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JACK

tury. The term was also sometimes used for the coat of mail itseif.

The horsemen are with jacks for the most part clad. Harrington. 14. A pitcher of waxed leather: called also a Black-jack (which see).-15. A small bowl thrown out for a mark to the players in the game of bowls.-16. Naut. a flag, ensign, or colours, displayed from a staff on the end of a bowsprit, used in making signals. In the British navy, the jack is the union flag when used by itself as on shore. It was named Union Jack after James I., under whose direction the first union flag was constructed, and who signed his name 'Jacques.' See UNION FLAG.-16. The male of certain animals, as the ass.-17. A young pike. -18. A name given to various brilliantly coloured fish of the mackerel family found in the West Indies.-19. Half a pint; also, a quarter of a pint. [Provincial.]20. Any one of the knaves in a pack of cards.

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He's the man who has all your bills; Levy is only his jackal. Lord Lytton. Jack-a-lent (jak'a-lent), n. [For Jack-oflent.] Originally, a puppet thrown at for sport in Lent, like a Shrove-tide cock; hence, a simple sheepish fellow.

On an Ash-Wednesday, When thou didst stand six weeks the Jack-a-lent, For boys to hurl three throws a penny at thee. B. Jonson.

Jackanape, Jackanapes (jak'a-nap, jak'anaps), n. [Jack the ape.] 1. A monkey; an ape.-2. A coxcomb; an impertinent fellow. A young upstart jackanapes.' Arbuthnot. Jack-arch (jak'arch), n. An arch whose

thickness is only of one brick. Jackass (jak'as), n. 1. The male of the ass. 2. A term of reproach or contempt applied to an ignorant or stupid person.-Laughing jackass, a species of kingfisher (Dacelo gigan teus). See KINGFISHER.

Jack-back (jak'bak), n. In brewing, a vessel below the copper which receives the infusion of malt and hops therefrom, and which has a perforated bottom to strain off the hops.

Jack-block (jak'blok), n. A block attached to the topgallant-tie of a ship, to sway up or to strike the yard.

Jack-at-a-pinch, (a) a person who receives unexpected calls to do anything. (b) A poor itinerant clergyman who has no cure, but officiates for a fee in any church where his assistance is required. [Provincial.]Jack-by-the-hedge, a plant of the genus Erysimum (E. Alliaria), which grows under hedges. Jack-in-a-box, (a) a plant of the genus Hernandia (H. Sonora), which bears a large nut that rattles in its pericarp when shaken. (b) A large wooden male screw, turning in a female one, which forms the upper part of a strong wooden box shaped like the frustum of a pyramid. It is used by means of levers passing through holes in it, as a press in packing, and for other purposes. (c) A kind of toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is opened, a figure springs. (d) A gambling sport in which a stick is placed upright in a hole with an article on the top of it, which is pitched at with sticks. If the article on the top, when struck, falls clear of the hole, the thrower becomes possessor of it. Jack-in-the-green, Jack-a-green, a chimney- Jack-crosstree (jak'cros-tre), n. sweeper's boy dressed about with foliage for the procession on the 1st day of May.-Jackin-office, one who is vain of his petty office. -Jack-of-all-trades, a person who can turn his hand to any kind of business.-Jack-ofthe-clock, Jack-of-the-clock-house, a figure of a little man that strikes the quarters in some clocks.

But my time

Runs posting on in Bolingbroke's proud joy,
While I stand fooling here, his jack o' the clock.
Shak.

-Jack-with-a-lantern, or Jack-a-lantern, Will-o'-the-wisp, or an ignis fatuus, a meteor that appears in low moist lands. Jack (jak), n. Same as Jaca-tree. Jackadandy (jak-a-dan'di), n. A little foppish fellow; a dandiprat.

Jackal (jak'al), n. [Fr. chacal, Turk. chakal, Per. shaghal, shagal, a jackal.] 1. An animal of the genus Canis, the C. (Sacalius) aureus, resembling a dog and a fox; a native of Asia and Africa. The jackals are of gregarious habits, hunting in packs, rarely attacking the larger quadrupeds. They feed on the remnants of the lion's prey, dead carcasses, and the smaller animals and poultry, which they seize as prey. They lie concealed during the day, and their cries when they come forth at night are of a most dismal character. The jackal interbreeds with the common dog, and may be domesticated. The

Jackal (Canis (Sacalius) aureus). wild jackal emits a highly offensive odour, which is scarcely perceptible in the domesticated animal. There was a popular but erroneous notion that the jackal hunted up the prey for the king of beasts, and he was therefore called the lion's provider. Hence2. Any one who does dirty work for another; one who subserves the interests of another.

Jack-boot (jak'böt), n. A kind of large boot reaching up over the knee, and used as a sort of defensive armour for the leg, introduced in the seventeenth century; also, a similar boot reaching above the knee worn by others than soldiers, as that worn by fishermen. Jack-chain (jak'chán), n. The chain that revolves on the wheel of a kitchen jacket.

Jack-boot

(time of James II.)

Naut. an

iron cross-tree at the head of a long topgallant mast.

Jackdaw (jak'da), n. An insessorial bird of the genus Corvus (C. monedula), the smallest of the crows. It is of a black colour with a blue or metallic reflection. The jackdaw frequents church steeples, deserted

Jackdaw (Corvus monedula). chimneys, old towers, and ruins, in flocks, where it builds its nest. The jackdaw may be readily tamed and taught to imitate the sounds of words. It is common through

out Europe. Some authorities maintain that there is also another species of European jackdaw, the black jackdaw, but this seems doubtful.

Jacket (jak'et), n. [Fr. jaquette, dim. of jaque, a coat of mail, a jacket. See JACK, 13.] 1. A short close garment extending downward to the hips; a short coat.-2. An outer case of cloth, felt, wood, steam, water, or other substance, generally used to prevent the radiation of heat; as, the felt jacket of a steam-boiler, or of an engine cylinder, &c.-3. A garment lined with cork to support the wearer while swimming; a corkjacket. To dust one's jacket, to give a beating to any one.

Jacket (jak'et), v. t. 1.To cover with a jacket, as a steam-boiler, &c.-2. To give a beating to; to thrash. [Colloq.]

Jacketed (jak'et-ed), p. and a. Wearing or furnished with a jacket.

Jacketing (jak'et-ing), n. 1. The materials, as cloth, felt, &c., from which a jacket is made; the jacket itself. -2. A thrashing. [Slang.]

I've got a good jacketing many a Sunday morning for waking people up with crying mackerel. Mayhew.

Jack-flag (jak'flag), n. Naut. a flag hoisted at the spritsail topmast-head.

[blocks in formation]

He (Monmouth) then accosted John Ketch, the executioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble victims, and whose name has, during a century and a half, been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his odious office. Macaulay.

Jack-knife (jak'nif), n. A large strong clasp-knife for the pocket.

Jackman (jak'man), n. In milit. antiq a man that wears a jack; a horse-soldier; a retainer.

man.

