II. Faults in Quality. — The following are enumerated by Murdoch as faults which impair purity of tone:

1. The guttural tone -a mode of utterance which seems to make the voice issue from an obstructed throat.

2. Nasal tone which makes the voice sound as if it came only through the nose.

3. The oral tone — the slight, ineffective voice of indifference, feebleness, or fatigue; or the mincing tone of false taste.

4. The pectoral tone-a fault arising from an imperfect habit of breathing, in consequence of which the lungs are not furnished with a sufficient supply of air to produce full and clear tone.

Of course, all these “ faults” in quality may become merits when appropriately used by the professional elocutionist for expressive or imitative effects.

Exercise.

PURE.

O that this lovely vale were mine!
Then, from glad youth to calm decline,

My years would gently glide;
Hope would rejoice in endless dreams,
And Memory's oft-returning gleams

By peace be sanctified !

There is a land, of every land the pride,
Beloved by Heaven o'er all the world beside,
Where brighter suns dispense serener light,
And milder moons imparadise the night;
O, thou shalt find, howe'er thy footsteps roam,
That land — thy country, and that spot - thy home.

Thou, too, sail on, O ship of state !
Sail on, O Union, strong and great!

ASPIRATED.

Speak softly!
All's hushed as midnight yet.

Hence, horrible shadow !
Unreal mockery, hence!

The citizens whispered, with white lips,
“The foe! they come! they come !”

VI. EMPHASIS.

Emphasis is the mode of drawing attention to one or more words in a sentence. By the proper use of emphasis we impart interest and animation to reading.

Emphasis, though often confounded with mere comparative force of utterance on an accented syllable, has in reality the wider scope of signification indicated in the preceding and following paragraphs. It is, therefore, not one of the simple elements of vocal expression, but the utilization of two or more of these elements to the end of calling special attention to emphatic words.

Modes of Emphasis. — To call special attention to a word in any way, is to emphasize it. Hence a word may be rendered emphatic by the use of extra force, by a change in the inflection, by pauses, or even by uttering it in a very low key. I. Emphasis by Force. — A word may be emphasized

by uttering it in a louder tone (that is, with extra “force").

Exercise. [The lowest degree of emphasis is usually marked by Italics; the next higher degree, by SMALL CAPITALS: the highest degree, by LARGE CAPITALS.

Go, ring the bells, and fire the guns,

And Aling the starry banners out;
Shout “FREEDOM” till your lisping ones

Give back their cradle shout.
Come over, come over the river to me!

but

weep o'er days more blest? Must we but blush? Our fathers BLED!

Must we

What can alone ennoble fight?
A noble CAUSE !

Not that I loved Cæsar LESS, but Rome MORE.

And if thou saidst I am not peer
To any lord in Scotland here,
Lowland or Highland, far or near,

Lord Angus, thou HAST LIED!
Strike — till the last armed foe expires;
STRIKE — for your altars and your fires;
STRIKE — for the green graves of your sires,

God, and your native land!
An hour passed on — the Turk awoke;

-
That bright dream was his last;
He woke to hear his sentries shriek,
To arnis! they come! the Greek! the GREEK !

II. Emphasis by Inflection. — A word may be empha

sized by the use of the suitable inflection.

Exercise.

Be not like dumb, driven cattle':
Be a hero' in the strife.

a

Sink or swim, líve or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this vote.

Three thousand ducats': 'tis a good round sum'.
I said an elder' soldier, not a better'.

In the one writer we most admire the man'; in the other', the work'.

Stand! the ground's your own, my braves !
Will ye give it up to slăves ?
He said ; then full before their sight

Produced the beast, and lo! 'twas white !

Truly, sir, ăll that I live by is with the awl. Is thy servant a dog, that he should do this great thing ? III. Emphasis by Time. — A word may be rendered

emphatic by uttering it more slowly, or by pausing before or after it.

Exercise.
I had a brother once- a g-r-a-cious boy.
A lad both b-r-a-ve and g-00-d.
H-ai-l, h-o-l-y light!
His sentence was death!

A day, an hour, / of virtuous liberty is worth a whole eternity | of bondage.

He woke | to die.
The quality of mercy is not I s-tor-ained'.

He i jests at scars | who never felt a wound.
They show the banners | taken, they tell his battles I won.