gen.

Dyadic (di-ad'ik), a. Pertaining or relating to the number two, or to a dyad; consisting of two parts or elements.-Dyadic arithmetic, a system of arithmetic, in which only two significant figures, 1 and 0, are used, so that 2 is represented by 10; 3, by 11; 4, by 100; 9, by 1001.

Dyaus (dyous), n. In Hind. myth. one of the elemental divinities of the Vedas, the god of the bright sky, his name being connected with that of the Greek Zeus through the root dyu, to shine, and the Latin Jupiter, which is merely Dyaus piter or Zeus pater, father Dyaus or Zeus. He was especially the raingod, or rather primarily the sky from which rain falls. He finally gave place to his son Indra. See DEITY.

Dye (di), v. t. pret. & pp. dyed; ppr. dyeing. [A. Sax. deagan, deûgian, from deag, dye, colour. The primary meaning of the root seems to be to soak, to steep, to wet. Probably akin to L. tingo; Gr. tenggo, to wet, moisten; deus, to water, wet, soak, and also, to dye, to colour.] To stain; to colour; to give a new and permanent colour to: applied particularly to cloth or the materials of cloth, as wool, cotton, silk, and linen; also to hair, skins, &c. The great diversity of tint which is obtained in dyeing is the result of the combination of two or more simple colouring substances with one another, or with certain chemical reagents.-Dyeing scarlet, t drinking deep; drinking till the face becomes scarlet.

They call drinking deep, dyeing scarlet.

Shak.

I cannot rest Until the white rose, that I wear, be dyed Even in the lukewarm blood of Henry's heart. Shak

Dye (di), n. stain; tinge.

A colouring liquor; colour;

'Such

Dyet (di), v.i. To die. Spenser. Dyet (di), n. Lot; chance; hazard. is the dye of war.' Spenser. Dye-house (di'hous), n. A building in which dyeing is carried on. Dyer (di'er), n. One whose occupation is to dye cloth and the like.

Dyer's-moss (di'èrz-mos), n. A lichen, Roccella tinctoria. Called also Orchil or Archil. See ARCHIL

Dyer's-weed (dí'èrz-wēd), n. Reseda Luteola, a native plant of the same genus as the sweet-scented mignonette, otherwise called Yellow-weed, Weld, or Woad, nat. order Resedaceæ. This plant grows in waste ground; it affords a beautiful yellow dye, and is cultivated for that purpose. - Dyer's greenweed is Genista tinctoria.

Dyester (di'stér), n. A dyer. [Scotch.] Dye-stuff (di'stuf), n. Materials used in dyeing.

Dye-wood (di'wud), n. A general name for
any wood from which dye is extracted.
An establishment
Dye-work (di'werk), n.

in which dyeing is carried on. Dyhn (din), v.t. In mining, to dig away a portion of a rock that a blast may be more efficient; otherwise called to hulk. Dying (di'ing), a. 1. Mortal; destined to death; perishable; as dying bodies.- 2. Given, uttered, or manifested just before death; as, dying words; a dying request; dying love. I do prophesy the election lights

On Fortinbras, he has my dying voice. Shak. 3. Supporting a dying person; as, a dying bed.-4. Pertaining to or associated with death; as, a dying hour.-5. Drawing to a close; fading away; as, the dying year.

manner.

The state of Dyingness (di'ing-nes), n. dying; hence, a state simulating the approach of death, real or affected; affected languor or faintness; languishment.

Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of dyingness; you see that picture, Foible,-a swimmingness in the eyes. Congreve.

Dyke, n. and v. Same as Dike. Dynactinometer (di-nak'tin-om"et-ér), n. [Gr. dynamis, strength, aktis, aktinos, a ray, and metron, measure.] An instrument for measuring the intensity of actinic power, or for comparing the quickness of lenses. Dynam (di'nam), n. A term proposed to express a unit of work equal to a weight of 1 lb. raised through 1 foot in a second; a foot-pound. The term was first introduced by French writers, who called the effect of a cubic metre of water raised through 1 metre a dynamie or dyname. If the quantity of work commonly called a horse-power be estimated at 33,000 lbs. raised through 1 foot in a minute, that unit will be equivalent to 550 dynams.

Dynameter (di-nam'et-ér), n. [Gr. dynamis, strength, and metres, to measure.] An instrument for determining the magnifying power of telescopes. It consists of a small tube with a transparent plate, exactly divided, which is fixed to the tube of a telescope, in order to measure exactly the diameter of the distinct image of the eye-glass. Dynametric, Dynametrical (di-na-met'rik, di-na-met'rik-al), a. Pertaining to a dyna

meter.

Dynamic, Dynamical (di-nam'ik, di-nam'ik-al), a. [Gr. dynamis, power.] 1. Pertaining to strength, power, or force; relating to dynamics.

Science, as well as history, has its past to showa past, indeed, much larger, but its immensity is dynamic not divine. F. Martineau,

2. Relating to the effects of the forces or moving agencies in nature; as, dynamical geology. - Dynamical electricity, current electricity. See GALVANISM. — Dynamic theory, a theory by which Kant endeavoured to explain the nature of matter or the mode of its formation. According to this theory, all matter was originated by two antagonistic and mutually counteracting principles called attraction and repulsion, all the predicates of which are referred to motion.

Dynamically (di-nam'ik-al-li), adv. In a dynamical manner.

Dynamics (di-nam'iks). n. [Gr. dynamis, force or power.] 1. The science which investigates the action of force. Force, when it acts on matter, is recognized as acting in two ways: first, so as to compel rest, or to prevent change of motion; and, secondly, so as to cause or to change motion. Hence the science of dynamics is divided into two

branches, to which the names statics and kinetics are respectively given. In popular usage, however, it has been customary to give to the science of force the name mechanics, in which case the branch which treats of force applied so as to compel rest or prevent change of motion is called statics, while that which considers force applied so as to cause or change motion is called dynamics.-2. The moving moral, as well as physical, forces of any kind, or the laws which relate to them.

The empirical laws of society are of two kinds; some are uniformities of coexistence, some of succes. sion. According as the science is occupied in ascer taining and verifying the former sort of uniformities or the latter, M. Comte gives it the title of Social Statics or of Social Dynamics. F. S. Mill.

3. In music, that department of musical science which relates to or treats of the force of musical sounds. Goodrich.--Geological dynamics, that branch of geology which treats of the nature and mode of operation of all kinds of physical agents that have at any time, and in any manner, affected the surface and interior of the earth. Dynamism (di'nam-izm), n. The doctrine of Leibnitz, that all substance involves

force.