It is Christie of the Clinthill, the Laird's chief jackSir W. Scott Jack-plane (jak'plan), n. In carp. a plane about 18 inches long used by joiners for coarse work. See PLANE. Jack-pudding (jak'pud-ding), n. [Comp the German Hanswurst, a buffoon or merryandrew-Hans, Jack, and wurst, sausage, pudding.] A merry-andrew; a buffoon; a zany.

Jack-pudding in his party-colour'd jacket,

Tosses the glove, and jokes at every packet. Gars And I persuade myself, the extempore rhymes of some antic jack-pudding may deserve printing better. so far am I from thinking aught lie says worthy of a serious answer. Milton. Jack-rafter (jak'räf-tér), n. In arch. a short rafter used especially in a hip-roof. See cut under HIP.

Jack-rib (jak'rib), n. In arch. any rib in a framed arch or dome which is shorter than the rest.

Jack-sauce (jak'sas),n. An impudent fellow; a saucy jack.

Every jack-sauce of Rome shall thus odiously dare to control and disgrace it. Bp. Hall Jack-saw (jak'są), n. A natatorial bird belonging to the genus Merganser. Jack-screw (jak'skrū), n. Jack-slave (jak'slav), n. A low servant; a See JACK, n. 5. vulgar fellow.

Every jack-slave hath his bellyful of fighting, and I must go up and down like a cock that nobody can

[graphic]

match.

Shak

Jacksmith (jak'smith), n. A smith who makes jacks for the chimney. Jack-snipe (jak'snip), n. [The jack in this compound is perhaps the W. giach, a snipe] A small species of snipe, the Scolopar gal linula of Linnæus. Called also Judcock

Though allied to the snipes in its haunts and general habits, the jack-snipe is still distinguished by vano peculiarities. It is more decidedly a winter vistant only, the instances of its remaining through the sum mer in this country being very rare. It is more so. tary than the common snipe, though sometimes found in pairs. Jack-staff (jak'staf), n. bowsprit or forepart of the union jack is flown. Jack-stay (jak'stā), n.

Yarrell The staff on the a vessel on which

Naut one of a set of ropes, iron rods, or strips of wood attached to the yard for bending a square sail to. Jack-straw (jak'stra), n. 1. A man, or figure or effigy of a man, made of straw; hence, a man without any substance or means; a dependant.

Salmasius is called 'an inconsiderable fellow and a jack-straw, why should I not know what a part straw' is, without recurring to some archaic glossary for this knowledge. Trench

2. One of a set of straws or strips of ivory, whalebone, or the like, used in a child's game, the jack-straws being thrown confusedly together on a table, to be gathered up singly by a hooked instrument without disturbing the rest of the pile. Jack-timber (jak'tim-ber), n. In arch a timber in a bay which, being intercepted by some other piece, is shorter than the rest. thus, in a hipped roof, each rafter which is shorter than the side rafter is called a Jackrafter. See cut under Hip. Jack-towel (jak'tou-el), n. A coarse towel hanging from a roller for general use. Jack-tree, n See JACA-TREE Jack-wood (jak wud), n A furniture and fancy wood obtained from the jaca-tree Jacobean, Jacobian (ja-ko'be-an, ja-koSee JACA-TREE. an), a. In arch. the term sometimes a

[graphic]

JACOBIN

plied to the later style of Elizabethan architecture, from its prevailing in the age of James I. It differed from pure Elizabethan

Jacobean Architecture-Waterston Hall, Dorset.

chiefly in having a greater admixture of debased Italian forms. Jacobin (jak'o-bin), n. [From Jacobus, the Latin name of James.] 1. A Gray or Dominican Friar, from these friars having first established themselves in Paris in the Rue St. Jacques (Saint James Street).-2. A member of a club of violent republicans in France during the revolution of 1789, who held secret meetings in the monastery of the Jacobin monks, in which measures were concerted to direct the proceedings of the National Assembly. Hence-3. One who opposes government in a secret and unlawful manner or by violent means; a turbulent demagogue.-4. A variety of pigeon whose neck-feathers form a head, and whose wings and tail are long.

Jacobin (jak'o-bin), a. The same as Jaco

binic.

They knew from the beginning that the Jacobin party was not confined to that country. Burke. Jacobine (jak'ō-bin), n. Same as Jacobin. Jacobinic, Jacobinical (jak-ō-bin'ik, jak-ōbin'ik-al), a. Of or pertaining to, or resembling the Jacobins of France; turbulent; discontented with government; holding democratic principles.

The triumph of Jacobinical principles was now complete. Sir W. Scott. Jacobinically (jak-o-bin'ik-al-li), adv. In a manner resembling the Jacobins. Jacobinism (jak'o-bin-izm), n. The principles of the Jacobins; unreasonable or violent opposition to legitimate government. Jacobinize (jak'o-bin-iz), v.t. pret. & pp. jacobinized; ppr. jacobinizing. To taint with Jacobinism. France was not then jaco

binized. Burke.

Jacobinly (jak-o-bin-li), adv. In the manner of Jacobins.

Jacobite (jak'ō-bit), n. [L. Jacobus, James; Gr. Iakobos, Heb. Ya'akob, Jacob.] 1. In Eng. hist. a partisan or adherent of James II. after he abdicated the throne, and of his descendants; an opposer of the revolution in 1688 in favour of William and Mary.2. Eccles, one of a sect of Christians in Syria and Mesopotamia who hold that Jesus Christ had but one nature. The sect has its name from Jacobus Baradæus, a Syrian disciple of Eutyches.

Jacobite (jak'ō-bit), a. Pertaining to the partisans of James II. or his descendants; holding the principles of a Jacobite. Jacobitic, Jacobitical (jak-o-bit'ik, jak-obit'ik-al), a. Relating to the Jacobites. Jacobitically (jak-o-bit'ik-al-li), adv. In a manner resembling the Jacobites. Jacobitism (jak'o-bit-izm), n. The principles of the Jacobites or partisans of James II. of England.

Jacob's-ladder(já kobz-lad-dér), n. 1. A common garden plant of the genus Polemonium, the P. cæruleum, belonging to the nat order Polemoniaceae. It is a favourite

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cottage garden plant, and grows wild in bushy places in the north of England. It is found in temperate and northern latitudes in most parts of the world. Jacob's-ladder is a tall erect plant, about 14 foot high, with alternate pinnate smooth bright-green leaves, and terminal corymbs of handsome blue (sometimes white) flowers. - 2. Naut. a rope-ladder with wooden steps or spokes by which to go aloft.

Jacob's-membrane (ja'kobz-mem-bran), n. In anat. the thin external membrane of the retina, considered by Dr. Jacob to be a serous membrane.

Jacob's-staff (jakobz-staf), n. 1. A pilgrim's staff.-2. A staff concealing a dagger.-3. A cross-staff; a kind of astrolabe; a surveyor's instrument for taking heights and distances where great accuracy is not required. See CROSS-STAFF.

