the High-Church element, by a pure of the Reichsrath with such force, that spirit of brotherly love. that body almost unanimously passed a resolution that the rights of the dissenting denominations had in some cases been violated, and that the ecclesiastical legislation of Austria ought to be regulated in accordance with the principles of right and justice. The Protestants of Austria felt never more confident than at present, that the day when full equality of rights with their Roman Catholic fellow-citizens will be granted to them, cannot be much longer postponed. In other German States the influence of Rome has met with even greater reverses. The government of Baden has officially declared the late concordat as abandoned, and the Legislature of the Grand Duchy of Darmstadt has resolved, with all votes against two, to call on the government to break off its negotiations with the bishop of the country, to whom a great many concessions had been made, and to regulate the legal relations of the Catholic Church to the State by a special law. The two Protestant Churches of Hungary, after having forced the government to forego its pretensions, are rejoicing at the recovery of their constitutional rights. In the Reformed Church all the congregations are again governed by the former Church constitution; in the Lutheran Church only sixteen Sciavonian congregations adhere to the new constitution proclaimed by the Imperial Patent of September 1, 1859, and have constituted themselves an independent superintendentship, with which the rest of the Church refuses to hold ecciesiastical communion. Both Churches held in September and October General Assemblies, which occupied themselves with securing the newly recovered rights of the Churches, with obtaining from the government an unequivocal acknowledgment of the fundamental law of Hungarian Protestantism of 1791, with extending the control of the Church over the Protestant schools, with carrying through a presbyterian constitution where it does not yet exist, and with preparations for the convocation of the General Synods of the Churches. In no Austrian province is the PROGRESS OF PROTESTANTISM at present more marked than in Bohemia. Numerous conversions of Roman Catholics are reported from a number of places. One Protestant pastor writes to the Protestant Church Gazette of Pesth, that in the village of Spalow sixty adult persons have legally declared their intention to join the Evangelical Church, and that all the adult inhabitants over eighteen years of age will soon follow this example. The Baptist Churches of Germany, Switzerland, and Denmark held their triennial convention at Hamburg on October 4. Their cause is highly prosperous and steadily progressing. Their membership, during the past three years, has increased from five thousand nine hundred and one to seven thousand nine hundred and eight, and the number of preaching stations from five hundred and seventy-four to seven hundred and fifty-six. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.It is generally believed that the Austrian Concordat may now be regarded as virtually abolished. Some of the grievances of the Protestant and Greek Churches were set forth in the meetings ITALY. THE PROTESTANT CHURCHES.-The intelligence on the Progress of Protestantism in Italy has never been more cheering and more full of promise for the future than during the past three months. The successes of Garibaldi and Victor Emanuel have, for the first time since the suppression of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, thrown open the whole peninsula to the free and open proclamation of the doctrines of evangelical Christianity. In the kingdom of Sardinia the work consolidates and extends itself. In Val d'Aosta there seems to be a great spirit of inquiry awakened. The Waldensian minister at Courmayeur and Aosta, Rev. Mr. Curie, has issued a work entitled, "The Minister and the Priests; or, an Answer to the Attacks of the Clerical Party in Sardinia against Protestantism," (Le Ministre et les Prêtres, etc.,) which has produced quite a ferment among the priests of that valley, who call it "Le comble du poison." A number of them publicly tore a copy of the book in pieces in the marketplace of Aosta, but, much against their expectation, greatly contributed thereby to an increase of the sale of the book. Mr. Curie has since made inquiries to ascertain whether an edition of his book might not be brought out in Italian, and whether any society would take it up. Mr. Curie's place of meeting in Aosta is always crowded to the door, and a larger place is much required. He has been invited to visit numerous villages around and to hold meetings. Mr. Jay, a Waldensian minister, who studied for a year in Edinburgh, has gone to aid him by occupying Courmayeur, and is now supplied with an active, pious colporteur. In the former Papal States the city of Bologna will be the prominent center of the work of evangelization. A Vaudois evangelist has settled there, and what is still more important, the most zealous and learned among the Italian converts from the Roman Catholic Church, Mr. Mazarella, hitherto leader of the Evangelical Protestant congregation of Genoa, has been appointed by the government to the chair of Moral Philosophy in the University of Bologna, and has accepted the appointment on the express condition that his exertions for spreading the principles of evangelical Christianity would be in no way interfered with. The Edinburgh Bible