Dynamite (di'nam-it), n. [Gr. dynamis, strength. An explosive substance consisting of a siliceous earth from Oberlohe in Hanover impregnated with nitro-glycerine. The object of the mixture is to diminish the susceptibility of nitro-glycerine to slight

DYSENTERY

shock, and so to facilitate its carriage without destroying its explosive force. The disruptive force of dynamite is estimated at about eight times that of gunpowder. Sometimes charcoal, sand, and saw-dust have been employed as substitutes for the siliceous earth.

Dynamometer, Dynometer (di-na-mom'et-er, di-nom'et-ér), n. [See DYNAMETER ] An instrument for measuring force or power, especially that of men, animals, machines, the strength of materials, &c. When the pull upon a draught implement, as a plough, is the point to be determined, the dynamometer is made a link in the draught chain, and then subjected to the tension which it is desired to ascertain. In such cases the instrument used is simply a spring, and by the amount of extension or collapse which it suffers the intensity of the strain which it has undergone is indicated. One of the most common dynamometers of this kind is formed of an elliptical spring, which in proportion to the longitudinal extension suffered when in use experiences a lateral collapse the measure of which indicates the amount of strain to which it has been subjected. In Clyburn's dynamometer the strain is indicated by the compression of a spiral spring inclosed in a cylindrical case, the extent of the strain being shown by an index moving along a scale on the outside of the instrument. Dynamometric, Dynamometrical (di namo-met"rik, di'na-mo-met"'rik-al), a of or pertaining to a dynamometer, or to the measure of force.

Dynast (di'nast), n. [See DYNASTY] 1 A ruler; a governor; a prince. The ancient family of Des Ewes, dynasts or lords of Kessell.' A. Wood.-2. A dynasty; a government.

Dynastat (di-nas'ta), n. [L., from Gr. dynastes, a lord.] A tyrant. Dynastas or proud monarchs.' Milton. Dynastic (di-nast'ik), a. [Gr. dynastikva, from dynastes. See DYNASTY.] Relating to a dynasty or line of kings. Dynastidæ (di-nas'ti-de), n.pl. [Gr. dynastēs, a master, and eidos, resemblance.] A family of lamellicorn beetles, comprising several which are remarkable for their size, strength, and formidable appearance. They chiefly inhabit the tropical regions, excavating burrows in the earth. The elephant-beetle, hercules-beetle, and atlas-beetle are species. Dynastidan (di-nas'ti-dan), n. One of the Dynastidae (which see).

Dynasty (din'as-ti), n. (Gr. dynasteia, power, Sovereignty, from dynastes, a lord or chief, from dynamai, to be able or strong, to prevail] 1. Government; sovereignty.-2 A race or succession of rulers of the same line or family, who govern a particular country: the period during which they rule; as, the successive dynasties of Egypt or Persia. Raleigh; Macaulay.

At some time or other to be sure all the beginners of dynasties were chosen by those who calle thera Burke to govern

Dyne (din), n. [Gr. dynamis, power.] In physics, a unit of force, being that force which, acting on a gramme for one second, generates a velocity of a centimetre per second.

Dys (dis). An inseparable Greek prefix signifying ill or evil, bad, hard, difficult. Dysæsthesia (dis-es-the'si-a), n [Gr. dye, with difficulty, aisthesis, perception, from aisthanomai, to perceive.] In pathol. impaired feeling; insensibility. Dyschroa (dis'kro-a), n. [Gr. dys, and chroa, colour.] A discoloured state of the skin. Dysclasite (dis'kla-sit), n. [Gr dys, with difficulty, and klaó, to break.] In mineral a mineral, usually fibrous, of a white or ellowish colour and somewhat pearly lustre, consisting chiefly of silicate of lime. Dyscrasia, Dyscrasy (dis-krá'si-a, dis'krasi), n. [Gr. dyskrasia-dys, evil, and krasis, habit.] In med. a bad habit of body. Dysenteric, Dysenterical (dis-en-te'rik, dis-en-te'rik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to dysen tery; accompanied with dysentery; proceeding from dysentery.-2. Afflicted with dysentery; as, a dysenteric patient. Dysenterious (dis-en-teri-us), a with dysentery; dysenteric. [Rare.] All will be but as delicate meats dressed for a dysenterious person, that can relish nothing. Dysentery (dis'en-te-ri), n. [L. dysenteria; Gr. dysenteria -- dys, bad, and entera in testines.] Inflammation of the mucous mer:

Afflicted

Gataker

DYSLOGISTIC

brane of the large intestine, accompanied

rally with fever, evacuations of blood mulus or other morbid matter, griping the bowels, and tenesmus. Dyslogistic (dis-lo-jistik), a. [Formed on Le model of eulogistic, from Gr. eulogia, well speaking, the prefix dys signifying ill, and the word having therefore the opposite ntactadzation of eulogistic.] Conveying censure, disapproval, or opprobrium; censorieus, opprobrious.

AFT &tive, and the like

Apsising to each other what Bentham would have the dougie names of the day, Anarchist, Finlay. Dyslogistically (dis-lo-jist'ik-al-li), adv. In ayalogistic manner; so as to convey censure or disapproval.

Ardingly he (Kant) is set down as a Transcenche sta M. and all the loose connotation of that term. * 1 16 Dow dy slogistically employed among us, is taght to be applicable to him. T. H. Green (in Academy).

Dysnomy (dis'no-mi), n. (Gr. dys, ill, and , rule.] Bad legislation; the enactment bad lawS Dy sodile (dis'õ-dil), n. [Gr dysōdēs, fetid— , bad, and ozó, to smell.] A species of al, of a greenish or yellowish gray colour, in masses composed of thin layers, which, when burning, emits a very fetid odour. Dysopsy (dis-op'si), n. (Gr. dys, ill, and ops, the eye from op, root of obs. optomai, to Dimness of sight. Dysorexia, Dysorexy (dis-o-rek'si-a, dis'orek-si), n [Gr dys, bad, and orexis, appetite] A bad or depraved appetite; a want of appetite. Dyspepsia, Dyspepsy (dis-pep'si-a, dispepsi), n. [Gr. dyspepsia-dys, bad, and

tu, to concoct, to digest.] Bad digestion; in ligestion, or difficulty of digestion; a state of the stomach in which its functions are disturbed, without the presence of other diseases, or when, if they are present, they are but of minor importance. The chief symptoms of dyspepsia are loss of appetite, nausea, pain in the epigastrium, heartburn,

117

acrid or fetid eructations, and sense of fluttering at the pit of the stomach. Dyspeptic (dis-pep'tik), n. A person afflicted with dyspepsy.

