DERIVATION

Derivation (de-ri-vā'shon), n. [L. derivatio, a turning off into another channel, derivation, from derivo, derivatum. See DERIVE.] 1. The act of deriving, drawing, or receiving from a source; as, the derivation of an estate from ancestors, or of profits from capital, or of truth or facts from antiquity. My derivation was from ancestors

Who stood equivalent with mighty kings. Shak. 2. In gram. the drawing or tracing of a word from its root or original; as, derivation is from the L. derivo, and the latter from prefix de, away, from, and rivus, a stream.-3. A drawing from or turning aside from a natural course or channel; as, the derivation of water from its channel by lateral drains. An artificial derivation of that river. Gibbon. [Rare or obsolete.]-4. In med. revulsion, or the drawing away of the fluids of an inflamed part, by apply. ing blisters, &c., over it, or at a distance from it.-5. The thing derived or deduced; a derivative; a deduction. [Rare or obsolete.]

Most of them are the genuine derivations of the hypothesis they claim to." Glanville.

6. In math. the operation by which a derivative is deduced from that which precedes it, or from the function. The method of derivations, in general, consists in discovering the law by which different quantities are connected with each other, and in making use of this law as a method of calculation for passing from one derivative to another.-7 In gun. the peculiar constant deviation of an elongated projectile from a rifled gun.

Derivational (de-ri-va'shon-al), a. Relating to derivation.

Derivative (de-riv'a-tiv), a. Derived; taken or having proceeded from another or something preceding; secondary; as, a derivative conveyance. A derivative perfection.' Sir M. Hale.-Derivative chord, in music, a chord derived from a fundamental chord. -Deriv ative conveyances, in law, secondary deeds, as releases, confirmations, surrenders, consignments, and defeasances. Derivative (de-riv'a-tiv), n. 1. That which is derived; that which is deduced or comes by derivation from another; specifically, a word which takes its origin in another word, or is formed from it; thus, depravity is a derivative from the L. depravo, and acknowledge a derivative from knowledge, which is a derivative from know.

The

Derivatively (de-riv'a-tiv-li), adv. In a de-
rivative manner; by derivation.
Derivativeness (de-riv'a-tiv-nes), n.
state of being derivative.
Derive (de-riv), v.t. pret. & pp. derived;
ppr. deriving. [L. derivo, to divert a stream
from its channel, to draw away, to derive-
de, from, and rivus, a stream.] 1. To draw
from, as in a regular course or channel; to
receive from a source by a regular convey-
ance; as, the heir derives an estate from his
ancestors.

For by my mother I derived am
From Lionel, Duke of Clarence.

Shak.

2. To draw or receive, as from a source or origin; as, we derive ideas from the senses, and instruction from good books.-3. To deduce or draw, as from a root or primitive word; as, a hundred words are often derived from a single monosyllabic root.-4. To turn from its natural course; to divert; as, to derive water from the main channel or current into lateral rivulets. The solemn and right manner of deriving water.' Fuller. And her dew loves derived to that vile witch's share. Spenser. The streams of justice were derived into every part of the kingdom. Sir J. Davies.

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Deriver (de-rīv′ėr), n. One who derives or draws from a source.

Derm, Derma, Dermis (derm, dêr'ma, dêr'mis), n. [Gr. derma, a skin, a hide.] The true skin, or under layer of the skin, as distinguished from the cuticle, epidermis, or scarf skin. It is also called enderon, the epidermis being known as ecderon. Dermahæmal, Dermohæmal (dèr'ma-hēmal, dér'mō-hé-mal), a. [Gr. derma, skin, and haima, blood.] An epithet applied to the ossified developments of the dermoskeleton in fishes when they form points of

attachment for the fins on the ventral or hæmal side of the body. Dermal (dêr'mal), a. [Gr. derma, skin.] Pertaining to skin or the external covering of the body; consisting of skin. Dermaneural, Dermoneural (dèr'ma-nural, der'mō-nú-ral), a. [Gr. derma, the skin, and neuron, a nerve.] In zool. a term applied to the upper row of spines in the back of a fish, from their connection with the skin and their relation to that surface of the body on which the nervous system is placed.

Dermaptera (der-map'ter-a), n. pl. [Gr. derma, skin, and pteron, wing.] An order of insects, restricted by Kirby to the earwigs (of which at least three genera are found in this country), comprising those genera which have their anterior pair of wings coriaceous, not employed in flight, and forming elytra; their posterior wings membranous and folded like a fan, only partially covered by the elytra, and the tail armed with a forceps.