Society has dispatched a colporteur to Umbria and the Marches, to take advantage of the openings there. In Tuscany, the Waldensian Theological Hall at Florence has been opened with nine students; and a letter has been received from a priest at Brescia, announcing his resolution to go to Florence during the winter to attend the lectures. An additional female school for the children of the upper classes has just been opened in Florence, under the auspices of two deaconesses from the establishment of Protestant Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth in Germany. The colporteurs throughout Tuscany, notwithstanding their number, find a good sale both for Bibles and tracts. One of them attended a fair at the small town of Pontedera, and sold in a short time fifty copies of the Bible. The progress in the flourishing city of Leghorn, where for a few weeks after the reopening of the place of meeting many former attendants absented themselves through fear of annoyances, is now again highly satisfactory. The hall, which holds about two hundred persons, is always crowded to the door, and many cluster around who cannot find admission. The Waldensian minister at Leghorn, Rev. Mr. Ribetti, has had an invitation from a number of people in the village of Calvi, near Pisa, and from another place about forty miles distant, to open meetings there also; but the charge of the congregations at Leghorn and Pisa affords him ample work, and beyond an occasional visit to the new localities mentioned he cannot go. In Naples and Sicily active operations have likewise been commenced. A late agent for the British and Foreign Bible Society, has been for some time at Palermo, and has written to some of his friends that his success in selling Bibles has been very great, there being a great demand for them. Father Gavazzi and a popular Sicilian preacher, Frate Pantaleone, Gavazzi's chaplain, have been very active in haranguing large crowds on the errors of the papacy. Toward the close of October Gavazzi commenced in the former church of the Jesuits at Naples lectures on the New Testament. Efforts were made to prohibit his preaching, but Garibaldi protected him. The English residents of Naples, who applied to Garibaldi for the permission of building a church, received not only this permission, but also the donation of a suitable piece of land. The British and Foreign Bible Society and the Edinburgh Bible Society have both dispatched their agents to the city of Naples with a large supply of Bibles, and a large number of copies has been, unimpeded, sold in the streets. Rev. Mr. Cresi, who for some months has been stationed as a missionary at Bologna, has expressed his desire to return to Naples, his native country, in order to preach the Gospel there, and from thence to do what he can for Sicily until some minister be provided. An English gentleman of well-known liberality, Mr. Henderson, of Park, has taken the support of this young minister upon himself. The Waldenses, according to the last accounts, were sending two colporteurs into Sicily, whose headquarters for the present will be Palermo, and other colporteurs will be sent by other parties to Messina, and along the eastern coast of the island. Thus a number of Protestant agencies are at work throughout Italy. The British and Foreign Bible Society has twenty-four colporteurs employed, the Edinburgh Bible Society eight, the Italian Society at Geneva twelve, and a considerable number are employed by the Vaudois Bible and Tract Society. Still many regret that the unprecedented opportunities for the evangelization of Italy which exist at present do not induce more of the religious societies of Prot estant countries to take an active part been served by orthodox ministers, havin it. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.-The Temporal Power of the Pope may now be regarded as being at an end. Only the city of Rome and a small adjacent tract of country are still kept by French troops against their will, under the dominion of the Pope. How eager the whole population of the Papal States are to get rid of the Papal rule, and how little they care for the excommunication which has been pronounced against all who are instrumental in the diminution of the "Patrimony of St. Peter," has recently again been shown by the vote of the people of Umbria and the Marches on their annexation to Sardinia. In Umbria 97,040 voted for and 380 against annexation; and in the Marches 133,783 for and only 1,212 against. In consequence of the annexation of the Papal provinces and of Naples, THE LIBERAL ECCLESIASTICAL LEGISLATION of Sardinia has now been extended over all Italy. Bishops, priests, and monks have been subjected to the civil law like all other citizens, the Jesuits, as the chief promoters of despotism, have been expelled, and the extraordinary number of convents will soon be considerably reduced. FRANCE. THE PROTESTANT CHURCHES.