§ 61.141 Eligibility requirements: General. To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person must― (a) Be at least 23 years of age; (c) Be able to read, write, and understand the English language and speak it without accent or impediment of speech that would interfere with two-way radio conversation; (d) Be a high school graduate, or its equivalent in the Administrator's opinion, based on the applicant's general experience and aeronautical experience, knowledge, and skill; (e) Have a first-class medical certificate issued under Part 67 of this chapter within the 6 months before the date he applies; and (f) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the rating he seeks. § 61.143 Airplane rating: aeronautical knowledge. An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane rating must, after meeting the requirements of §§ 61.141 (except paragraph (a) thereof) and 61.145, pass a written test on (a) The sections of this part relating to airline transport pilots and Parts 21, 65, 121, and §§ 91.1 through 91.9 and Subpart B of Part 91, and so much of Part 25 of this chapter as relate to the operations of air carrier aircraft; (b) The fundamentals of air navigation and use of formulas, instruments, and other navigational aids, both in aircraft and on the ground, that are necessary for navigating aircraft by instruments; (c) The general system of weather collection and dissemination; (d) Weather maps, weather forecasting, and weather sequence abbreviations, symbols, and nomenclature; (e) Elementary meteorology, including knowledge of cyclones as associated with fronts; (f) Cloud forms; (g) Department of Commerce Weather Bureau Circular N, "Manual of Surface Observations", as amended; (h) Weather conditions, including icing conditions and upper-air winds, that affect aeronautical activities; (i) Air navigation facilities used on Federal airways, including rotating beacons, course lights, radio ranges, and radio marker beacons; (j) Information from airplane weather observations and meteorological data reported from observations made by pilots on air carrier flights; (k) The influence of terrain on meteorological conditions and developments, and their relation to air carrier flight operations; (1) Radio communication procedure in aircraft operations; and (m) Basic principles of loading and weight distribution and their effect on flight characteristics. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-11, 29 F.R. 14916, Nov. 4, 1964] § 61.145 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience. (a) An application for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane rating must hold a commercial pilot certificate or a foreign airline transport pilot or commercial pilot license without limitations, issued by a member state of ICAO, or he must be a pilot in an Armed Force of the United States whose military experience qualifies him for a commercial pilot certifilcate under § 61.31. (b) An applicant must have had (1) At least 250 hours of flight time as pilot in command, or as copilot performing the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof, at least 100 hours of which were cross-country time and 25 hours of which were night flight time; and (2) At least 1200 hours of flight time as a pilot within the 8 years before the date he applies, including at least (i) 5 hours within the 60 days before the date he applies; (ii) 500 hours of cross-country flight time; (iii) 100 hours of night flight time; and (iv) 75 hours of actual or simulated instrument time, at least 50 hours of which were in actual flight. Flight time used to meet the requirements of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph may also be used to meet the requirements of subparagraph (2) of this paragraph. (c) If an applicant with less than 250 hours of pilot-in-command time otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, has certificate will be endorsed "Holder does not meet the pilot-in-command flight ex (6) Climbs and climbing turns (if he does not hold an instrument rating). (7) Maneuvering at slow speed. (8) Stalls (single engine rating only) or approaches to stalls (multiengine rating only). (9) Airport traffic pattern. (10) Accuracy approaches and spot landings (single engine rating only). (11) Landing technique. (12) Cross-wind takeoff and landing. (15) Timed turns (if he does not hold an instrument rating). (16) Recovery from unusual attitudes. (19) Beam bracketing. (20) Cone (station) identification. (21) Instrument approach procedures. (22) Missed approach procedures. (23) Use of directional radio. (24) Rapid descent and pullup. (25) Engine(s) -out procedure (multiengine rating only). (26) Maneuvering with engine(s) -out (multiengine rating only). (27) Maneuvering for landing at weather minimums. (28) Takeoff and landing with simulated engine (s) failure (multiengine rating only). (29) Emergencies. (30) Smoothness and coordination. (31) Judgment. The maneuvers described in subparagraph (6), (7), (8), (14), (15), (16), (18) through (24), and (26) of this paragraph must be performed solely by reference to instruments. (b) The holder of an airline transport pilot certificate who applies for an airplane type or additional airplane class rating must, for that type or class rating, pass a flight test involving the maneuvers listed in paragraphs (a) (1) through (5), (7) through (14), (16), (17), (21), (22), and (24) through (31) of this section. The maneuvers required by subparagraphs (7), (8), (14), (16), (21), (22), (24), and (26) must be performed solely by reference to instruments. (c) Any maneuver required by this section may be modified by the examining inspector as necessary for the reasonable and safe operation of the aircraft being used. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-20, 30 F.R. 11905, Sept. 17, 1965] § 61.151 Rotorcraft rating: aeronautical knowledge. (a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and a gyroplane class rating, or a rotorcraft category and a helicopter class rating limited to VFR only must pass a written test on (1) So much of this chapter as relates to air carrier rotorcraft operations; (2) Rotorcraft design, components, systems and performance limitations; (3) Basic principles of loading and weight distribution and their effect on rotorcraft flight characteristics; (4) Air traffic control systems and procedures relating to rotorcraft; (5) Procedures for operating rotorcraft in potentially hazardous meteorological conditions; and (6) Flight theory as applicable to rotorcraft. (b) In addition to the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating not limited to VFR must pass a written test on the items listed under paragraphs (b) through (m) of § 61.143. [Amdt. 61-24, 31 F.R. 12401, Sept. 17, 1966] § 61.153 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience. (a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft rating must hold a commercial pilot certificate, or its equivalent as determined by the Administrator. (b) In addition, such an applicant must have had at least 1200 hours of flight time as a pilot within the 8 years before the date he applies including at least (1) 5 hours in rotorcraft within the 60 days before that date; (2) 500 hours of cross-country flight time; (3) 100 hours at night, including at least 15 hours in rotorcraft; and (4) 200 hours in rotorcraft, including at least 75 hours as pilot in command or as second in command performing the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof. (c) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and a helicopter class rating not limited to VFR must have at least 75 hours of instrument time under actual or simulated instrument conditions of which at least 50 hours were completed in flight with at least 25 hours in helicopters as pilot in command, or as second in command performing the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-24, 31 F.R. 12401, Sept. 17, 1966] § 61.155 Rotorcraft rating: aeronautical skill. (a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and a gyroplane class rating or a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating limited to VFR must show his ability to satisfactorily pilot rotorcraft by performing at least the following: (1) Normal takeoffs and landings, crosswind landings, climbs and climbing turns, steep turns, maneuvering at minimum speed, rapid descent, and quick stops; (2) Simulated emergency procedures, including failure of an engine or other component or system, fire, ditching, evacuation, and operating emergency equipment; (3) Approach and landing with simulated one engine inoperative in multiengine helicopters or in autorotation in single engine helicopters; and (4) Any other maneuvers considered necessary to show his ability. (b) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and a helicopter class rating not limited to VFR must meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section. In addition he must perform the maneuvers required by § 61.147 except as specified in subparagraphs (1) through (4) of this paragraph. (1) The maneuvers described in §61.147(a) (8) are not required. (2) The maneuvers described in § 61.147(a) (6) and (15) are not required if the applicant holds a helicopter instrument rating. (3) The maneuver described in § 61.147(a) (24) is limited to rapid descent only. (4) The FAA flight inspector conducting the test may require the maneuvers described in § 61.147(a) (6), (15), and (16) to be performed on partial panel. (c) The holder of an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotocraft category and helicopter class rating who applies for an additional helicopter type rating must show his ability to satisfactorily pilot the type helicopter for which he seeks a rating by performing the maneuvers listed in paragraph (a) of this section for a rating limited to VFR only, or the maneuvers listed in paragraph (b) of this section for a rating not limited to VFR. [Amdt. 61-24, 31 F.R. 12401, Sept. 17, 1966] § 61.157 Additional category ratings. (a) Rotorcraft category and gyroplane class rating or helicopter class rating limited to VFR only. The holder of an airline transport pilot certificate (airplane rating) who applies for a rotorcraft category and gyroplane class rating, or a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating limited to VFR only must meet the applicable requirements of §§ 61.151 and 61.155 and (1) Have at least 100 hours, including at least 15 hours at night, of rotorcraft flight time as pilot in command or as second in command performing the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with an appropriate rotorcraft rating, or any combination thereof; or (2) Complete a training program conducted by a certificated air carrier or other approved agency requiring at least 75 hours of rotorcraft flight time as pilot in command, second in command, or as flight instruction from an appropriately rated flight instructor or an airline transport pilot, or any combination thereof, including at least 15 hours of night flight time. (b) Rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating not limited to VFR. The holder of an airline transport pilot certificate (airplane rating) who applies for a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating not limited to VFR must meet the applicable requirements of §§ 61.151, 61.153, and 61.155. (c) Airplane rating. The holder of an airline transport pilot certificate (rotorcraft rating) who applies for an airplane rating, must comply with §§ 61.143 through 61.147 and (1) Have at least 100 hours, including at least 15 hours at night, of airplane flight time as pilot in command or as second in command performing the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with an appropriate airplane rating, or any combination thereof; or (2) Complete a training program conducted by a certificated air carrier or other approved agency requiring at least 75 hours of airplane flight time as pilot in command, second in command, or as flight instruction from an appropriately rated flight instructor or an airline transport pilot, or any combination thereof, including at least 15 hours of night flight time. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, as amended by Amdt. 61-24, 31 F.R. 12401, Sept. 17, 1966] § 61.161 Tests. (a) Each applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate must pass each practical and theoretical test to the satisfaction of the Administrator. The minimum passing grade in each subject is 70 percent. Each flight maneuver is graded separately. Other tests are graded as a whole. (b) Information collected incidentally to such a test shall be treated as a confidential matter by the persons giving the test and by employees of the FAA. § 61.163 Instruction in air transportation service. An airline transport pilot may instruct other pilots in air transportation service in aircraft of the category, class, and type for which he is rated. However, he may not instruct for more than 8 hours An airline transport pilot has the privileges of a commercial pilot with an instrument rating. The holder of a commercial pilot certificate who qualifies for an airline transport pilot certificate retains the ratings on his commercial pilot certificate, but he may exercise only the privileges of a commercial pilot with respect to them. [Doc. No. 1179, 27 F.R. 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-20, 30 F.R. 11905, Sept. 17, 1965] Subpart F-Flight Instructors AUTHORITY: The provisions of this Subpart F issued under secs. 313(a), 601, and 602 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958; 49 U.S.C. 1354, 1421, 1422. SOURCE: The provisions of this Subpart F contained in Amdt. 61-18, 30 F.R. 8258, June 29, 1965. § 61.170 Eligibility requirements: general. To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate wflith an airplane, rotorcraft, or glider category rating, or an instrument rating, a person must hold a pilot rating in that category of aircraft, or an instrument rating or airline transport pilot certificate, as appropriate, and meet the aeronautical knowledge, experience, and skill requirements of this subpart. § 61.171 Aeronautical knowledge. An applicant for a flight instructor certificate must pass a written test on(a) The fundamentals of flight instruction; and (b) The performance and analysis of flight training maneuvers appropriate to the instructor rating sought. § 61.172 Aeronautical experience. An applicant for a flight instructor certificate must hold a current (a) Airline transport pilot certificate; (b) Commercial pilot certificate without ICAO instrument or night flight limitations endorsement; or (c) Private pilot certificate and An applicant for a flight instructor certificate must perform the following procedures and maneuvers with regard to the giving of flight instruction appropriate to the rating sought: (a) Phase I—Oral and preflight tests. (1) Flight instructor procedures and responsibilities. (2) Factors, conditions, and principles which control the learning process. (3) Essential elements, objectives, and limitations of a lesson plan. (4) Preparation of a lesson plan for flight instruction for a presolo student who has had little flight instruction or a lesson plan including the use of flight instruments, radio aids, and IFR flight clearances if the applicant is seeking an instrument rating. The lesson planned under Phase I is conducted under paragraph (b) of this section, with the examining FAA inspector acting as the student. (b) Phase II-Flight test. The applicant must perform any of the following maneuvers (appropriate to the rating sought) as may be requested by the FAA inspector. (1) Airplane: (1) Normal Operations. Preflight operations. Radio communications. Taxiing or sailing and docking. Normal takeoffs and landings. Straight and level flight. Medium turns. Steep turns. Climbs and climbing turns. Descents, with and without power, in straight flight and in turns. (ii) Ground Reference Maneuvers. Crosswind takeoffs and landings. Soft-field takeoffs and landings. Full-stall landings (nosewheel-type airplanes). Wheel landings (tailwheel-type airplanes). Power approaches. Accuracy approaches and spot landings. S turns across a road. Turns about a point. Pattern eights. Rectangular courses and airport traffic patterns. Slips. (iii) Coordination Maneuvers. 720° power turns. Gliding spirals. Stalls and slow flight. Lazy eights. Pylon eights. (iv) Emergency Operations, Forced landings. Flight emergencies. Emergency operation of aircraft equipment. Engine-out emergencies (if multiengine airplane is used). Control of airplane by reference to flight instruments. (v) Cross-Country Navigation. Dead reckoning. Pilotage. Radio navigation. (vi) Spins. (The inspector may accept logbook record of spin flight instruction in lieu of a demonstration. Such a record must indicate that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory entries and recoveries from spins in both directions, and shall be certified by the flight instructor who conducted the flight instruction.) (2) Rotorcraft (if helicopter used): Vertical takeoff to hover. (li) Precision Maneuvers. Hovering; upwind, crosswind, and downwind. Hovering turns. Pattern flying, with constant and with |