Dyspeptic, Dyspeptical (dis-pep'tik, dispep'tik-al), a. 1. Afflicted with bad digestion; as, a dyspeptic person.-2. Pertaining to or consisting in dyspepsy; as, a dyspeptic complaint.

Dysphagia, Dysphagy (dis-fā'ji-a, dis'faji), n. [Gr. dys, ill, and phagō, to eat.] Difficulty of swallowing.

Dysphonia, Dysphony (dis-fō'ni-a, dis'fōni), n. [Gr. dysphonia-dys, bad, hard, and phone, voice.] A difficulty of speaking occasioned by an ill disposition of the organs of speech.

Dysphoria (dis-fō'ri-a), n. [Gr. dys, ill, and phoreo, to bear, from phero, to bear.] Impatience under affliction.

Dyspnoea (disp-ne'a), n. [Gr. dyspnoiadys, ill, and pneó, to breathe.] A difficulty of breathing.

Dyspnoic (disp-no'ik), a. [Gr. dyspnoikos, short of breath. See DYSPNEA.] In med. affected with or resulting from dyspnoea. Dysteleology (dis'te-lē-ol′′o-ji), n. [Gr. dys, bad, telos, teleos, purpose, end, and logos, discourse.] A word invented by Professor Haeckel of Jena for that branch of physiology which treats of the 'purposelessness' observable in living organisms, such as the multitudinous cases of rudimentary and apparently useless structures. Dysthetic (dis-thet'ik),a. Relating to a nonfebrile morbid state of the blood-vessels, or to a bad habit of the body, dependent mainly upon the state of the circulating system. Dysthymic (dis-thim'ik), a. [Gr. dysthymi kos, melancholy.] In med. affected with despondency; depressed in spirits; dejected. Dystome (dis'tom), a. Same as Dystomic. Dystomic, Dystomous (dis-tom'ik, dis'tomus), a. [Gr. dys, ill, bad, and tome, a section, from temno, to cut.] In mineral. having an imperfect fracture or cleavage. Dysuria (dis-ū'ri-a), n. Same as Dysury.

EAGERNESS

Dysuric (dis-u'rik), a. Pertaining to dysury. Dysury (dis'u-ri), n. [Gr. dysouria-dys, ill, and ouron, urine.] Difficulty in discharg ing the urine, attended with pain and a sensation of heat.

Dytiscidae (di-tis'si-dē), n. pl. [Dytiscus (which see), and Gr. eidos, likeness.] A large family of pentamerous coleopterous insects, of which the genus Dytiscus (water-beetle) is the type. They are everywhere found in fresh-water, and are almost all oval and flattened in form, with oar-shaped hindlegs.

Dytiscus, Dyticus (di-tis'kus, di'ti-kus), n. [Gr. dytikos, fond of diving, from dyo, to enter, plunge. Dytiscus, though common, is wrong.] The water-beetle, a genus of coleopterous, carnivorous insects, consisting of several species found in stagnant water. Dyvour (di'vur), n. [Fr. devoir, 'the judicial sense of which,' says Cotgrave, is the act of submission and acknowledgment of duty unto a landlord, expressed by the tenant's mouth, hands, and oath of fealty. See DEVOIR.] In old Scots law, a bankrupt who has made a cessio bonorum to his creditors. Dzeren, Dzeron (dzē'ren, dzē'ron), n. Chinese antelope, a remarkably swift species of antelope (Procapra gutturosa), inhabiting the dry arid deserts of Central Asia, Thibet, China, and Southern Siberia. It is nearly 4 feet in length, and 24 high at the shoulder. When alarmed it clears 20 to 25 feet at one bound.

The

Dziggetai (dzig'ge-tā), n. The wild ass of Asia (Equus hemionus), whose habits are so graphically recorded in the book of Job, and believed to be the hemionos of Herodotus and Pliny. It is intermediate in appearance and character between the horse and ass (hence the specific name hemionus, halfass), the males especially being fine animals, standing as much as 14 hands high. It lives in small herds, and is an inhabitant of the sandy steppes of Central Asia, 16,000 feet above sea-level. Called also Kiang, Koulan, and Khur or Goor.

E.

E, the second vowel and the fifth letter of the English alphabet. It occurs more frequently in English words than any other letter of the alphabet, this frequency being partly owing to the fact that e has taken the place of the older (Anglo-Saxon) vowel en lings a, o, and u. Its long or natural sound in English coincides with the sound of in the Italian and French languages, as in here, mere, me It has also another principal sound, a short one, heard in met, men. It has besides a sound like a in name, as in there, where, &c, and the obscure sound which is heard in her. As a final letter it is generally silent; but it serves to lengthen the sound of the preceding vowel, or at least to indicate that the preceding vowel is to have its long sound, as in mane, cane, plume, which, without the final e, would be pronounced man, can, plum. Áfter c and g the final e serves to indicate that these letters are to have their soft sounds, e being pronounced as 8, and g as j. Thus without the final e in mace (más) this word would be pronounced mac (mak), and rage (raj) would be pronounced rag. When two e's come together the sound is generally the same as that of the single e long, as in deem, esteem, need (comp. however pre-exist, &c.); and when it occurs with a and i, as in mean,hear, siege, deceive, it often has the same sound. such a combination, when only one vowel sound is heard, is called a digraph. In these combinations the sound is usually that of e long, but sometimes it is the short sound of e, as in lead (pronounced led), a metal, read (pronounced red), pret. of read, and sometimes the sound of a long, as in reign, feign. Irregularities of this kind are not reducible to rules. See also under A.-As a numeral, E stands for 250-In the calendar it is the fifth of the Dominical letters. As an abbreviation it stands for East, as in charts; E. by 8, east by south; in the abbreviative combination eg., for exempli gratia, for example, and in ie, for id est, that is.-E, In music, is the third note or degree of the

diatonic scale, answering to the mi of the Italians and French. Also, the key having four sharps in its signature; and the keynote of the church mode called Phrygian. E-. A prefix, the same as ex, signifying from or out of, and in many words having a privative meaning. See Ex.