-The Synod of the Union of Evangelical Churches assembled on Sept. 6, at St. Etienne, near Lyons. The usual authorization hitherto granted was this year refused, and the meeting of Synod interdicted by the Minister of Public Instruction. On remonstrance it was by stealth connived at, but since it has been announced that no future meetings of the Synod will be allowed. An important change in the "Confession" of the Union, by which the nature of the death of Christ, as an atoning sacrifice, was declared more fully and explicitly than before, was unanimously adopted. A full and interesting account was given by the "Commission for Evangelization," which throughout showed the present remarkable openings in France for the preaching of the Gospel. The Struggle between the Evangelical and Rational istic Elements in the National Reformed Church has recently led again to a painful collision. The congregation of Luneray, which for many years past has ing formed a second pastor's place, and proposed for it three orthodox candidates, the Consistory of Dieppe has passed over all the three proposed candidates from whom, according to law, it was to choose one, and appointed the pastor of a small Rationalistic congregation at the same place, which eighteen years ago separated from the National Church, for the office and this appointment has been ratified by the government. The Rationalistic pastor has been installed over the protesting congregation, to which he has joined his Rationalists. The Espérance, the organ of the evangelical party, takes occasion from this "most deplorable affair which has taken place in the Reformed Church since the commencement of this century" to urge the imperious necessity of a prompt return to the practice of synodical organization. In the present disposition of the French government there is, however, but little hope, we fear, for any advancement of the self-government of the Churches. The French Academy, at its annual meeting held in September, awarded the first prize for peculiarly virtuous deeds, for the first time, to a Protestant pastor, the Rev. John Bost, of Laforce, for his three institutions for orphan, blind, idiotic, and incurable children. The merits of the humble pastor were eloquently set forth by one of the greatest living French scholars, M. de Remusat. The impression made in France by this decision of the Academy, has been the more profound, as these very institutions at Laforce had been the butt, for years, of the most virulent calumnies from the Ultramontanists. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.The Ultramontane Party in France have done more than their coreligionists in any other country for supporting the Pope in his last struggle for maintaining the political power of the Papacy. Men and money have been liberally furnished, and the bishops have made the utmost efforts to prevail on the government to come to the rescue of the Pope. attempt, however, has entirely failed. The government, while leaving individual Catholics at liberty to show their sympathy with the cause of the Pope in any way they pleased, has prohibited the formation of committees for regularly collecting the Peter's Pence. It has again suppressed a leading organ of the This ultramontane school, the Gazette de Lyon, and has officially requested the bishops not to lend their help to the new arch confraternity of "St. Peter in the bonds," which required its members to use all means for the defense of the Papal power. Thus the disagreement between the government and the Church has become greater than it has ever been before. SPAIN. PROTESTANTISM.-The Persecution of Protestantism remains unabated. A child fifteen months old, belonging to Protestant parents of Bayonne, in France, having died at Villabona, near Vittoria, in Spain, the clergy of that place, on account of the parents' religion, refused him Christian burial; and when the father, on arriving near the French frontier, had to wait for an authorization to introduce the dead body, the chief of the post on duty threatened that he would have the body cast into the river if in an hour he did not get the permission. At Bilboa about three hundred Protestants, connected with the railway now building, having collected on Sunday to worship, a number of Spanish officials entered the church during the Litany and put a stop to the service. The buying and possess ing of a Protestant book remains strictly and absolutely forbidden. ART. IX.-FOREIGN LITERARY INTELLIGENCE. GERMANY. 1. Exegetical Theology. A new Commentary on the Prophets after the exile (Die nachexilischen Propheten, Leipz.) has been commenced by A. Köhler, Privatdocent of Theology at the University of Erlangen. The author belongs, like the whole theological faculty with which he is connected, to the orthodox Lutheran school, and has previously published several exegetical articles in the Theological Quarterly, published by Dr. Rudelbach and Dr. Guericke. The first volume of his commentary contains Haggai. Another of the minor prophets, Habakkuk, has been anew translated and interpreted by J. Von Gumpach, (Der Prophet Habakkuk, Munich,) whose name we have occasionally met with as a contributor to the "Studien und Kritiken." The translation has been made anew from the Hebrew text, which, as the title-page announces, has been "thoroughly revised and, for the first time, restored to its original connection." A new commentary on Ecclesiastes (Commentar über das Predigerbuch Salomo, Leipz.) has been issued by H. A. Kahn, who likewise belongs to the Lutheran school. The Prophets and their Prophecies (Die Propheten und ihre Weissagungen, Gotha) is the title of a new work by Professor Tholuck, which, like the former works of this gifted divine, meets with a large circulation. Dr. Stier, well known as the author of the Words of the Lord Jesus and the after the model of these works, a volume Words of the Apostles, has published, of "The Words of the Angels," (Reden der Engel, Barmen,) the first work ever published on this subject. Dr. Tischendorf has issued an extensive prospectus of the important Sinaitic manuscript of the Bible, which was discovered by him on his Oriental journey in 1859, and the publication of which is announced for the year 1862. (Notitia Editionis Codicis Bibliorum Sinaitici, Leipz.) The work contains full informa tion on the history of the discovery, on its contents and high age, a list of six hundred passages of the New Testament which are of special critical interest, and, as specimens, twenty-six columns of the Old Testament and thirty-four of the New, as also the works of Barnabas and Hermas. A second and a third part contain reports, with specimens, on other important discoveries made on the same literary journey. 