putable facts, from which it appears, that when nations have been, as it were, condemned for their crimes, unless they first became suicides, foreigners have acted as executioners.

THIS is not all. As government is intended for the happiness of the people, the protection of the worthy against those of contrary characters, is calculated to promote the end of legitimate government, that is, the general welfare; for the government will partake of the qualities of those whose authority is prevalent. If it be asked, who are the worthy, we may be informed by a heathen poet

"Vir bonus est quis? Qui consulta patrum, qui leges juraque servat.'

THE best foundations of this protection, that can be made laid by men, are a constitution and government secured, as well as can be, from the undue influence of passions either in the people or their servants. Then in a contest between citizens and citizens, or states and states, the standard of laws may be displayed, explained and strengthened by the well-remembered sentiments and examples of our fore-fathers, which will give it a sanctity far superior to that of their eagles so venerated by the for

He who reveres the constitution, liberties, and laws of his country.The dominion of laws, is the only dominion acknowledged by freemen.

mer masters of the world. This circumstance will carry powerful aids to the true friends of their country, and unless counteracted by the follies of Pharsalia, or the accidents of Philippi, may secure the blessings of freedom to succeeding ages.

IT has been contended, that the plan proposed to to us, adequately secures us against the influence of passions in the federal servants. Whether it as

adequately secures us against the influence of passions in the people, or in the particular states, time will determine, and may the determination be propitious.

LET us now consider the tragical play of the passions in similar cases; or, in other words, the consequences of their irregularities. Duly governed, they produce happiness.

HERE the reader, is respectfully requested, to assist the intentions of the writer, by keeping in mind, the ideas of a single republic with one democratic branch in its government, and of a confederation of republics with one or several democratic branches in the government of the confederation, or in the government of its parts, so that as he proceeds, a comparison may easily run along, between of these and the proposed plan. any

HISTORY is entertaining and instructive: but, if admired chiefly for amusement, it may yield little profit. If read for improvement, it is apprehended, a slight attention only will be paid to the vast variety of particular incidents, unless they be such as may meliorate the heart. A knowledge of the distinguishing features of nations, the principles of their governments, the advantages and disadvantages of their situations, the methods employed to avail themselves of the first, and to alleviate the last, their manners, customs and institutions, the sources of events, their progresses, and determining causes, may be eminently useful, tho' obscurity may rest upon a multitude of attending circumstances. Thus, one nation may become prudent and happy, not only by the wisdom and success, but even by the errors and misfortunes of another.

IN Carthage and Rome, there was a very numerous senate, strengthened by prodigious attachments, and in a great degree independent of the people. In Athens, there was a senate strongly supported by the powerful court of Areopagus. In each of these republics, their affairs at length became convulsed, and their liberty was subverted. What cause produced these effects? Encroachments of the senate upon the authority of the peo. ple?—No! but directly the reverse, according to the unanimous voice of historians; that is, en

encroachments of the people upon the authority of The people of these republics abso

the senate.

lutely laboured for their own destruction; and never thought themselves so free, as when they were promoting their own subjugation. Though, even after these encroachments had been made, and ruin was spreading around, yet the remnants of senatorial authority delayed the final catastrophe.†

In more modern times, the Florentines exhibited a memorable example. They were divided into violent parties; and the prevailing one vested exorbitant powers in the house of Medici, then possessed, as it was judged, of more money, than any crowned head in Europe. Though that house engaged and persevered in the attempt, yet the people were never despoiled of their liberty, until the Medici contrived to have them overwhelmed by the armies of foreign princes, to whose enterprizes their situation exposed them.

The great Bacon, in enumerating the arts by which Cesar enslaved his country, says--"His first artifice was to break the strength of the senate, for while that remained safe, there was no opening for any person to immoderate or extraordinary power"--" Nam initio sibi erant frangendæ senatus opes et autoritas, qua salva nemini ad, immodica et extra ordinaria imperia aditus erat." Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, takes notice in his universal history, that the infamous Herod, to engross authority, attacked the Sanhedrim, which was in a manner the senate, where the supreme jurisdiction was exercised."

REPUBLICS of later date and various form have appeared. Their institutions consist of old errors tissued with hasty inventions, somewhat excusable, as the wills of the Romans, made with arms in their hands. Some of them were cONDENSED,* by dangers. They are still compressed by them into a sort of union. Their well known transactions witness, that their connection is not enough compact and arranged. They have all suffered or are suffering through that defect. Their existence seems to depend more upon others, than upon themselves. There might be an impropriety in saying more, considering the peculiarity of their circumstances at this time.

THE wretched mistake of the great men who were leaders in the long parliament of England, in attempting, by not filling up vacancies, to extend their power over a brave and sensible people, accustomed to POPULAR REPRESENTATION, and their downfal, when their victories and puissance by sea

"If we consider what the principles are that first CONDENSE man into society, and what the motive is that regulates their mutual intercourse afterwards, we shall find, by the time we arrive at what is called government, that nearly the whole of the business is performed by the natural operation of the parts upon each other."

RIGHTS of Man.

† This opinion has been verified by facts that have taken place several years since its publication.