Jacob's-stone (ja'kobz-stōn), n. The stone brought from Scone in Perthshire by Edward I. and inclosed within the chair on which the kings of England sit at their coronation: so named from being reputed to have been the stone which supported Jacob's head at Luz. See LIA-FAIL. Jacobus (ja-ko'bus), n. [See JACOBITE.] A gold coin, value 258. sterling, struck in the reign of James I.

Jaconet (jak'o-net), n. [Fr. jaconas.] A light soft muslin of an open texture, used for dresses, neck-cloths, &c. It is intermediate to cambric and lawn. Written also Jacconet. Jacquard (jak-kärd'), a. Pertaining to or invented by Jos. Marie Jacquard of Lyons, who died in 1834-Jacquard arrangement or appendage, a contrivance appended to a loom for weaving figured goods. It consists essentially of a series of perforated paper or metal cards connected with a revolving perforated prism, and so arranged as to secure the raising of the proper warp threads to produce a figure of a given pattern by the entrance of wires connected with these threads into particular perforations.--Jacquard loom, a loom furnished with such an appendage.

Jacquerie (zhäk-re), n. [Fr. See JACK.] An insurrection of peasants; originally, the name given to a revolt of the peasants against the nobles of Picardy, France, in 1358. Jactancy + (jak'tan-si), n. [L. jactantia, from jacto, freq. of jacio, to throw.] A boasting. Cockeram.

Jactation (jak-ta'shon), n. [L. jactatio, jactationis, from jacio, to throw. See JACTITATION.] Act of throwing; agitation of the body for exercise; the exercise of riding in some kind of vehicle.

Among the Romans there were four things much in use: bathing, fumigation, friction, and jactation. Temple. Jactitation (jak-ti-ta'shon), n. [From L jactito, a double freq. from jacto, freq. of jacio, to throw.] 1. A frequent tossing of the body; restlessness.-2. Vain boasting; bragging.-Jactitation of marriage, in the canon law, a boasting or giving out by a party that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their marJaculate (jak'ü-lat), v.t. [L. jaculor, jacuriage may follow. latus, to throw the javelin.] To dart; to Jaculation (jak-u-la'shon), n. throw out; to emit.

The action

of darting, throwing or launching, as missive weapons. "The more violent jaculation, vibration, and speed of the arrows.' King. Jaculator (jak'u-lat-ér), n. 1. One who jaculates or darts.-2. The archer-fish (which see).

Jaculatory (jak'u-la-to-ri), a. Darting or throwing out suddenly, or suddenly thrown out; uttered in short sentences. JaculaJade (jad), n. [Prov. E. yaud, Sc. yaud, jaud, tory prayers. Spiritual Conflict. an old mare; Icel. jalda, Prov. Sw. jälda, a mare.] 1. A mean or poor horse; a tired horse; a worthless nag.

Tired as a jade in overloaden cart. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A mean woman; a wench; a quean: used opprobriously.

She shines the first of battered jades. Swift. 3. A young woman: used in irony or slight contempt.

Addison.

You now and then see some handsome young jades. Jade (jad), v. t. pret. & pp. jaded; ppr. jading. 1. To treat as a jade; to kick or spurn. Shak. 2. To ride or drive severely; to overdrive; as, to jade a horse.

It is a dull thing to tire, and, as we say now, to jade anything too far. Bacon.

ch, chain; ch, Sc. loch; g, go; j, job; h, Fr. ton; ng, sing; TH, then; th, thin;

JAGGED

3. To weary or fatigue in general.

The mind once jaded by an attempt above its power is very hardly brought to exert its force again. Locke 4. To befool or make ridiculous.

[graphic]

me.

I do not now fool myself, to let imagination jade Shak. Jade (jad), v.i. To become weary; to lose spirit; to sink.

They are promising in the beginning, but they fail and jade and tire in the prosecution. South. Jade (jad), n. [Origin unknown.] A mineral, a variety of tremolite; called also Nephrite or Nephritic Stone, remarkable for its hardness and tenacity. It is of a colour more or less green, of a resinous or oily aspect when polished, and fusible into a glass or enamel. It has been used by rude nations for their weapons. It is found in detached masses or inhering in rocks.

Jadery (jad'ér-i), n. The tricks of a jade.

Beau. & Fl

Jadish (jad'ish), a. 1. Vicious; bad, like a jade: said of a horse.-2. Unchaste: said of

a woman.

'Tis to no boot to be jealous of a woman; for if the humour takes her to be jadish, not all the locks and spies in nature can keep her honest. L'Estrange. Jag (jag), n. 1. A small load, as of grain or hay in the straw. [Provincial.]-2. A saddlebag; a cloak-bag; a pedlar's wallet. Sir W. Scott. [Scotch.]

Jag (jag), v.t. To carry, as a load; as, to jag hay.

Jag (jag), v. t. pret. & pp. jagged; ppr. jagging. [Origin and connections doubtful; comp. Icel. jaki, a piece of ice (see ICICLE); O.E. jag, to cut or slash, G. zacke, a prong. tooth, jag; zacken, to dent, jag; zickzack, E. zigzag.] 1. To notch; to cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw.-2. To prick, as with a sharp instrument. [Scotch.] Jag (jag), n. [See the noun above.] 1. A tooth of a saw; a notch or denticulation; a sharp protuberance or indentation.

Coleridge.

Like waters shot from some high crag The lightning fell with never a jag. 2. In bot. a cleft or division. Jaganat, Jagganath (jag'a-nat, jag'ganath), n. Same as Jagannatha. Jagannatha, Jaggannatha (jeg-gén-natha), n. [Skr.] Lit. 'Lord of the World,' the name given to Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu, and to a very celebrated idol of this deity. It is a very rudely cut wooden image, having the body red, the face black, and the arms gilt; the mouth is open and of the colour of blood; the eyes are formed of precious stones. It is covered with magnificent vestments and seated upon a throne between two othershis brother Bala-Rama and his sister Subhadra, coloured respectively white and black. The temple specially dedicated to Jagannatha is situated at Puri in Orissa. It stands in a square area containing many other temples and inclosed by a lofty stone wall, each side of which is about 650 feet in length. It is built chiefly of a coarse granite resembling sandstone, and appears as a vast mass of masonry surmounted by several loity towers, the great tower rising to a height of 192 feet. Under the main tower are placed the idol of Jagannatha and those of his brother and sister. Great numbers of pilgrims, at the time of the festivals of Jagannátha, assemble from all quarters of India to pay their devotions at his shrine. On these occasions the idol, along with those of his brother and sister, is mounted on a monstrous car resting on sixteen wheels, which is drawn by the pilgrims; and formerly great numbers of the congregated people were wont to throw themselves under the wheels, and were thus crushed to death, the victims believing that by suffering this sort of death they should be immediately conveyed to heaven. This horrid practice, however, is now of rare occurrence. Written also Juggernaut.

