1863 and 1864, after which he held no office. Mr. Jones was a firm and consistent Democrat of the old school of Jefferson and Jackson. During the feuds occasioned by the antislavery agitation he sided with the Barnburners and Free-soilers, and in the war of the South he was ardent and patriotic in his support of the Government; and bis counsels at the close of the war tended most powerfully to keep the Democratic party in this State true to its allegiance to the national cause. In social intercourse Mr. Jones was singularly amiable and unassuming, the model of an American country gentleman. For about a year he had been in ill health, and had recently returned from a tour in Europe. FRANCE, a republic of Europe. Presiident, Adolphe Thiers, elected August 31, 1871 (see THIERS). General Secretary, Barthélemy St. Hilaire. The ministry, at the close 1. Public Debt and Dotations: Public Debt.. Dotation for the Legion of Honor.. Salary and Household of the President.. National Assembly....... 2. Civil Service: of the year 1871, was composed as follows: Minister of Justice, Dufaure; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Charles de Rémusat; Minister of the Interior, Casimir Périer; Minister of Finances, Pouyer-Quertier; Minister of the Navy, Vice-Admiral Pothuau; Minister of Public Instruction, Worship, and Arts, Jules Simon; Minister of Public Works, De Larcy; Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Victor Lefranc; Minister of War, General de Cissey. The National Assembly consists of 738 members, elected on February 8 and on July 2, 1871. President, Jules Grévy; Vice-Presidents, Vitet, Benoist d'Azy, M. S. M. Girardin; Secretaries, Bethmont, Vicomte de Meaux, Johnston, Baron de Barante, Marquis de Castellane, De Rémusat; Questors, Baze, General Martin des Pallières, and Princeteau. The budget of the ordinary and extraordinary expenditures in 1871 was as follows: (a.) Ministry of Justice..... $6,457,540 (b.) Ministry of the Interior.. 33,907,744 General Government of Algeria... (c.) Ministry of Foreign Affairs.. 2,898,381 (d.) Ministry of Finances.. 86,600,208 (e.) Ministry of Public Instruction, Public Worship, and Fine Arts. g.) Ministry of Public Works... 3. Military Service: (a.) Ministry of War (6.) Ministry of the Navy... 4 Expenditures for collection of taxes and sundries.. 5. Allowances and reimbursements Total...... BUDGET OF REVENUE, 1871. (a.) Ordinary Budget. 1. Direct Taxes (including the Special Budget)...... 2. Indirect Taxes and Revenue.. 3. Various Revenue... 4. Former Administration Budget.. Total Ordinary Budget..... (b.) Extraordinary Budget. 1. Indemnification of Cochin China (1,080,000 fr.), payable Rents of the Austrian Debt (Mont de Milan, 250,000 fr.) etc.. 2. Contribution of the Departments and Communities for the equipping of the National Guards. 3. Sale of Rents of the Dotations Funds of the Army. 4. Loan from the Bank of France.. 5. New Advance from the Bank.. 6. Part of the Loan of Two Milliards.. Total Extraordinary Budget.. Grand Total... At the close of the year 1871 it was not possible to give a detailed statement of the public debt. It was supposed that, after paying the expenses of war, and the indemnification to Germany, the principal would exceed two thousand million francs. According to the budget of 1870, the principal of the national debt amounted to 12,923,718,073 francs, while 316 Receipts. Expenditures. At the head of the French Navy were, in 1871, the following officers: Admiral, Charles Rigault de Grenouilly (January, 1864); ViceAdmirals, Tréhouart (February, 1869); M. Fourichan (1859); L. Comte de Gueydon (1861); J. P. E. Jurien de la Gravière (1862); G. L. E. Larrieu, Reynaud, P. V. Touchard (1864); P. P. M. de la Grandière (1865); A. E. L. Laffont de Ladébot, F. E. de Poucques d'Herbingham, C. A. M. Baron de la Rancière de Noury, A. Bosse (1868); J. B. L. Mazères, P. A. Roze (1869); Saisset, Jaureguiberry (1870); Vicomte de Fleuriot de Langley, Pothuau, Baron Didelot, Penhoat, De Dampierre d'Hornay (1871). The territorial division of France, after the cession of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, was as follows: Rhin (Haut).. Saône-et-Loire Tarn-et-Garonne. Var.. Maine-et-Loire.. 2,750 11 532,325 Manche.. 2,289 11 573,899 Marne 8,159 8 390,809 Marne (Haute). 2,401 5 259,096 Mayenne.... 1,979 367,855 Meurthe-et-Moselle 2.014 366,617 Meuse... Morbihan. 2,405 301,653 501,084 Nièvre. 2.617 342,773 1,392,041 Oise 2,260 401,274 Orne 2,354 414,618 Pas-de-Calais 749,777 11 571,690 Pyrénées (Basses) 2,945 9 425,486 Pyrénées (Hautes). 240,252 Pyrénées-Orientales.. 1,591 189,490 56,980 678,648 Saône (Haute). 2,062 6 317,706 600,006 463,619 2,224 5 271,663 Savoie (Haute).. 1,659 273,768 183 2,150,196 Seine-Inférieure... 2,329 792,768 Seine-et-Marne 2,214 354,400 Seine-et-Oise. 533,727 Sèvres (Deux).. 2,316 333,155 572,640 2,217 355,518 1,436 228,969 2.349 308,550 1,870 2,588 2,691 2,130 Vosges..... 