2. Historical Theology. Dr. Hase, the learned Church historian, has recently published a second revised edition of his work on the "Empire of the Anabaptists" at Münster in the sixteenth century, (Das Reich der Wiedertäufer, Leipz.) The first edition of this treatise formed part of a volume, entitled New Prophets, and containing, besides, treatises on Savonarola and on Jeanne d'Arc. Of a more comprehensive | with special investigations on the Gnoswork on the Anabaptists of Munster, by Dr. Cornelius, a Roman Catholic writer, which is recommended by the German journals as an able publication, the second volume has appeared. (Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs. Zweites Buch., Leipzic.) The celebration of the so-called "Passion Plays," which take place every tenth year at Oberammergan, in Bavaria, and theatrically represent the Passion of Christ, has called forth a work from Dr. Hase on the history of "the Ecclesiastical Plays," (Das Geistliche Schauspel, Leipz.,) of which the Passion Play of Oberammergan is the last remnant. Professor Hagenbach, of Basel, has continued his popular "Lectures on Church History" by the publication of "Lectures on the Church History of the Middle Ages." The first part contains the history from the death of Gregory the Great to Innocent III., or from the seventh to the twelfth century. (Vorlesungen über die Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters, Leipzic.) tic systems (Geschichte der Kosmologie in der Griechischen Kirche, Halle,) by Dr. Möller, Privatdocent of Theology at the University of Halle; the third volume of a History of French Calvinism, (Geschichte des Französ. Calvinismus, Gotha,) by Polenz, one of the most thorough works on the history of French Calvinism; the second and last volume of a History of Calixtus, (the celebrated German theologian of the seventeenth century,) and of his times, by Henke, (Calixtus und Seine Zeit, Halle;) and the third volume of the History of "Ulrich von Hutten," containing a translation of his most memorable discourses with commentary, by David Frederick Strauss, the author of the "Life of Jesus." An important work on the History of the Koran, (Geschichte des Qoran, Gottingen,) has been published by Nöldeke; and the valuable recent literature of Germany on the history of Buddhism has been enriched by the translation of an excellent Russian work, by Professor W. Wassiljew, on "Buddhism: Its Doctrines, History, and Literature," (Der Buddhismus, seine Dogmen, etc., St. PeMod-tersburgh.) The first volume contains the "general survey." The author has made use of many sources of information previously had access. to which no other European writer has Among works on modern Church history are the fourth volume of Kampe's History of the Religious Movements of ern Times, (Geschichte der Religiösen Bewegungen, Leipz.,) the completest work on the attempts made by Ronge, Uhlich, and many others, to organize in Germany Rationalistic churches; a second edition of Dr. Stahl's important work on the Lutheran Church and the Union, (Die Lutherische Kirche und die Union, Berlin,) with an appendix which contains a review of the attacks to which the first edition has been exposed; a memoir on the last days of "G. H. Von Schubert," one of the noblest men and best Christians among the great scholars of Germany, by Ranke; and a biography of Rev. Imm. T. Sander, a venerable pillar of the Lutheran Church, and of orthodox Christianity in its struggles with the neological and materialistic tendencies of the times, by Dr. Krummacher. (J. F. Sander, Eine Prophetengestalt, Elberfeld.) To former periods of the Christian Church refer a picture of " The Christian Church on the Threshold of the Irenaan Age," (Die Christlische Kirche an der Schwelle des iren. Zeitalters, Leipz.,) by Dr. Graul, the president of the Lutheran Missionary Seminary at Leipzic; a History of the Cosmology of the Greek Church, 3. Dogmatic Theology. A highly important contribution to the history of modern German theology has been furnished by J. Bodemeyer's "Doctrine of the Kenosis," (Lehre von der Kenosis, Goetting.) Kenosis is the technical term for a doctrine which has gained quite a number of adherents among the Lutheran theologians of Germany. According to it the Logos, at his incarna tion, voluntarily divested himself of his divine self-consciousness in order to develop himself in purely human form. The doctrine has been in particular developed, though in different form, by Thomasius, Liebner, and Gess, and on account of the importance which is attributed to it by a large number of theologians, well deserved to be made the subject of a special, thorough work. A comprehensive work on Man, the Image of God, his relation to Christ and to the World, (Der Mensch das Ebenbild Gottes, Basel,) has been commenced by |