Jagataic (jag-a-tá'ik), a. [From Jagatai, the native name of Turkestan, from Jagatai, one of the sons of Ghengis Khan, to whom he left this portion of his empire.] A term applied to the eastermost dialects of the Turkish group of tongues, spoken by Jagerant (ja'jèr-ant), n. Same as Jazerant the people of Turkestan. (which see).

Jagged (jag'ed), p. and a. Having notches or teeth; cleft; divided; laciniate; as, jagged leaves: in her. said of the division of the field, or of the outlines of an ordinary, which appear rough by being forcibly torn asunder.

w, wig; wh, whig; zh, azure.-See KEY. 86

JAGGEDNESS

Jaggedness (jag'ed-nes), n. The state of being jagged or denticulated; unevenness.

First draw rudely your leaves, making them plain, before you give them their veins or jaggedness. Peacham. Jagger (jag'ér), n. 1. One who or that which jags.-2. A jagging-iron (which see). Jagger (jag'èr), n. One who carries a jag or pedlar's wallet; a pedlar. Sir W. Scott. [Scotch.]

Jaggernaut (jag'gér-nät), n. Same as Jag

annatha.

Jaggery, Jagghery (jag'èr-i), n. [Hind. jagri.] In the East Indies, the name given to sugar in its coarse state; imperfectly granulated sugar; also, the inspissated juice of the palmyra-tree.

Jagging-iron (jag'ing-i-êrn), n. A brass wheel, with a jagged or notched edge, for cutting cakes into ornamental figures. Jaggy (jag'i), a. Set with teeth; denticulated; uneven; notched.

His teeth stood jaggy in three dreadful rows. Addison. Jaghirdar (jag-her-där), n. In the East Indies, a person holding a jaghire. Jaghire (jag-hér), n. In the East Indies, an assignment of the government share of the produce of a portion of land to an individual, either personal or for the support of a public establishment, particularly of a military nature.

Jaguar (ja-gwär), n. [Brazilian jaguara.] Felis onca, the American tiger or ounce of Brazil, the largest and most formidable

Jaguar (Felis onca).

It is

feline quadruped of the New World. marked with large dark spots in the form of circles, with a dark spot or pupil in the centre of each. It is as large as a wolf, and preys on all sorts of animals, from insects and shell-fish up to horses and oxen. It rarely attacks man unless hard pressed by hunger or driven to bay.

Jah (ja), n. [Heb.] Jehovah. Jail (jal), n. [Fr. geôle, O. Fr. gaiole, a prison; It gabbiola, a small cage, dim. of gabbia, a cage; from L. cavea, a cage, a coop, a den, from cavus, hollow.] A prison; a building or place for the confinement of persons arrested for debt or for crime.

Jail (jal), v.t. To put in prison; to imprison. Jailbird (jal'berd), n. A prisoner; one who has been confined in prison: sometimes used adjectivally.

There was the same air about them all-a listless, jailbird, careless swagger. Dickens. Jail-delivery (jal'dē-liv-ér-i), n. In law, a commission to the judges, &c., of assize, empowering them to try and deliver every prisoner who may be in jail when they arrive at the assize town, whenever or by whomsoever indicted, or for whatever crime committed.

Jailer, Jailor (jal'èr), n. The keeper of a prison.

Jail-fever (jāl'fë-vér), n. A dangerous and often fatal fever generated in jails and other places crowded with people, said to be due to confinement and bad air. Jailkeeper (jal'kép-èr), n. One who keeps a jail; a jailer.

The

Jain, Jaina (ján, jān'a), n. One of a Hindu religious sect, which, from the wealth and influence of its members, forms an important division of the Indian population. The name signifies a follower of Jina, one of the denominations of their deified saints. sect was very numerous and important in the eighth and ninth centuries of the Christian era, and they have left many monuments of their skill and power in the fine temples built in different parts of the country. Jainism was an offshoot of Buddhism, with which it has many leading doctrines in common, but is distinguished from it by its recognition of a divine personal Ruler of

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all, and by its political leanings towards Brahmanism. The Jains deny the divine origin and infallible authority of the Vedas; they reverence certain holy mortals, who have acquired by self-denial and mortification a station superior to that of the gods; and they manifest extreme tenderness for animal life. They affirm that the world has existed from all eternity, not having been created, and that it will exist for ever. Jaina (jan'a), a. Of or pertaining to the Jains or their creed.-Jaina architecture, a style of architecture which appears to be a modification or development of Buddhist architecture, as Jainism is an outgrowth of Buddhism. In Buddhist architecture no structural arch occurs, but in the remains of Jaina architecture, chiefly consisting of temples, we meet with a horizontal arch, that is, one in which the stones rest horizontally. Its most distinguishing characteristic, however, is its dome, built horizontally and resting commonly upon eight pillars arranged octagonally; but these eight pillars are almost never left to themselves, the base being made square by the addition of four others at the angles. There are many small buildings so constructed, that is with only twelve pillars, but oftener two more are added on each face, making twenty, or four on each face, making twenty-eight, or six on each face, making thirty-six, and so on. The principal object in a Jaina temple is a cell lighted from the door, containing a crosslegged figure of the saint to whom the temple is dedicated. The cell is always terminated upwards by a pyramidal spirelike roof, and there is a portico attached, generally of considerable extent, and in most instances surmounted by a dome. The whole is inclosed in a court-yard, surrounded by a double colonnade of smaller pillars, which form porticos to a range of cells, each occupied by the cross-legged image of a saint. There are also Jaina towers, such as towers commemorative of victory, very elaborate in construction and ornamentation. The civil architecture presents no feature of interest, there being nothing to distinguish it from that of the Hindus. Jaina architecture was at its best about the eleventh or twelfth century of our era. Jainism (jän'izm), n. The principles, doctrines, or creed of the Jains. Jak, Jak-tree (jak, jak'tre), n. Same as Jaca-tree.

Jakes (jāks), n. [Origin doubtful. Wedg wood connects it with Fr. gachis, a heap of filth, G. gauche, a filthy fluid.] A privy. Jakes-farmert (jaks'farm-ér), n. One who cleanses the jakes, or public privies; jocularly called a Gold-finder.

Nay we are all signiors here in Spain, from the jakes-farmer to the grandee or adelantado. Beau. & Fl.

Jak-wood (jak'wud), n. Same as Jack-wood. Jalap (jal'ap), n. [Fr. jalap; Sp. jalapa: so called from Jalapa, a province in Mexico, whence it is imported.] The name given to the tuberous roots of several plants of the nat. order Convolvulaceæ, that of Ipomoea purga being the most important. This is a twining herbaceous plant, with cordateacuminate, sharply auricled leaves, and elegant salver-shaped deep pink flowers, growing naturally on the eastern declivities of the Mexican Andes, at an elevation of from 5000 to 8000 feet. The jalap of commerce

Jalap Plant (Ipomaa purga). consists of irregular ovoid dark-brown roots, varying from the size of an egg to that of a hazel-nut, but occasionally as large as a man's fist. The drug jalap is one of the most common purgatives, but is apt to gripe and nauseate. It has little smell or taste, but produces a slight degree of pungency in

JAMPAN

the mouth. Male jalap, or orizaba-root, is produced by Ipomoea orizabensis, and Tampico jalap from I. simulans. Jalapic (ja-lap'ik),a. Relating to or consisting of jalap or jalapin. Jalapic acid (CH0O18), an acid produced, with assimilation of water, by dissolving jalapin in aqueous solutions of the alkalies or alkaline earths.

