ized representative of the Civil Aeronautics Board, or any State or local law enforcement officer. (g) Inapplicability. This section does not apply to airline transport pilots. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7959, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-14, 30 F.R. 2926, Mar. 6, 1965; Amdt. 61-18, 30 F.R. 8257, June 29, 1965; Amdt. 61-20, 30 F.R. 11905, Sept. 17, 1965; Amdt. 61-24, 31 F.R. 13523, Oct. 20, 1966] § 61.41 Pilot logbooks: Airline transport pilots. (a) Each airline transport pilot shall keep an accurate and legible record, in ink or indelible pencil, of his flying time in a bound logbook that is arranged for easy reference. Such a pilot must certify his solo flying time entries and the entries on instruction must be certified to by his instructor. (b) Each person who is required to keep a logbook under this section shall enter into it the following information as to each flight: (1) The date. (2) The category, class, and type of the aircraft he flew. (3) The aircraft certificate number. (4) The type of piloting time-pilot in command, flight instruction (from an appropriately rated flight instructor or an airline transport pilot), on instruments, or night flying time. (5) The duration. (6) The points or arrival and departure. (7) If the flight resulted in serious damage to the aircraft, a statement to that effect. The person giving the flight instruction must make complete entries in the logbook of his student showing the nature of each maneuver in which instruction was given and the time spent thereon. The instructor must attest each entry with his initials, pilot certificate number, and pertinent rating. The pilot shall present the logbook for inspection upon the demand and reasonable notice of the Administrator or an authorized representative of the Civil Aeronautics Board, or of any State or local law enforcement officer. (c) An airline transport pilot may log all flight times during which he acts as pilot in command or second in command. (d) An airline transport pilot may log instrument flight time as such only when he flies the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under instrument weather conditions or simulated instrument flight conditions. He may not log over-the-top flying as instrument flight time. (e) Each airline transport pilot shall furnish to the authorized airline medical examiner at the time of each physical examination a report of the amount and type of his aeronautical experience and any other information the Administrator may require covering the period since the last report of that pilot. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7959, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-1, 27 F.R. 10410, Oct. 25, 1962] § 61.43 Medical certificates: Duration. (a) A first-class medical certificate expires at the end of the last day of— (1) The sixth month after the month in which it is issued, for operations requiring an airline transport pilot certificate; (2) The 12th month after the month in which it is issued, for operations requiring only a commercial pilot certificate; and (3) The 24th month after the month in which it is issued, for operations requiring only a private or student pilot certificate or a free balloon class rating. (b) A second-class medical certificate expires at the end of the last day of (1) The 12th month after the month in which it is issued, for operations requiring a commercial pilot certificate; and (2) The 24th month after the month in which it is issued, for operations requiring only a private or student pilot certificate or a free balloon class rating. (c) A third-class medical certificate expires at the end of the last day of the 24th month after the month in which it is issued for operations requiring a private or student pilot certificate or a free balloon class rating. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7960, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-14, 30 F.R. 2926, Mar. 6, 1965] § 61.45 Operations during physical deficiency. No person may act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember while he has a known physical deficiency, or increase of known physical deficiency, that would make him unable to meet the physical requirements for his current medical certificate. (Sec. 602 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958; 49 U.S.C. 1422) [Amdt. 61-4, 28 F.R. 8445, Aug. 17, 1963] § 61.47 Recent flight experience. (a) General. No person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers unless, within the preceding 90 days, he has made at least five takeoffs and five landings to a full stop in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type. This section does not apply to operations requiring an airline transport pilot certificate, or to operations conducted under Part 135. (b) Night experience. No person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise (as published in the American Air Almanac) unless, within the preceding 90 days, he has made at least five takeoffs and five landings to a full stop during that period of the day. This paragraph does not apply to operations requiring an airline transport pilot certificate. (c) Airline transport and Part 135 operations. Neither an airline transport pilot nor a pilot in operations under Part 135 may