2,266 2,851 Six deputies are elected by Algeria, two each by Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, and one each by Guyana, Senegambia, French India; total, 738 deputies. The French army was, in 1871, in a process of radical reorganization. The contingent of 1870 was by a law of September 11th fixed at 120,000; the National Guard was dissolved by a law of August 29, 1871. The fleet was likewise to undergo great changes, and accurate information on its condition at the close of the year was wanting. Later dates than those published in the preceding volume of the AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA are also want ing concerning the movement of commerce and of shipping. The length of the railroads in operation amounted in September, 1871, to 9,073 miles. At the beginning of the year 1871 the seat of the Provincial Government of France was at Bordeaux, to which city it had been removed on December 10, 1870. Toward the close of December, Gambetta had gone to Lyons in order to put a stop to the anarchy which then threatened to gain a firm footing. The Reds of that city, after complaining, in an address to the Government, of the weakness of the authorities, and demanding the election of officers who would be directly responsible to the people, had proceeded so far as to have sentences of death pronounced by revolutionary courts, and, in some instances, even executed. Gambetta succeeded in reëstablishing quiet; he did not dare, however, to remove the red flag from the city hall. While pursuing a policy of compromise with regard to the Reds, he continued to make the utmost efforts for the maintenance of the republic. The teachers had previously been instructed to point in their schools to the republican form of government as the only one from which the salvation of the nation could be expected; now he caused addresses to be sent from all parts declaring that the delivery of the country was possible only through the republic, and that, though it would require considerable sacrifices, and the employment of extraordinary measures, the great task could be done. One of the most important of these measures was, the dissolution of the General Councils and other elective bodies of the provinces. The General Councils were to be replaced by committees appointed by the prefects. This measure, which was not approved by the colleagues of Gambetta, was called forth by the fear that the General Councils might resist the extraordinary measures adopted for raising money. The peasants refused in many places to pay extraordinary taxes, and to make contracts for the war. A decree of the Government, dated January 2, 1871, by which the people were called upon to pay the taxes one year in advance, was not heeded. The dissolution of the General Councils produced a wide-spread dissatisfaction; numerous protests were entered against the measure, and the speedy convocation of a National Assem bly was more loudly demanded. Gambetta continued to appoint departmental committees; and at the same time he instructed the prefects to be more cautious in the collection of taxes. With regard to the Reds, he showed himself conciliatory, and, when the majors of the National Guard of Lyons resolved by a vote of eighteen against nine to retain the red flag, he quickly gave his consent. The city of Paris was in a most unhappy condition. As it was found to be impossible to collect the rents, a delay of three months in their payment was granted to the tenants, and a provincial credit of twenty million francs was opened for the support of the National Guard. The prices of meat were again reduced, and the mortality rapidly increased in consequence of the general want, the scarcity of fuel, and the severe cold. Nevertheless, the war party remained in the ascendency. Trochu issued a proclamation in which he pledged himself never to surrender, and admonished the population not to be deceived by fraud and slanders. The proclamation was chiefly directed against the Reds, the clubs of whom violently denounced the Government, and demanded that Trochu be replaced by a more daring leader, who would break through the German lines. Gambetta opened a new credit of 52 million francs, and devoted 30 millions of it to the further purchase of arms and ammunition. On the other hand, a decree which dissolved the corps of Franc-tireurs, or embodied them with the regular army, was regarded by many as an indication that even Gambetta began to despair of the final issue. A last attempt to bring on an intervention of foreign powers in favor of France was made when a conference was called in London for settling the Eastern question (see EASTERN QUESTION). By refusing to send a plenipotentiary to take part in the revision of the Peace of Paris of 1856, the Government hoped to dispose some of the neutral powers to use their influence in behalf of France. When this hope was disappointed, public opinion seemed to regard a further resistance as useless. The situation of Paris in the mean while had become still more desperate. Armed bands, on January 23d, freed Flourens, who since October 31st had been in prison, and then made a violent attack upon the Hôtel-de-Ville, in which the authorities were in consultation. The movement was suppressed by the Guards Mobile, but it induced the Government to hasten the surrender. On January 28th an armistice was signed and a three-weeks' truce concluded. The terrible distress, which had increased the mortality in the last week of January to 6,000 souls, now became fully apparent, and the supply of the city with fresh provisions was considerably delayed, as the French had destroyed all the railroads of the neighborhood. Gambetta at first seemed disposed to recognize the acts of the Paris delegation of the Government; but, when the radicals in Bordeaux, |