Jalapin, Jalapine (jal'a-pin), n. (CHO) A basic resin, which is the purgative principle of the roots and tubers of certain plants of the convolvulaceous order See JALAP.

Jalouse, Jaloose (ja-löz), v. i. or t. [A form of jealous.] To suspect; to guess. [Scotch ] They jaloused the opening of our letters at Fairport. Sir W. Scott Jalousie (zhäl-ö-zē), n. [Fr., from jalouz, jealous. See JEALOUS.] A wooden frame or blind for shading from the sunshine, much used in tropical and hot countries; a venetian blind.

Jam (jam), n. [Ar. jamd, congelation, concretion; jamid, concrete, conjealed. So rob, a conserve of fruits, is also of oriental origin.] A conserve of fruits boiled with sugar and water.

Jam (jam), n. [Per. and Hind. jamah, rai ment, robe.] 1. A muslin dress worn in India.-2. A kind of frock for children.

Jam (jam), v.t. pret. & pp. jammed; ppr. jamming. [Perhaps from jamb, so that the original notion might be that of pressing between two uprights or jambs. Skeat, how. ever, regards it as the same word as cham and champ, to chew, to crush.] 1. To press; to crowd; to wedge in; to squeeze tight

The ship, which, by its building was Spanish, stock fast, jammed in between two rocks; all the stern and quarters of her were beaten to pieces with the sea. Defoe

2. To tread hard or make firm by treading, Jam (jam), n. A crush; a squeeze; a block as land by cattle. [Provincial.] of people.

[graphic]
[blocks in formation]

kan), a. Relating or belonging to Jamaica. Jamaican (ja-makan), n. One who belongs to Jamaica; a native or inhabitant of Jamaica Jamaica Pepper (ja-ma'ka pep-per), n. Same as Allspice (which see) Jamb (jam), n. [Fr. jambe a leg, whence jambage, a jamb ] In arch, a side or vertical piece of any opening or aperture in a wall, such as a door, window, or chimney, which helps to bear the piece that discharges the superincumbent weight of the wall.-2. In mining, a mass of mineral or stone in a quarry or pit standing upright, more or less distinct from neighbouring or adjoining parts.

[graphic]

A, Jamb of Doorway.

Jamb (jam), v.t. To jam (which see). Jambart (jam'bärt), n. Same as Jambe (which see).

Jambe, n. [Fr. jambe, the leg.] Armour
for the leg, sometimes made of cuirbouills,
but most frequently of metal, much used
during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and six-
teenth centuries. See SOLLERET.
Jambee (jam-be'), n. [0. Fr. jamboier, to
walk, from jambe, the leg.] A fashionable
cane. Tatler.

Jambeux, n. pl. A plural form of Jambe.
One for his legs and knees provided well,
With jambeux armed and double plates of steel

[graphic]

Dryden

Jamdari (jam'da-ri), n. In the East Indies, a species of muslin flowered in the loom. Jamesonite (ja'me-son-it), n A mineral thus named after Professor Jameson; arce omous antimony-glance. Jam-nut (jam'nut), n In mech a net placed in contact with the main nut on the same bolt to keep it from turning Jampan (jam'pan), n. In the East Indies a solid sedan-chair supported between tw thick bamboo poles, and borne by four men

JAMPANEE

Jampanee (jam-pan-ė), n. The bearer of a jainpan.

The mate of the jampanees came out at the door. W. H. Russell.

Jamrosade (jam'rōs-åd), n. The rose-apple; the fruit of the East Indian tree Jambosa vulgaris or Eugenia jambos. Jan (jan), n. [År.] In Mohammedan myth. an inferior kind of demon.

Jane (jan), n. [O.E. jean, from Genoa. ] 1. A coin of Genoa; any small coin-Many a jane, much money. Spenser.-2. A kind of twilled cotton cloth; jean.

Jane-of-apes (ján'ov-åps), n. A pert girl: the female counterpart of jackanapes. Massinger.

Jangada (jan-ga'dā), n. [Pg.] A raft-boat used in Peru and the northern parts of Brazil.

Jangle (jang'gl), vi pret. & pp. jangled; ppr. jangling. [O. Fr. jangler, gangler; Pr. janglar, to mock, rail, quarrel, from L.G. and D. jangelen, to whimper, to brawl, to quarrel.] 1. To sound discordantly or harshly-2 To quarrel in words; to altercate; to bicker; to wrangle. Shak. Jangle (jang gl), et 1. To cause to sound harshly or inharmoniously. - 2. To give utterance to in a discordant or inharmonious manner.

Ere monkish rhymes

Had jangled their fantastic chimes. Prior. Jangle (jang gl), n. Discordant sound; prate; babble. The mad jangle of Matilda's lyre.' Gifford

Jangler (jang gl-ér), n. A wrangling noisy fellow; a prater; a babbler.

Jangleress, Jangleresse (jang'gl-ér-es),
N. A female prater or babbler.
Janglerie, n. Idle talk; prate; jangle;
babble.

The janglerie of woman ne can nothing hide. Chaucer. Janglour, n A jangler; a prater. Chau

cer.

Janissary. See JANIZARY.

659

Slavery was the hinge on which the gates of the temple of Fanus turned (in the American war). Times newspaper. Janus-faced (jā'nus-fäst), a. Having two faces; two-faced; double-dealing; deceitful. Janus-headed (jä'nus-hed-ed), a. Doubleheaded.

Japan (ja-pan'), n. [From the country so called.] 1. Work varnished and figured in the manner practised by the natives of Japan.-2. The varnish employed in japanning articles. See JAPAN-LACQUER. Japan (ja-pan'). a. Of or pertaining to Japan or to the peculiar lacquered work of Japan.

Japan (ja-pan'), v. t. pret. & pp. japanned; ppr. japanning. 1. To varnish in the manner of the Japanese, that is, to cover wood, metal, paper, &c., with a thick coating of hard and brilliant varnish wholly or partly coloured.-2. To black and gloss, as in blacking shoes or boots. - Japanned leather, a species of enamelled or varnished leather prepared with several coatings of a mixture consisting of linseed-oil, Prussian-blue, and lamp-black rubbed in with the hand and then dried in a stove.

Japan-earth (ja-pan'êrth), n. A name of terra japonica, catechu or cutch, an astringent matter procured from Acacia Catechu. Japanese (jap'an-ez), a. Pertaining to Japan or its inhabitants. Japanese (jap'an-ez), n. 1. sing. and pl. A native or natives of Japan. - 2. sing. The language of the inhabitants of Japan. Japan-lacquer (ja-pan'lak-ér), n. A valuable black hard varnish used in japanning. It is obtained from Rhus vernix, a tree belonging to the nat. order Anacardiaceæ. Japanner (ja-pan'èr), n. 1. One who japans or varnishes in the manner of the Japanese. 2. A shoe-black. Pope.