Each (ech), distrib. a. pron., used either with or without a noun. [O. E. eche, ech, ych, uch, elch, elc, ilk (everilkon, everyone); Sc. ilk, ilka; A. Sax. celc, from a = aye, ever, and lic, like; similar to D. and LG. elk, G. jeglich. Comp. such and which.] Every one of any number separately considered or treated; as, the emperor distributed to each soldier in his army a liberal donative. It is used either with or without a following noun. In each cheek... a pretty dimple.' Shak. Each leaning on their elbows.' Shak. 'Wandering each his several way.' Milton. To all of them he gave each man changes of raiGen. xlv. 22.

ment.

And the princes of Israel, being twelve men; each one was for the house of his fathers. Num. i. 44Simeon and Levi. . . took each man his sword. Gen. xxxiv. 25.

To each corresponds other; as, let each esteem other better than himself; as, it is our duty to assist each other; that is, it is our duty to assist, each to assist the other. 'Wink each at other.' Shak Eachwheret (ēch'whär), adv. Everywhere. Spenser.

Ead, Ed. An element in Anglo-Saxon names, signifying happy, fortunate, as in Edward, happy preserver; Edwin, happy conqueror. Eadish, n.

See EDDISH.

Eager (e'ger),a. [O. E.egre O. Fr.eigre, Mod. Fr. aigre, eager, sharp, biting; L. acer, sharp, from root ac or ak, which appears in acute, acid, acrid, &c.; Gr.ake, a point.] 1. Sharp; sour; acid.

It doth posset

And curd like eager droppings into milk. Shak. 2. Excited by ardent desire in the pursuit of any object; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain; inflamed by desire; ardently wishing or longing; as, the soldiers were eager

To the holy war how fast and eagerly did men go! 2. With sharpness of temperature; keenly; sharply.

come in.

Abundance of rain froze so eagerly as it fell, that it seemed the depth of winter had of a sudden been Knolles. 1. The state or Eagerness (e'gér-nes), n. character of being eager; ardent desire after anything; ardour; zeal; fervour; as, men pursue honour with eagerness.

The eagerness and strong bent of the mind after knowledge, if not warily regulated, is often an hinderance to it. Locke.

2. Tartness; sourness.-Eagerness, Earnestness, Avidity. Eagerness springs from an intense desire for the gratification of a strong emotion or passion, and tends to produce corresponding keenness in the pursuit of the object. Strictly, the term designs the feeling only, and although strongly stimulating to, eagerness does not necessarily involve, action. Earnestness is a more sober feeling, proceeding from reason, conviction of duty, or the less violent emotions. It has a special reference to effort, and does not necessarily imply desire for the attainment of an object. Thus we make earnest inquiries after the health of a friend, but eager inquiries after a person of whom we are in keen chase. Earnestness implies solidity, sincerity, and energy, and

EAGLE

conviction of the laudableness of the object. Neither a flighty person, a hypocrite, nor a sluggard can be earnest in religion. Earnestness is the more general term, and affects a person's whole character; eagerness is a specific feeling. An earnest man is earnest as regards all that he undertakes, but a man is eager only after what excites a specific desire. Avidity has regard to acquisition, either with the view of aggrandizing one's self or satisfying a natural craving. We eat, drink, or acquire learning with avidity, but the young soldier rushes to the fight with eagerness.-SYN. Ardour, zeal, vehemence, impetuosity, enthusiasm, heartiness, earnestness, fervour, avidity, greediness. Eagle (e'gl), n. [Fr. aigle, Pr. aigla, L. aquila, an eagle, fem. of the rare adj. aquilus, darkcoloured, swarthy] 1. Aquila, a genus of raptorial birds, sub-family Aquilinæ, comprising the largest and most powerful members of the family Falconidæ, distinguished from the falcons by the upper mandible being decurved from the end of the cere and not from the base, and the lip being destitute of teeth. The tongue is bifid, the wings long and usually pointed, legs robust, claws curved, sharp and strong, and the tarsi feathered to the very base of the talons, by which they are distinguished from the ernes or seaeagles. There are numerous species, of which the noblest is the golden eagle (A. chrysaetos)

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos).

of Europe, found still in the more mountainous parts of Britain. The male is 3 feet, and the female 34 feet long. It feeds chiefly on birds that live near the earth, and hares, rabbits, lambs, &c. Other species are the imperial eagle (A. imperialis), the spotted eagle (A. nævia), the Australian eagle (A. fucosa), &c. The name eagle is applied to other members of the group, though not belonging to the genus Aquila, as the whitetailed sea-eagle of Britain (Haliaetus albi cilla), and the American white-headed seaeagle (H. leucocephalus), the emblem of the United States, both of which are really ernes, and to the marsh eagle, harpy eagle, eagle-hawk of the genus Falco, &c. From its size, strength, rapidity of flight, and keenness of sight, the eagle has ever been regarded as the 'king' of birds. By the ancients it was called 'the bird of Jove,' and it was borne on the Roman standards. Many modern nations, as France under the Bonapartes, Russia, Prussia, Austria, the United States, &c., have adopted it as their national emblem. In heraldry it is one of the most noble bearings in coat armour.-2. A gold coin of the United States, of the value of ten dollars, or forty-two shillings sterling. 3. A constellation in the northern hemsphere, having its right wing contiguous to the equinoctial. See AQUILA.-4. A reading-desk in churches in the form of an eagle with expanded wings. (The minister) read from the eagle.' Thackeray. Eagle-eyed (e'gl-id), a. 1. Sharp-sighted as an eagle; having an acute sight.-2. Discerning; having acute intellectual vision.

Inwardly eagle-eyed and perfectly versed in the humours of his subjects. Howell. Eagle-flighted (e'gl flit-ed), a. Flying like an eagle; mounting high. Eagle-hawk (e'gl-hak), n. Morphnus, a genus of Falconidae, consisting of species of comparatively small size, characterized by having wings shorter than the tail, by long tarsi and feeble claws. The species are natives of South America. Eagle-owl (e'gl-oul), n. One of a sub-family of owls (Bubonina), the most remarkable species of which is the Bubo maximus (the great horned owl), little inferior in size to

118

the golden eagle. It is found in the mountainous parts of Central Europe. An allied species, the Virginian horned owl (B. virginianus), is found in almost every quarter of the United States. See BUBO. Eagle-ray (e'gl-rā), n. A large species of ray (Myliobatis aquila), occasionally found in the British seas.

