347; to Scotch Catholics, 349;
religious disunion in, 474; statistics of
places of worship in, ib., n.; municipal
reform in, 503; new poor laws intro-
duced into, 608.

Secretary of State, the powers given to, in

repression of libel, 101, 190, 255, 260;

of opening letters, 292; for the Cob
nies, date of formation of office, 566.
Sedition and seditious libels, trials for,
Wilkes and his publishers, 104; t
publishers of Junius's Letters, 107; the
Dean of St. Asaph, 112; of Stockdal,
113; Paine, 131; Frost, Winterbotham,
Briellat, and Hudson, 139; Muir and
Palmer, 142, 145; Skirving, Margas,
and Gerrald, 146; Eaton, 149; Yorke,
160; Mr. Reeves, 170; Gilbert Wake-
field and the "Courier," 175; of Cobbett,
178, 217; J. and L. Hunt and Drikard,
179; Hunt and Wolseley, 203; O'Connel
and others, 230, 233; measures for sup
pression of sedition in 1792, 136; 1794,
150; 1795, 163; 1799, 173; 1817,185;
1819, 199;-societies for the repression
of, 140, 206. See also Treason, High,
Trials for.

Seditious Meetings Bills, the, 165, 201;
Libels Bill, 201.

Session, Court of (Scotland), proceedings

of, in the patronage cases, 463–468.
Shelburne, Earl of, in office, 19, 87; his
concessions to America, 21.

Sheridan, Mr., one of the Whig associates
of the Prince of Wales, 27; adhered to
Fox, 33; his motion on the state of the
nation, 1793, 138; brought Palmer's case
before the Commons, 148; urged repeal of
the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 158,
159; his opposition to the Seditious
Meetings Bill, 167.

Sidmouth, Viscount, as premier, 40; in office

with the Whigs, 41; his repressive policy,
183, 270; his circular to the lord-lieute
nants, 188; his employment of spies,
289; his Dissenting Ministers Bill, 369.
Silk-weavers, riots by, 120; bill passed for
protection of their trade, ib.

Sinecures, official and legal, abolished, 589,
592.

Six Acts, the, passed, 199.

Skirving, W., trial of, for sedition, 146.
Slavery, in England, 284; in Scotland, 285;
in the Colonies, 287.

Slave-trade Association, the, 128, 287.
Smith, Mr. W., his Unitarian Marriages
Bills, 384, 386.

Smith O'Brien, abortive insurrection by,235.
Sommersett's (the negro) case, 285.
Spa Fields, meeting at, 187.
Spies, employment of, by government, 287;
under Lord Sidmouth, 289; their em-
ployment considered, 290; the Cato
Street conspiracy discovered by, 291.
Spring Rice, Mr., his scheme for settling
church rates, 430; his speech on the
state of Ireland, 544, n.