Japannish (ja-pan'ish), a. Of or pertaining to Japan; after the manner of Japan or of japanned articles. [Rare.]

Janitor (jan'i-tér), n. [L.] A doorkeeper; Japet (jap), v. [Perhaps a form derived

a porter.

Janitrix (jan'i-triks), n. 1. A female janitor or doorkeeper.-2. In anat. a large vein; the vena porta.

Janizar (jan'i-zar), n. A janizary. Janizarian (jan-i-za'ri-an), a. Pertaining to the janizaries or their government. The janizarian republic of Algiers.' Burke. Janizary, Janissary (jan'i-za-ri, jan'is-sari), n. [Turk. yeni, new, and teheri, militia, soldiers.] A soldier of the Turkish foot guards. The janizaries were a body of infantry, and reputed the Grand Seignor's guards. They became turbulent, and rising in arms against the sultan, were attacked, defeated, and destroyed in Constantinople in June, 1826.

Janker (jangkér), n. A long pole on two wheels, used in Scotland for transporting logs of wood.

Jannock (jan'nok), a. [Comp. Gael. ionannach, equal.] Fair; straightforward; downright. Provincial]

Jannock (jan'nok), n. Fair-play; open dealing. [Provincial English and Scotch.] Jannock (jan'nok), n. Oat-bread. [Local.] Jansenism (jan'sen-izm), n. The doctrine of the Jansenists. Jansenist (jan'sen-ist), n. A follower of Jansen, bishop of Ypres in Flanders, who leaned to the doctrine of irresistible grace as maintained by Calvin. The Jansenists formed a powerful party in the Roman Catholic Church.

Jant (jant), and v. Same as Jaunt (which see).

Janthina (jan'thin-a), n. Same as Ianthina (which see).

Jantily (jan'ti-li), adv. Same as Jauntily. Jantiness (jan'ti-nes), n. Same as Jauntiness. Addison.

Jantu, Janta (jan'tó, jan'ta), n. A machine for raising water to irrigate land, used in Hindustan.

Janty (jan'ti), a. Same as Jaunty.

We owe most of our janty fashions now in vogue to some adept beau Guardian.

January (jan'û-a-ri), n. [L. januarius, the month consecrated to Janus] The first month of the year according to the present computation.

Janus (ja'nus), n. A Latin deity represented with two faces looking opposite ways, and holding a key in one hand and a staff in the other. He presided over the commencement of all undertakings. His temple at Rome was kept open in time of war, and shut in time of peace.

from Icel. geipa, to talk nonsense, from geip, nonsense; or connected with gab, to prate, Sc. gab, to speak pertly, gab, the mouth, as jabber with gabble.] To jest.

It was not time with him to jape nor toy. Skelton. Japet (jāp), v. t. 1. To cheat; to impose upon.-2. To deride; to taunt; to gibe. Chaucer.

Japet (jāp), n. A jest; a trick. And turned all his harm into a jape.' Chaucer. Japer, n. A jester; a buffoon. Chaucer. Japetidæ (ja-pet'i-de), n. pl. [From Japheth, one of the three sons of Noah] One of the three great divisions into which Dr. Latham divides the family of man, the other two being Mongolida and Atlantida. It comprises the chief nations of Europe belonging to the family generally known as the IndoEuropean.

Japhetic (ja-fet'ik),a. Pertaining to Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; as, the Japhetic

nations.

Jar (jär), v.i. pret. & pp. jarred; ppr jarring. [Also found in forms chur, jur, and imitative of sound; comp night-jar, night-churr,names of the goat-sucker from its cry; also jargon, L. garrio, to chatter.] 1. To strike together with a short rattle or tremulous sound; to give out an untuneful or harsh sound; to sound discordantly; as, a jarring sound.

A string may jar in the best master's hand. Roscommon. 2. To be inconsistent; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute; as, our views do not jar.

For orders and degrees

Far not with liberty, but well consist. Milton. They must be sometimes ignorant of the means conducing to those ends, in which alone they can jar and oppose each other. Dryden.

3. To vibrate regularly; to repeat the same sound.

My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar. Shak.

Jar (jär), v.t. To cause a short tremulous motion to; to cause to shake or tremble.

When once they (bells) jar and check each other, either jangling together, or striking preposterously, how harsh and unpieasing is that noise! Bp. Hall.

Jar (jär), n. 1. A rattling vibration of sound; a harsh sound; a discord; as, 'a trembling jar. Holder -2. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; conflict. And yet his peace is but continual jar. Spenser. The slaughtered chiefs, the mortal jar, The havoc of the feudal war,

Shall never, never be forgot. Sir W. Scott. 3. Repetition of the noise made by the pendulum of a clock.

JASMINACEE

Shak.

I love thee not a jar o' the clock behind What lady she her lord. Jar (jär), n. [Fr. jare; Sp. jarra; It. giara, a jar, from Ar. jarrah, a water-pot.] 1. A vessel, as of earthenware or glass, of various shapes and dimensions; as, a jar of honey. 2. The quantity contained in a jar; the contents of a jar; as, a jar of oil. Jararaca (ja-ra-ia'ka), n. [The native name in Surinam.] A species of serpent, a native of Brazil, seldom exceeding 18 inches in length, having prominent veins on its head, and of a dusky brownish colour, variegated with red and black spots. It is very poison

ous.

Jarble, Jarvel (jär′bl, järvel), v.t. [See JAVEL] To bemire. [Provincial.] Jarde (järd), n. [Fr.] In farriery, a callous tumour on the leg of a horse, below the bend of the ham on the outside.

Jardiniere (zhar-den-yar), n. [Fr., a female gardener; a gardener's wife.] An ornamental stand for plants and flowers, used as a decoration of an apartment. Jarglet (järgl), v.i. Perhaps a form of jangle, through the influence of jargon, gargle.] To emit a harsh or shrill sound. Her husband's rusty iron corselet; Whose jargling sound might rock her babe to rest. Bp. Hall. Jargogle+ (järʼgog-1), v.t. [Probably from jargon.] To jumble; to confuse. 'To jargogle your thoughts." Locke. Jargon (jär'gon), n. [Fr.; origin doubtful. See JAR, v.i.] 1. Confused, unintelligible talk or language; gabble; gibberish.

They (the Normans) abandoned their native speech and adopted the French tongue. They speedily raised their new language to dignity and importance which it had never before possessed. They found it a barbarous jargon; they fixed it in writing. Macaulay.

2. Any phraseology peculiar to a sect, profession, or the like; professional slang; as, 'the jargon of the schools.' Prior.-3. Confusion; disorder. Addison. Jargon (jär'gon), v. i. To utter unintelligible sounds.