Eagle-sighted (e'gl-sit-ed), a. Having acute sight.

Eagless (e'gl-es), n. A female or hen eagle. Eagle-stone (e'gl-stōn), n. A variety of argillaceous oxide of iron, occurring in masses varying from the size of a walnut to that of a man's head. Their form is spherical, oval, or nearly reniform, or sometimes like a parallelopiped with rounded edges and angles. They have a rough surface, and are essentially composed of concentric layers. These nodules often embrace at the centre a kernel or nucleus, sometimes movable, and always differing from the exterior in colour, density, and fracture. To these hollow nodules the ancients gave the name of eagle-stones, from an opinion that the eagle transported thema to her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs.

Eaglet (e'glet), n. A young or a diminutive eagle.

Eagle-winged (e'gl-wingd), a. Having the wings of an eagle; swift as an eagle. Eagle-wood (e'gl-wud), n. A highly fragrant wood, much esteemed by Asiatics for burning as incense, the product of the Aloexylum Agallochum. Its Malayan name is agilla, which has been corrupted into eagle. See ALOEXYLUM.

Eagre, Eager (e'gėr), n. [A. Sax. eûgor, egor, the sea, water. Akin Egir, the Scandinavian god of the sea.] The whole body of spring-tide water moving up a river or estuary in one wave, or in a few successive waves, of great height, and sometimes presenting a formidable surge, as in the Ganges, Severn, Solway, &c. Called otherwise a Bore (which see). Spelled also Eger, Eygre.

Sea-tempest is the Jötun Aegir;

and now to

this day, on our river Trent, as I hear, the Nottingham bargemen, when the river is in a certain flooded state, call it Eager; they cry out,' Have a care; there is the Eager coming." Carlyle.

A mighty eygre raised his crest. Fean Ingelow. Ealder, n. An elder or chief. Ealdorman, Ealderman. See ALDERMAN. Eame, n. [A. Sax. eam; G. oheim.] Uncle. Ean (en), v.t. or i. To bring forth young; to yean. See YEAN.

Eaning-time (en'ing-tim), n. Time of bringing forth young.

He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes,
Who then conceiving, did in eaning-time
Fall particoloured lambs, and those were Jacob's.

Shak.

EARL

brane, separated from the external ear by a delicate membrane, and containing a chain of small bones which transmit the vibrations of the latter to the internal ear, in which are the terminal expansions of the auditory nerve. The internal ear consists of a bony cavity, called the vestibule, which communicates with three semicircu lar canals, and with a bony structure in the form of a spiral shell, called the cochlea 2. The sense of hearing, or the power of distinguishing sounds and judging of harmony; the power of nice perception of the differences of sound, or of consonances and dissonances, time and rhythm; as, she has a delicate ear for music, or a good ear.-3 A favourable hearing; attention; heed; regard. I cried to God... and he gave ear unto me.

PS. LXXVIL 1 Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice. Shak 4. Disposition to like or dislike what is heard: opinion; judgment; taste.

He laid his sense closer... according to the style Denham

and ear of those times.

5. A part of any inanimate object resembling an ear; a projecting part from the side of anything; a handle; as, the ears of a tub or other vessel.To be by the ears, to fall together by the ears, to go together by the ears, to fight or scuffle; to quarrel. To set by the ears, to make strife between; to cause to quarrel.-Up to the ears, over head and ears. deeply absorbed orengrossed; overwhelmed; as, over head and ears in debt, in business A cavalier was up to the ears in love with a very fine lady. L'Estrange

-All ear, all attention.

I was all ear.
And took in strains that might create a soul
Under the ribs of death.
Miten

Eart (er), v.t. To listen to eagerly; to hear with deep attention.

I eared her language, lived in her eye, O coz. Beau & FL Ear (er), v.t. [A. Sax. erian. Cog. O.Fris era, Icel. eria, L. aro, Gr. aroō, Lith. arti, to plough.] To plough or till. •Will set them to ear his ground.' 1 Sam. viii. 12. A rough valley which is neither cared nor sÓWIL Deut. xxi 4

Ear (er), n. [A. Sax. ear, D. aar, G. ahre, an ear.] A spike or head of corn or grain; that part of cereal plants which contains the flowers and seed.

Ear (er), v.i. To shoot, as an ear; to form

Earache (ēr'ák), n. [See ACHE.] Pain in
the ear.
Earalt (éral), a.
Hewyt.

Receiving by the ear.

A. Sax. eanian, to bring forth, as a ewe, and ling, dim. term.] A lamb just brought forth.

All the eanlings which were streak'd and pied, Should fall as Jacob's hire. Shak.

Ear (er), n. [A. Sax. eûre-a widely-spread word; comp. G. ohr, D. oor, Icel. eyra,

against cold.

Ear-cockle (er'kok-1), n. A disease in wheat caused by the presence in the grain of worms belonging to the genus Vibrio. Called in some parts of England Purples. Eard,(yerd), n. Earth. [Scotch.] Ear-drop (er ́drop), n. An ornamental pendant for the ear. Ear-drum (ĕr'drum), n. membrane in the ear. BRANA TYMPANI. Eared (erd), p. and a. Having ears. In her. animals borne in coat armour with their ears differing in tincture from that of the body are blazoned eared of such a metal or colour.

The tympanum, a See EAR and MEM

Ear-hole (er'hōl), n. The aperture of the ear; the opening in the ear. Eariness (e'ri-nes), n. Same as Eeriness. Earing (ering), n. Naut a small rope employed to fasten the upper corner of a sail to its yard; a rope attached to the cringle of a sail, by which it is bent or reefed. Earing (ering), n. [A. Sax. eriung, ploughing. A ploughing of land. See EAR, to plough.

Gen. xlv. 0.

There are five years, in the which there shall neither be earing nor harvest. Ear-kissing (èr’kis-ing), a. Slightly affecting the ear. 'Ear-kissing arguments Shak.

Earl (érl), n. [A. Sax. eorl, ON. Dan. and Sw. jarl, earl-regarded by Max Muller as a modified form of ealdor, a chief, from eald, old, but this seems doubtful] A British title of nobility, or a nobleman, the third in rank, being next below a marquis, and next above a viscount. The earl formerly had the government of a shire, and was called shireman. After the Conquest earls

EAR-LAP

were called counts, and from them shires have taken the name of counties. Earl is new a mere title, unconnected with territorial jurisdiction, so much so that several earls have taken as their titles their own names with the prefix Earl, as Earl Grey, Earl Spencer, Earl Rus

el An earl's coronet consists of a richly chased circle of gold, having on its upper edge eight strawberry leaves, and between each pair a pearl raised on a spire higher than the leaves, cap, &c, as in a duke's coronet.