pilot an aircraft in operations for which an airline transport pilot certificate is required or in operations under Part 135, if it carriers any person other than members of its crew, certificated airmen on board in furtherance of their duties, or certificated instructors rated for that aircraft unless, within the preceding 90 days, he has made at least three takeoffs, and three landings to a full stop, in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type. (d) Instrument. A pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft under IFR or in weather conditions less than prescribed VFR minimums unless, within the preceding 6 calendar months, he has had at least 6 hours of instrument time under actual or simulated instrument conditions. Not more than 3 hours in a synthetic instrument trainer acceptable to the Administrator may be included in the 6 hours of required instrument time. In the case of an aircraft other than a helicopter, at least 3 hours of that instrument time must have been accomplished in flight in an aircraft other than a helicopter. In the case of a helicopter, at least 3 hours of that instrument time must have been accomplished in flight in a helicopter. This paragraph does not apply to operations requiring an airline transport pilot certificate. (e) Instrument-Airline transport. An airline transport pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft other than a helicopter under instrument flight conditions in operations for which an airline transport pilot certificate is required unless he has had at least 2 hours of instrument flight time under instrument weather conditions or simulated instrument weather conditions in an aircraft other than a helicopter within the preceding 6 months, or until he has had at least 2 hours of flight time under those conditions, accompanied by a pilot with at least a private pilot certificate who holds an appropriate category, class, and type rating (if applicable) for the aircraft concerned and an instrument rating. He may not act as pilot in command of a helicopter under instrument flight conditions in operations for which an airline transport pilot certificate is required unless he has had at least 6 hours of instrument flight time under instrument weather conditions or simulated instrument weather conditions in a helicopter within the preceding 6 months, or until he has had at least 6 hours of flight time under those conditions accompanied by a pilot with at least a private pilot certificate who holds an appropriate category, class, and type rating (if applicable) for the helicopter concerned and a helicopter instrument rating. (f) Glider aero-tow flights. No person may act as pilot in command of a glider carrying passengers in aero-tow flight unless, within the preceding 12 months, he has made at least six aerotow flights totaling at least 1 hour, during which he met the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section. (g) Credit given for flight tests or checks. A pilot who successfully passes a flight test required for a category, class, type, or instrument rating is considered to meet the recency of experience requirement of the paragraph of this section that is appropriate to the flight test. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7960, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-1, 27 F.R. 10410, Oct. 25, 1962; Amdt. 61-6, 29 F.R. 2991, Mar. 6, 1964; Amdt. 61-20, 30 F.R. 11905, Sept. 17, 1965; Amdt. 61-24, 31 F.R. 12401, Sept. 17, 1966] § 61.48 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records: falsification, reproduction, or alteration. (a) No person may make or cause to be made (1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any application for a certificate or rating under this part; (2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook, record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used, to show compliance with any requirement for any certificate or rating under this part; (3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent purpose, of any certificate or rating under this part; or (4) Any alteration of any certificate or rating under this part. (b) The commission by any person of an act prohibited under paragraph (a) of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman or ground instructor certificate or rating held by that person. [Amdt. 61-13, 30 F.R. 2196, Feb. 18, 1965] § 61.51 Change of address. Within 30 days after any change in his permanent mailing address, the holder of a pilot or instructor certificate shall notify the FAA Airman Certification Branch, Oklahoma City, Okla., in writing, of his new address. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7960, Aug. 10, 1962] Subpart B-Student Pilots AUTHORITY: The provisions of this Subpart B issued under secs. 313(a) 314, 601, and 607 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958; 49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1355, 1421, and 1427, unless otherwise noted. § 61.61 Eligibility requirements: General. (a) To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, a person must (1) Be at least 14 years of age for a certificate authorizing him to pilot a glider, or at least 16 years of age for a certificate authorizing him to pilot any other aircraft; (2) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or have such operating limitations on his student pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of aircraft, to be removed when he shows that he can read, speak, and understand the English language; and (3) Hold at least a third-class medical certificate issued under Part 67 of this chapter within the preceding 24 months, or, in the case of glider operations, certify that he has no known physical defect that makes him unable to pilot a glider. (b) An unmarried applicant under 21 years of age who is not a member of an Armed Force of the United States or enrolled in an ROTC or other training program of such an Armed Force, must submit with his application the written consent of either parent or his guardian. No consent is required for a married male applicant under 21 years of age. A married female applicant under 21 years of age must submit the written consent of her husband, regardless of his age. (c) An applicant under 21 years of age who is a member of an Armed Force of the United States or enrolled in an ROTC or other training program of such an Armed Force must state his membership and serial number on the application or attach to it a written statement from his commanding officer stating that he is a member of that Armed Force or is enrolled in that training program. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7960, Aug. 10, 1962] § 61.63 Requirements for solo flight. (a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight until (1) He is familiar with the general and visual flight rules of §§ 91.1 to 91.9 and Subpart B of Part 91 of this chapter; (2) He has had (1) In the case of an airplane category, flight instruction from a holder of a flight instructor certificate with an airplane rating in preparatory and flight procedures such as preflight inspection, starting, warming up, and operating and stopping the engine; in taxiing, takeoff, landing, and parking; in traffic pattern procedures; in level flight, turns, climbs, and glides; and in stalls and emergency landings; (ii) In the case of a rotorcraft category, flight instruction (from an appropriately rated flight instructor) in preparatory and flight procedures such as preflight inspection, starting, warming up, and operating and stopping the engine, taxiing, takeoff, hovering (helicopter class only), landing, and parking; in traffic pattern procedures; and in emergency procedures including engine failure; or (iii) In the case of a glider category, flight instruction (from an appropriately rated flight instructor in takeoff, landing, glide, and gliding turns; and in recovery from stalls entered into from all normally anticipated attitudes; and (3) An appropriately rated flight instructor finds that the student has complied with this section and is otherwise able to make solo flights, and had endorsed his student certificate to that effect. (b) In the case of a single-place gyroplane, the holder of a student pilot certificate meets the requirements of paragraph (a) (2) (ii) and (3) of this section if (1) He receives instruction in the ground operating procedures specified in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) from the holder of a flight instructor certificate with either an airplane or rotorcraft category rating on that certificate; and (2) That flight instructor (i) Certifies in the student pilot's logbook that he has observed him competently make at least three landings and takeoffs to a full stop in a gyroplane or gyroglider towed by a line attached to a vehicle on the surface; and (ii) Determines that the student has complied with this section, is otherwise able to make solo flights, and endorses the student pilot's certificate for solo flight in that make and model of aircraft. (c) This section does not apply to student lighter-than-air pilots. (Sec. 602 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958; 49 U.S.C. 1422) [Amdt. 61-2, 28 F.R. 2004, Mar. 1, 1963, as amended by Amdt. 61-10, 29 F.R. 7595, June 13, 1964; Amdt. 61-12, 30 F.R. 788, Jan. 26, 1965; Amdt. 61-18, 30 F.R. 8257, June 29, 1965] § 61.65 Airplane operations: Flight area iimitations. A student pilot may not operate an airplane in solo flight outside of a local area designated by his flight instructor until (a) He is familiar with flight-planning elements such as plotting courses, estimating time en route and fuel required, and obtaining and evaluating weather reports; (b) He has received flight instruction (from a holder of a flight instructor certificate with an airplane rating) (1) Crosswind and simulated soft field takeoffs and landings; (2) Climbing and gliding turns at minimum safe speeds; (3) Cross-country navigation by reference to aeronautical charts; (4) Safe operating procedures in simulated emergencies such as engine failure, loss of flying speed, marginal visibility, deteriorating weather, getting lost, and similar critical situations; (5) Conforming with air traffic control instructions by radio and lights; (6) The proper use of two-way radio communications and VFR navigational procedures and techniques; (7) Level flight, turns, climbs, and glides by referring solely to flight instruments; and (8) The use of the magnetic compass; and (c) His student pilot certificate is endorsed by an appropriately rated flight instructor who finds that the student has complied with this section and is otherwise able to make solo cross-country flights. If ground electronic equipment and navigation aids are not available within 100 miles of the base of operations, a synthetic trainer may be used for training in air traffic procedures, phraseology, and radio navigation. The instrument flight instruction required by paragraph (b) (7) of this section shall be given in an airplane equipped with at least a sensitive altimeter, turn and bank indicator, and a means of simulating instrument flight. (Sec. 