The noisy sea

Fargoning like a foreigner at his food. Keats. Jargon (jargon), n. [Fr.; It. giargone, from gialio, yellow.] A mineral, usually of a gray or greenish white colour, in small irregular grains, or crystallized in quadrangular prisms. surmounted with pyramids, or in octahedrons consisting of double quadrangular prisms. It is sometimes written Jargoon. See ZIRCON.

Jargonelle (jär-gon-el'), n. [Fr., from jargon. See JARGON, the mineral.] A variety of early pear.

Jargonic (jär-gon'ik), a. Pertaining to the mineral jargon.

Jargonize (jargon-iz), v.i. To utter uncouth and unintelligible sounds.

Jargoon (jargon), n. In mineral. see JAR

GON.

Jarl (yärl), n. [Icel., a warrior, a nobleman, a chief.] The name given in the early history of the Scandinavian kingdoms to the lieutenant or governor of a province; an earl. Jar-nut (jar'nut), n. Pig-nut or earth-nut. Jarrah (jar'ra), n. A timber-tree of West Australia, the Eucalyptus rostrata of botanists. The wood is very durable, and resembles mahogany.

Jarringly (jar'ing-li), adv. In a jarring or discordant manner.

Jarvey, Jarvy (järʼví), n. 1. A hackneycoach.

I stepped into the litter-I mean the litter at the bottom of the jarvy. Theodore Hook.

2. The driver of a coach, cab, or similar conveyance. [Slang.]

Jasey (ja'zi), n. [Possibly a corruption of Jersey, as being made of Jersey yarn.] A worsted wig.

A little, snuffy spindle-shanked gentleman in waiting, in a brown jasey and a green coat covered with orders. Thackeray. Jashawk (jashak), n. [A form of eyashawk.] A young hawk.

Jasione (ja-si-o'né), n. [Gr. iasiōnē, a name given by Theophrastus to a wild potherb, now unknown. ] A genus of plants of the nat. order Campanulace. The J. montana, or common sheep's bit, is found in Britain growing on dry heathy pastures. Its flowers are of a bright blue, in terminal dense, hemispherical heads, surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. Jasminacea (jas-min-a'sē-ē), n. pl. A group or nat. order of exogenous plants, containing the genera Jasminum, Menodora, and Nyctanthes. The plants have a double berry

JASMINE

or capsule, and the corolla-lobes are much imbricated. Jasmine, Jasmin (jas'min), n. [Fr. jasmin; Ar. and ultimately Pers. yasemin, jasmine.] The popular name of the species of the genus Jasminum. They are elegant, branched, erect or climbing shrubs, with imparipinnate, trifoliolate, or simple leaves, and (usually cymose) white or yellow flowers,

from some of which delicious perfumes are extracted. There are about 100 species, most of them Asiatic; some occur in south and a few in tropical Africa, while one is a native of Southern Europe. The Caroline jasmine is Gelsemium nitidum. Often written Jessamine.

Jaspt (jasp), n. Jasper.

The floor of jasp and emeraude was dight. Spenser. Jaspachate (jas'pa-kāt), n. [Fr. jaspachate, L. and Gr. iaspachates.] Agate jas

per.

Jasper (jas'per), n. [Fr. jaspe, L. Gr. iaspis, Ar. yasheb, Heb. yashpheh.] An impure opaque coloured quartz, less hard than flint or even than common quartz, but which gives fire with steel. It is entirely opaque, or sometimes feebly translucent at

the edges, and presents almost every variety of colour. It is found in metamorphic rocks, and often occurs in very large masses. It admits of an elegant polish, and is used for vases, seals, snuff-boxes, &c. There are several varieties, as red, brown, blackish, bluish, Egyptian.-Agate jasper is jasper in layers with chalcedony.-Porcelain jasper is only baked clay.

Mixed with

Jasperated (jas'per-at-ed), a.
jasper; containing particles of jasper; as,
jasperated agate.

Jaspery (jas'per-i), a. Having the qualities
of jasper; mixed with jasper.
Jaspidean, Jaspideous (jas-pid'e-an, jas-
pid'ē-us), a. Like jasper; consisting of jas-
per, or partaking of jasper.
Jaspoid (jas'poid), a.

[Fr. jaspe, jasper, and Gr. eidos, resemblance.] Resembling jasper.

Jasponyx (jas'po-niks), n. [L. iasponyx, Gr. iasponyx-iaspis, jasper, and onyx, a fingernail, a precious stone.] The purest horncoloured onyx, with beautiful green zones, composed of genuine matter of the finest jaspers.

Jatamansi (ja-ta-man'si), n. The East Indian name for the true spikenard, Nardostachys Jatamansi.

660

tica yields an elastic substance used as
caoutchouc.

Jauk (jak), v.i. [Perhaps connected with
gawk, gawky.] To trifle; to spend one's
time idly. [Scotch.]

An' mind their labours wi' an eydent hand,
An' ne'er, though out o' sight, to jauk or play.
Jaum (jäm), n.
Burns.
Same as Jamb. [Scotch.]
Jaumange (zhō-mańzh), n. [Fr. jaune, yel-
low, and manger, meat.] A variety of blanc-
mange; Dutch flummery.
Jauncet (jäns), v..
JAUNT, v..] To ride hard; to harass or
[O.Fr. jancer. See
fatigue a horse in riding; to ride or rove
here and there.

Shak.

Spur-galled, and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke.
Jaundice (jan'dis), n. [O. and Prov. E.
jaunes, jaunis, jawnes, Fr. jaunisse, from
jaune, O. Fr. jalne, L. galbanus, galbinus, yel-
lowish, galbus, yellow. See YELLOW.] A
disease, in its most common form character-
ized by suppression and alteration of the liver
functions, yellowness of the eyes, skin, and
urine; whiteness of the discharges from the
intestines; uneasiness, referred to the region
of the stomach; loss of appetite and general
languor and lassitude. Hence, from jaun-
dice being accompanied by a discoloured
view of external objects and depression of
spirits, the name is given to a feeling or
emotion disordering the judgment, as jeal-
ousy, envy, and the like. 'Jealousy, the
jaundice of the soul.' Dryden.
Jaundice (jan'dis), v. t. pret. & pp. jaundiced;
ppr. jaundicing. 1. To affect with jaundice.
Hence-2. To affect with prejudice or envy.
He beheld the evidence of wealth, and the envy of
wealth jaundiced his soul.
Lord Lytton.
Jauner (jan'ér), n. Foolish talk. [Scotch.]
Jaunt (jant), v.i. [O. Fr. jancer, explained
by Cotgrave as to stir a horse in the stable,
to jaunt; comp. jaunce, which is another
form.] 1. To wander here and there; to
make an excursion; to ramble.-2. † To move
Jaunt (jänt), n. 1. An excursion; a ramble;
up and down in a jolting manner.
a short journey.-2. Up and down rough
jolting movement.-SYN. Trip, tour, excur-
sion, ramble.