Coronet of an Earl.

Earless (érles), a. 1. Without ears; deprived of ears

Baris on high stood unabashed Defoe. Pope. 2 Not inclined to hear or listen. A surd and earless generation of men.' Sir T Browne.

Earliness (érli-nes), n. [See EARLY and ERE) State of being early; a state of advance or forwardness; a state of being before anything, or at the beginning.

The goodness of the crop is great gain, if the goodness answers the earliness of coming up. Bacon.

Thy earliness doth me assure, Thou art up-rous'd, by some distemp'rature. Shak. Earl-marshal (èrl-mar'shal), n. 1. An officer in Great Britain, whose office is one of great antiquity, and was formerly of importance; the eighth great officer of state. He is the head of the College of Arms, determines all rival claims to arms, and grants armorial bearings, through the medium of the king-of-arms, to parties not possessed of hereditary arms. The office was originally conferred by grant of the king, but is now hereditary in the family of the Howards. See MARSHAL-2. Hence, one who has the chief care of military solemnities. Dryden. Ear-lock (erlok), n. [A. Sax. ear-loca.] Alock or curl of hair near the ear, worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth and James L.; a love-lock.

&c.

Love-locks, or ear-locks, in which too many of our nation have of late begun to glory... are yet.. but so many badges of infamy, effeminacy, vanity, Prynne. Early (erli), a. [O. E arliche, erliche; A. Sax. arlice, from ær, before. See ERE.] 1. In advance of something else; prior in time; forward, as, early fruit, that is, fruit that comes to maturity before other fruit; early growth; early manhood; early old age or decrepitude, that is, premature old age.2 First; being at the beginning; as, early dawn. Early times of the church.' South. She, when apostles fled, could dangers brave, Last at his cross, and earliest at his grave. E. S. Barret.

3. Being in good season; as, the court met at an early hour.-Early English architecture, the style of architecture into which the Norman passed, and the first in which no foreign influence is perceptible: called also the First Pointed or Lancet Style. Its period is from 1189 to 1307. Its general characteristics, as distinguished from the Norman, are delicacy, refinement, and grace. The columns and shafts become more slender and elegant, foliage in some instances sprouting out from the central pillar between the shafts: the mouldings are more delicately rounded and alternated with hollows | so as to give the finest effects of light and shade; the capitals frequently represent an inverted bell, and are often enriched with foliage, as of the trefoil, rising from the neck-moulding and coming beautifully outwards beneath the abacus; the towers are loftier and crowned by a spire; buttresses project boldly and vary little through entire length; roofs groined, with a ridge-rib added to the ribs of the Norman; wall-arcades very noble, their spandrels often filled with sculpture. But the distinctive features of this style are pointed arches, long, narrow, lancet-shaped windows without mullions, and a peculiar projecting ornament in the hollows of the mouldings, called the dogtooth ornament. Towards the end of the

119

period the windows became grouped in a manner that led to the development of tra

Early English Style.-North-west Transept of
Beverley Minster.

cery, and so to the Decorated style.-SYN. Forward, timely, premature, precocious. Early (ér'li), adv. Soon; in good season; betimes; as, rise early; come early.

Those that seek me early shall find me.

Prov. viii. 17. -Early, Soon, Betimes. Early is a relative word, and means that a certain event occurred before a definite point of time, which point is fixed by taking an average of the times at which such events commonly occur; thus, he rose early' means that he rose earlier than the average hour of rising; 'Come early in the evening' come earlier than it is customary, or has been appointed for others, to come in the evening. Early is used as an adjective with the same sense; as, early fruit, i.e. fruit appearing before the average time when fruit appears. Soon is shortly after the present time, or after any fixed point; as, let me see you soon; soon after entering, he left. Betimes (by time) in good time for some specific object or all useful purposes; as, he rose betimes. Earmark (er'märk), n. 1. A mark on the ear by which a sheep is known.-2. In law, any mark for identification, as a privy mark made by any one on a coin.-3. Any distinguishing mark, natural or other, by which the ownership or relation of anything is known.

What distinguishing marks can a man fix upon a set of intellectual ideas, so as to call himself proprietor of them? They have no earmarks upon them, no tokens of a particular proprietor. Burrows.

Earmark (er'märk), v. t. To mark, as sheep,
by cropping or slitting the ear.
Earn (érn), v. t. [A. Sax. earnian, to earn, to
reap the fruit of one's labours. Cog. D.
ernen, to reap; erne, harvest.] 1. To merit
or deserve by labour or by any performance;
to do that which entitles to a reward, whe-
ther the reward is received or not.

The high repute
Which he through hazard huge must earn.

Milton.

2. To gain by labour, service, or performance; to deserve and receive as compensation; as, to earn a crown a day, a good living, honours or laurels.

The bread I have earned by the hazard of my life Burke. or the sweat of my brow.

Earn, t v.i. To yearn.

And ever as he rode, his heart did earn

To prove his puissance in battle brave. Spenser. Earn (èrn), v.i. [A. Sax. irnan, yrnan, rinnan, to run: comp. G. gerinnen, to coagulate, to curdle, from rinnen, to run, to run together.] To curdle, as milk. [Provincial and Scotch.]

Earn (érn), n. Same as Erne (which see). Earnest (érn'est), a. [A.Sax. eornest, earnest

EAR-RING

ness, eorneste (adj.), earnest, serious. Cog. D. and G. ernst, earnest, D. ernsten, to endeavour; allied to Icel. ern, brisk.] 1. Ardeut in the pursuit of an object; eager to obtain; having a longing desire; warmly engaged or incited; warm; zealous; importunate; as, earnest in love; earnest in prayer.

They are never more earnest to disturb us than when they see us most earnest in this duty. Duppa. 2. Intent; fixed.

On that prospect strange
Their earnest eyes were fixed.

3. Serious; important.

Life is real, life is earnest.

Milton.

Longfellow.

But take it-earnest wed with sport, And either sacred unto you. Earnest (èrn'est), n.