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958; 49 U.S.C. 1354 and 1422) [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7961, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-12, 30 F.R. 789, Jan. 26, 1965; Amdt. 61-18, 30 F.R. 8257, June 29, 1965] § 61.67 Rotorcraft operations: Flight area limitations. A student pilot may not operate a rotorcraft in solo flight outside of a local area designated by his flight instructor until- (a) He is familiar with flight-planning elements such as plotting courses, estimating time en route and fuel required, and obtaining and evaluating weather reports; (b) He has received flight instruction (from an appropriately rated flight instructor) in (1) Pilotage by reference to aeronautical charts; (2) Conforming to air traffic control instructions furnished by radio or lights, as appropriate; (3) Safe operating practice in simulated emergencies that might occur due to engine failure, deteriorating weather, getting lost, and similar situations; and (4) The use of the magnetic compass; and A student pilot may not operate a glider in solo flight outside of a local area designated by his flight instructor until (a) He is familiar with obtaining and evaluating weather reports; (b) He has received flight instruction (from a certificated flight instructor with an appropriate rating on his flight instructor certificate) in cross-country navigation by reference to aeronautical charts and the magnetic compass; and (c) His student pilot certificate is endorsed by an appropriately rated flight instructor, who finds that the student has complied with this section and is otherwise able to make solo crosscountry flights. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7961, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-18, 30 F.R. 8257, June 29, 1965] (a) A student pilot (lighter-than-air) may not pilot an airship in solo flight until (1) He is familiar with, and passes a written test on as much of Part 91 of this chapter as relates to VFR flying, as certified to on his pilot certificate by his instructor; (2) He has had six instruction flights, totaling at least six hours, in free balloons and has logged at least 1 hour of solo flight in a free balloon, as certified to on his certificate by his instructor; and (3) He has had at least 35 hours of flight instruction in an airship, including level flight, right and left turns, landings and takeoffs, and is able to make a flight as pilot in command, as certified to on his certificate by his instructor. Subparagraph (2) of this paragraph does not apply to a student pilot who holds a free balloon class rating. (b) A student pilot (lighter-than-air) may not pilot a lighter-than-air aircraft carrying any person other than a com mercial lighter-than-air pilot, a crewmember, or another student lighterthan-air pilot whose presence in the aircraft is authorized by the instructor under whose direction the flight is being made. (c) A student pilot (lighter-than-air) may not operate a free balloon as pilot in command until his instructor certifies on his certificate that he has (1) Passed a written test on so much of Part 91 of this chapter as relates to VFR flying; and (2) Except for an applicant for a certificate that is limited to operating hotair balloons, had at least six instruction flights, totaling at least six hours, in free balloons. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7961, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61–14, 30 F.R. 2926, Mar. 6, 1965] § 61.73 General limitations. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft (1) That is carrying a passenger; (4) In furtherance of a business; or (5) Other than the make and model endorsed on his certificate by his certificated flight instructor. (b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) (2) of this section, a student pilot may make international flights for the purpose of solo cross-country training from the Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau Airports, Alaska, to White Horse, Yukon Territory, over the Province of British Columbia, and return. (c) A student pilot who has not acted as pilot in command of a powered aircraft within the preceding 90 days, may not pilot such an aircraft in solo flight until he has passed a flight check given by a certificated flight instructor who so endorses his student pilot logbook. (d) A student pilot may not operate an airplane or rotorcraft in solo flight unless within the preceding 90 days (1) He has received flight instruction in that category of aircraft from a certificated flight instructor with an appropriate rating on his flight instructor certificate; (2) He has demonstrated to that flight instructor that he is competent to solo that category of aircraft; and |