Jaunt (jänt), n. [Fr. jante.] A felly of a
wheel.
Jauntily (jän'ti-li), adv. Briskly; airily;

gaily.
Jauntiness (jän'ti-nes), n. The quality of
being jaunty; airiness; sprightliness.

A certain stiffness in my limbs entirely destroyed
that jauntiness of air I was once master of.

Addison.

Jaunting-car, Janty-car (fan 'ting-kär,
jän'ti-kär), n. A light car used in Ireland
in which the passengers ride back to back
on folding-down seats placed at right angles
to the axle, the occupants having their feet
near the ground. There is generally a 'well'
between the seats for receiving luggage, and
a seat in front for the driver.
Jaunty (jän'ti), a. Gay and easy in manner
or actions; airy; sprightly; affecting ele-
gance; showy; finical; as, he walked along
with quite a jaunty air.

This sort of woman is a jaunty slattern, she hangs
on her clothes, plays her head, and varies her pos-
[Comp. Sc. jaw.] A portion
Spectator.

ture.

Jaup (jap), n.

Jaup (jap), v.i.
of water dashed or splashed up. [Scotch.]
To dash and rebound as
water; to make a noise like water agitated
Jaup (jap), v.t.
in a close vessel. [Scotch.]

To bespatter, as with water
or mud. [Scotch.]
Javanese (jav'an-ez), n. A native of, or the
Javanese (jav'an-ez), a. Relating to Java.
language of Java.

Javelt (jav'el), v.t. [Comp. Sc. javel, jevel,
jabble, to spill as water by moving it from
side to side.] To bemire. Written also
Javelt (jav'el), n.
Jarble, Jarvel.
fellow.

Jateorhiza (jat-e-ō-ri'za), n. [Gr. iater, a
physician, and rhiza, a root.] A genus of
Menispermaceæ, closely allied to Cocculus:
so named from the root of one of the species,
the J. palmata or Cocculus palmatus, yield-
ing the calumba-root of the pharmacopeia.
It is a native of Mozambique.
Jatropha (jat'ro-fa), n. [Gr. iatros, physi-
cian, and trophe, food.] A genus of woody
plants with alternate stipulate leaves and
cymes of small flowers, belonging to the nat.
order Euphorbiaceæ, for the most part in-
habiting the tropical parts of America. Some
of the species are of some importance both
as medicine and food. The seeds of J.
glauca yield an oil of a stimulating quality.
The seeds of J. Curcas (now Curcas pur-
gans) are purgative. The roots of J. Mani-
hot yield the celebrated manioc of the ne-
groes, known by the name of cassava in the
West Indies, and tapioca of Brazil. (See
MANIOC, CASSAVA, and TAPIOCA.) J. elas-

A wandering or dirty
These two javels
Should render up a reckoning of their travels
Unto their master.
Javelin (jav'lin), n. [Fr. javeline, It. giave-
Spenser.
lina, Sp. jabalina. The Romance forms
are perhaps from O.E. gavellock, a javelin
or dart; the alternative Fr. form javelot, as
well as the It. giavelloto, and O. Fl. gavelote
support this conjecture. The root meaning
is probably in G. gabel or W. gafl, a fork] A
light spear thrown from the hand, in use
in ancient warfare both by horse and foot.
It was about 54 feet long, and consisted of

JAY

Javelin (jav'lin), v.t. To strike or wound with or as with a javelin.

a shaft of hard wood and a long barbed
head of iron or steel.

A bolt
(For now the storm was close about them) struck,
Furrowing a giant oak, and javelining
With darted spikes and splinters of the wood
The dark earth round.
Tennyson
Javelinier, n. A soldier armed with a
javelin.

The javeliniers foremost of all began the fight.
Holland
Javelottier,t n. Same as Javelinier. The
spearmen or javelottiers of the vaward'
Holland.

Jaw (ja), n. [O.E. chaw, that which chaus
or chews. With regard to the substitution
of j for the O.E. ch comp. choul, joul]
1. The bones of the mouth in which the
teeth are fixed; the maxillary bones.
2. pl. The mouth.-3. Petulant loquacity:
coarse raillery; scolding, wrangling, abu-
sive clamour. [Vulgar.]-4. Anything re-
sembling a jaw in form or use; especially,
naut. the inner end of a boom or gaff (see
GAFF); as, the jaws of a vice; the jaws of a

[graphic]

pass.

So toilsome was the road to trace,
The guide, abating of his pace,

Led slowly through the pass's jaws. Sir W Scott
Drop head foremost in the jaws
Of darkness.

Tennyson.

Jaw (ja), v.i. To talk or gossip; also, to
scold; to clamour. [Vulgar.]
Jaw (ja), v.t. To abuse by scolding; to use
impertinent or impudent language towards
[Vulgar.]

Jaw (ja), n. [Probably imitative of sound of
splashing of water.] A wave; a consider-
able quantity of any liquid. [Scotch.]
Jaw (ja), v.t. To pour out; to throw or dash
out rapidly, and in considerable quantity,
Jaw-bone (ja'bon), n.
as a liquid. [Scotch.]
The bone of the jaw
Jaw-box (ja'boks), n.
in which the teeth are fixed.
Same as Jaw-hole
[Scotch.]
Jaw-breaker (jabrák-ér). n. A hard or
many-syllabled word; a word very hard to
pronounce. [Slang.]

Jawed (jad), a. 1. Denoting the appearance
of the jaws.-2. Having jaws. 'Jawed like
a jetty. Skelton.

Jawfall (ja'fal), n. Depression of the jaw;

hence, depression of spirits, as indicated by Jaw-fallen (ja'faln), a. Depressed in spirits; depression of the jaw. Jaw-foot (ja'fut), n. dejected; chop-fallen.

In zool. the foot of a
lobster near to its mouth.
Jaw-hole (jahōl), n. A place into which
Jaw-lever (jale-ver), n. An instrument for
dirty water, &c., is thrown; a sink. [Scotch]
opening the mouth of cattle in order to ad-
Jawnt (jan), v.i. To yawn. 'Stop his jaun-
minister medicine.
Jaw-rope (ja'rop), n. Naut. a rope attached
ing chaps. Marston. See YAWN.
to the jaws of a gaff to prevent it from com-
ing off the mast.

Jaw-tooth (ja'töth), n. A tooth in the back
part of the jaw; a molar; a grinder.
Jaw-wedge (ja'wej), n. A wedge to tighten
Jawy (ja'i), a. Relating to the jaws.
an axle-box in an axle-guard.
Jay (ja), n. [Fr. geai, O. Fr. and Picardy
gai, Pr. gai, jai, Sp. gayo; of same origin

[graphic]

Common Jay (Garrulus glandarius)

as adjective gay, the name signifying the gay or lively bird.] 1. A bird of the genus Garrulus, family Corvidae or crows, but hav ing the mandibles weaker than in the crows, and terminating in a sudden and nearly equal curve. The tail is wedge-shaped, not long, and the slender feathers of the forehead can be erected like a crest. The com

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