Tennyson. [Probably from O.Fr. arres, ernes; O. E. and Sc. arles, erles,⚫ from L. arrha, earnest-money.] 1. In law, something given by the buyer to the seller, by way of token or pledge, to bind the bargain and prove the sale; a part, as of money or goods, paid or delivered beforehand, as a pledge and security for the whole, or in ratification of a bargain, or as a token of more to come hereafter; a handsel. In the law of Scotland, earnest is held as evidence of the completion of the contract; and the party who resiles, besides losing the earnest he has paid, may be compelled to perform his obligation. In ordinary cases the earnest paid is trifling in value, and is not taken into account in the reckoning.-2. Fig. anything which gives assurance, pledge, promise, or indication of what is to follow; first-fruits. And give an earnest of the war's success.' Waller.

It may be looked on as a pledge and earnest of quiet and tranquillity. Bp. Smalridge. Men, my brothers, men the workers, ever reaping something new;

That which they have done but earnest of the things that they shall do. Tennyson.

1. Warmly; Earnestly (èrn'est-li), adv. zealously; importunately; eagerly; with

real desire.

Being in an agony, he prayed more earnestly. Luke xxii. 44. That ye should earnestly contend for the faith once delivered to the saints. Jude 3.

2. With fixed attention; with eagerness. A certain maid... earnestly looked upon him. Luke xxii. 56.

Earnest-money (ér'nest-mun-i), n. Money paid as earnest to bind a bargain or ratify and prove a sale. 1. Ardour or Earnestness (érn'est-nes), n. zeal in the pursuit of anything; eagerness; animated desire; as, to seek or ask with earnestness; to engage in a work with earnestness.-2. Anxious care; solicitude; intenseness of desire.-3. Fixed desire or attention; seriousness; as, the charge was maintained with a show of gravity and earnestness.-Eagerness, Earnestness, Avidity. See under EAGERNESS. Earnfult (ern'ful), a. Full of anxiety; causing anxiety or pain. The earnful smart which eats my breast.' P. Fletcher. Earning (ern'ing), n. That which is earned; that which is gained or merited by labour, services, or performance; wages; reward: used chiefly in the plural.

This is the great expense of the poor that takes up Locke. almost all their earnings.

Earpick (er'pik), n. An instrument for cleaning the ear.

Ear-piercer (ēr pērs-ér), n. An insect, the earwig (Forficula auricularia). Ear-piercing (er'pers-ing), a. Piercing the ear, as a shrill or sharp sound. 'The earEar-reach (er'rech), n. Hearing distance; piercing fife. Shak.

ear-shot.

Marston.

All stand without ear-reach. Ear-rent (er'rent), n. Payment made by laceration or loss of the ears.

A hole to thrust your heads in, For which you should pay ear-rent. B. Jonson. Ear-ring (er'ring), n. A pendant; an ornament, sometimes set with diamonds, pearls, or other jewels, worn at the ear, by means of a ring passing through the lobe. Among orientals ear-rings have been worn by both sexes from the earliest times. In England

EARSE

they were worn by the Romanized Britons and by Anglo-Saxons. After the tenth century the fashion seems to have declined both in England and the Continent, and ear-rings are neither found in graves nor discerned in paintings nor sculptures. The wearing of ear-rings was re-introduced into England in the sixteenth century, and Stubbs, writing in the time of Queen Elizabeth, says, 'The women are not ashamed to make holes in their ears whereat they hang rings and other jewels of gold and precious stones.' In the seventeenth century earrings were worn by male fops. Earse (ers), n. Same as Erse. Earsh (érsh), n. [See EAR, to plough.] 1. A ploughed field.-2. Eddish (which see). Ear-shell (er'shel), n. Haliotis, a genus of

univalve molluscs. See HALIOTIS. Ear-shot (er shot), n. Reach of the ear; the distance at which words may be heard.

Gomez, stand you out of ear-shot. thing to say to your wife in private.

I have someDryden.

Earshrift (er'shrift), n. Auricular confession. The Papists' lenten preparation of forty days, earshrift.' Cartwright. Ear-sore (er'sōr), a. Morose; quarrelsome; apt to take offence.

Ear-sore (er'sōr), n. Something that offends the ear.

Earst (érst), adv. [See ERST.] At first; formerly. At earst, at length; now-a-days.

For from the golden age, that first was named, It's now at earst become a stonie one. Spenser. Earth (èrth), n. [A. Sax. eorthe; Goth, airtha, Icel. jorth, Sw. and Dan. jord, G. erde, allied to A. Sax. eard, soil, home, dwelling, and perhaps to Gr. era, Skr. ira-earth, and to L. aro, to plough.] 1. The particles which compose the mass of the globe, but more particularly the particles which form the mould on the surface of the globe; any indefinite mass or portion of that matter; as, we throw up earth with a spade or plough; we fill a pit or ditch with earth; we form a rampart with earth. This substance being considered by ancient philosophers as simple, was called an element; and in popular language we still hear of the four elements-fire, air, earth, and water. 2. The terraqueous globe which we inhabit. It is one of the planets, and the third in order from the sun, its orbit embracing those of Mercury and Venus, but being within the orbits of all the other planets. The earth is endowed with two principal motions: first, a motion round its axis, from west to east, in twenty-four hours; and secondly, a motion of revolution round the sun. It is the first of these motions which produces the phenomena of day and night, and the apparent diurnal revolution of the heavenly bodies. The time in which the earth's rotation is performed is measured by the interval which elapses between two transits of the same fixed star over the meridian of any place, and this interval is always precisely the same. It is called a sidereal day, and forms a perfectly uniform measure of time. The revolution of the earth about the sun is performed in an elliptic orbit, having the sun in one of the foci, and its mean distance from the sun, as calculated by Mr. Hind from Leverrier's determination of the solar parallax, is 91,328,600 miles. The time in which the earth performs a revolution in its orbit with respect to the fixed stars is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 96 seconds. This is called the sidereal year. (See YEAR.) The plane which contains the earth's orbit is called the ecliptic. The earth's axis is inclined to this plane in an angle of 66° 32′ 4′′, whence the earth's equator is inclined to the ecliptic in an angle

of 23° 27′ 56′′. This inclination, which is called the obliquity of the ecliptic, gives rise to the phenomena of the seasons. The figure of the earth is that of an oblate

spheroid of revolution, the polar axis being to the equatorial diameter in the ratio of 301 to 302. The equatorial diameter is nearly 7925 English miles, the polar diameter about 7898 miles, and the mean diameter 7912 miles. Two-thirds of the earth's surface are covered with water; its mass compared with that of the sun is nearly as 1 to 355,000; its mean density is to that of water as 5 to 1.3. The world, as opposed to other scenes of existence.

What are these.

So wither'd, and so wild in their attire,
That look not like th' inhabitants o' th' earth,
And yet are on 't.
Shak.

4. The inhabitants of the globe.

The whole earth was of one language. Gen. xi. 1.

9. The hole in which a fox or other burrowing animal hides itself.

Seeing I never stray'd beyond the cell,

But live like an old badger in his earth. Tennyson. 10. In chem. the name given to certain tasteless, inodorous, dry, and uninflammable substances, the most important of which are lime, baryta, strontia, magnesia, alumina, zirconia, glucina, yttria, and thorina. Of these baryta, strontia, lime, and magnesia are called the alkaline earths, the others being the earths proper, which consist of a metal in combination with oxygen.-Earth of alum, a substance obtained by precipitating the earth from alum dissolved in water by adding ammonia or potass. It is used for paints. - Earth of bone, a phosphate of lime existing in bones after calcination. Earth currents, in elect. strong irregular currents, which disturb telegraphic lines of considerable length, flowing from one part of the line to another, affecting the instruments and frequently interrupting telegraphic communication. Apparently they depend upon alterations in the state of the earth's electrification, which produce currents in the wires by induction. They occur simultaneously with magnetic storms and aurora. Earth (érth), v. t. 1. To hide in the earth. The fox is earthed. Dryden.

2. To cover with earth or mould. 'Earth up with fresh mould the roots.' Evelyn. Earth (erth), v. i. To retire under ground; to burrow. Here foxes earthed.' Tickell. Earth (êrth), n. [From ear, to plough.] The act of turning up the ground in tillage; a ploughing.

Such land as ye break up for barley to sow,
Two earths at the least, ere ye sow it, bestow.
Tusser.

Earth-apple (èrth'ap-l), n. 1. A potato.

2. A cucumber.

Earth-bath (érth'bath), n. A remedy, occasionally used on the Continent, consisting literally of a bath of earth.

Earth-board (érth'bōrd), n. The board of a plough that turns over the earth; the mould-board.

Earth-borer (êrth'bōr-èr), n. A kind of auger for boring holes in the ground, the twisted shank of it revolving inside a cylindrical box, which retains the earth till the tool is withdrawn.

Earth-born (érth'born), a. 1. Born of the earth; springing originally from the earth; as, the fabled earth-born giants.

Creatures of other mould, earth-born, perhaps,
Not spirits.
Milton.

2. Relating to or occasioned by earthly objects.

All earth-born cares are wrong.

3. Of low birth; meanly born.

Goldsmith.

stool or convenience of the same kind, in which the fæces are received in a quantity of earth.

EARTH-NUT

hardened in the fire. See POTTERY, PORCELAIN.

Earth-fall (érth'fal), n. The name given to a natural phenomenon which occurs when a portion of the earth's surface is elevated by some subterranean force, then cleft asunder and depressed, the space before occupied with solid earth becoming covered with water. Earth-fed (érth'fed), a. Fed upon earthly things; low; abject.

Such earthfed minds

That never tasted the true heaven of love. B. Jonson Earth-flax (érth'flaks), n. A fine variety of asbestos, whose long flexible parallel filaments are so delicate as to resemble flax

Earth-house, Eird-house (érth ́hons, yird'hous), n. The name generally given throughout Scotland to the underground buildings known as 'Picts' houses' or 'Picts' dwellings. The earth-house in its simplest form consists of a single irregular-shaped chamber, formed of unhewn stones, the sidewalls gradually converging towards the top until they can be roofed by stones of 4 or 5 feet in width, all covered in by a mound of earth rising slightly above the level of the surrounding district. In the more advanced form of these structures two or three chambers are found. Earth-houses are frequent in the north-east of Scotland, occasionally thirty or forty being found in the same locality, as in the Moor of Clova, Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire. Querns, bones, deers' horns, plates of stone or slate, earthen vessels, cups and implements of bone, stone celts, bronze swords, and the like, are occasionally found in connection with them. Very similar structures occur also in Ireland. See BEEHIVE-HOUSE. Written also Yird-house.

Earthiness (èrth'i-nes), n. 1. The quality of being earthy or of containing earth

2. Intellectual coarseness; grossness. The grossness and earthiness of their fancy.' Hammond.

Earthliness (erth'li-nes), n. 1. The quality of being earthly; grossness.-2. Worldliness; strong attachment to earthly things 3. Want of durability; perishableness; frailty. Fuller.

Earthling (erth'ling), n. 1. An inhabitant of the earth; a mortal; a frail creature. Earthlings oft her deemed a deity.' Drummond. 2. One strongly attached to worldly things; a worldling. Earthly (èrthli), a.

1. Pertaining to the earth or to this world; pertaining to the present state of existence; as, earthly objects; earthly residence. Our earthly house of this tabernacle.' 2 Cor. v. 12 Be longing to the earth or world; carnal; vile, as opposed to spiritual or heavenly; mean This earthly load of death called life' Milton.

Whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things. Phil. m. 19. Myself

Am lonelier, darker, earthlier for my loss. Tennyson, 3. Made of earth; earthy. Earthly substance. Holland.-4. Corporeal; not niental. Great grace that old man to him given had, For God he often saw, from heaven hight, All were his earthly eyen both blunt and bad. Spenser,

5. Among the things of this earth; possible; conceivable.

What earthly benefit can be the result? Earthly-minded (érth ́li-mind-ed), a. Having a mind devoted to earthly things. Earthly-mindedness (erth'li-mind-ed-nes), n. Grossness, sensuality; extreme devoted_ness to earthly objects.

Earth-mad (érth'mad), n. [Earth, and mad, a worm.] A kind of worm or grub. The earth-mads and all the sorts of worms are without eyes.

Holland

osum, an umbelliferous plant common in woods and fields in Britain. The leaves are ternately divided, and broadly deltoid; and the small white flowers are in terminal umbels. The tuber or nut is about 4 or

6 inches below the surface, at the termination of a long slender root. It is brown, the size of a chestnut, of a sweetish farinaceous nature, resembling in taste the common chestnut. Swine are very fond of the nuts, and fatten rapidly where they are abundant. The name is frequently applied to Bunium Bulbocastanum, which has a similar tuber. The earth-nut of Egypt is the tuber of Cyperus rotundus and other species of the same genus, that of China the subter