Dermapteran (der-map'tér-an), n. An individual of the Dermaptera (which see). Dermapterous (der-map'ter-us), a. Belonging to the order Dermaptera (which see). Dermatic, Dermatine (der-mat'ik, der matin), a. Pertaining to the skin. Dermatin, Dermatine (der'ma-tin), n. [Gr. derma, dermatos, the skin.] A dark olivegreen variety of hydrophyte, of a resinous lustre, found in Saxony, so called because it frequently occurs as a skin or crust upon serpentine. It occurs also in reniform

masses.

One

Dermatography (der-ma-tog'ra-fi), n. [Gr. derma, skin, and graphō, to write.] The anatomical description of the skin. Dermatoid (dér'mat-oid), a. [Gr. derma, dermatos, skin, and eidos, resemblance. ] Resembling skin; skin-like. Dermatologist (dėr-ma-tolo-jist), n. versed in dermatology. Dermatology (der-ma-tol'o-ji), n. [Gr. derma, skin, and logos, discourse.] The branch of physiology which treats of the skin and its diseases. Dermatophyte (dér'ma-to-fit), n. derma, dermatos, the skin, and phyton, a growth or plant.] A parasitic plant, chiefly of the lowest type of the Cryptogamia, infesting the cuticle and epidermis of men and other animals, and giving rise to various forms of skin-disease, as ring-worm, sycosis, &c.

[Gr.

Dermatorhœa (der'ma-to-rē"a), n. [Gr. derma, dermatos, the skin, and rheo, to flow.] A morbidly increased secretion from the skin. Dermestes (dér-mes'tēz), n. [Gr. derma, skin, and esthio, to eat.] A genus of cole opterous insects, the type of the family Dermestidæ. The larvæ of this genus are covered with slippery hairs; they devour dead bodies, skins, leather, and other animal substances. One species (D. lardarius) is known by the name of bacon-beetle; another (D. or Anthrenus musæorum) is peculiarly destructive in museums of natural history. Dermestidæ (dér-mes'ti-de), n. pl. A family of coleopterous insects of the section Necrophaga. The species of this family are for the most part of small size. Their larvæ are covered with hair, and feed upon animal substances. The principal genera are Dermestes, Anthrenus, Megatoma, and Attagenus. Dermic (dérm'ik), a. Relating to the skin. Dermic remedies, remedies which act through the skin.

Dermis, ". See DERM. Dermobranchiata (děr'mo-brangk'i-a"ta), n. pl. [Gr. derma, skin, and branchia, gills] A family of gasteropods, comprising those molluscs which respire by means of external branchiæ or gills occurring in the form of thin membranous plates, tufts, or filaments. They are more commonly called Nudibranchiata.

DEROGATE

In

Dermography (dėr-mogʻra-fi), n. Same as Dermatography. Dermohæmal. See DERMAHÆMAL. Dermohemia (dèr'mō-he-mi-a), n. [Gr. derma, the skin, and haima, blood.] med. hyperæmia, or congestion of the skin. Dermoid (derm ́oid), a. [Gr. derma, skin, and eidos, resemblance.] Resembling skin; dermatoid: applied to tissues which resemble skin.

Dermology (dér-mol'o-ji), n. Same as Dermatology.

Dermopteri, Dermopterygii (der-mop'teri, der-mop'te-ri"jii), n. pl. (Gr. derma, skin, with pteron, and pteryx, pterygos, a wing or fin.] A section of fishes characterized by cutaneous vertical fins, with rays extremely soft and delicate, or altogether imperceptible, by the want of pectoral or ventral fins, and by an unossified endoskeleton. This section was removed by Owen from the Chondropterygii on account of their inferior structure. They are of vermiform shape, and include the lampreys, lancelet, &c., which fishes, however, in recent systems of arrangement, are placed in separate and distinct orders.

Dermosclerite (der-mo-sler'it), n. [Gr. derma, skin, and skleros, hard.] A mass of spicules which occurs in the tissues of some of the Actinozoa.

In

Dermo-skeleton (dėr-mō-ske ́lē-ton), n. [Gr. derma, skin, and skeleton, skeleton.] A term applied to the coriaceous, crustaceous, testaceous, or osseous integument, such as covers many invertebrate and some vertebrate animals. It serves more or less completely the offices of protecting the soft parts of the body, and as a fixed point of attachment to the organs of movement. fishes and reptiles the dermo-skeleton is the skin with the scales; in turtles it is united with parts of the endo-skeleton, such as the vertebræ and ribs; insects and crustaceans have a dermo-skeleton only. Dermotomy (der-mot'o-mi), n. [Gr. derma, the skin, and tome, a cutting, from temno, to cut.] The anatomy or dissection of the skin.

Derm-skeleton (dėrm-ske'lē-ton), n. Same as Dermo-skeleton.

Dern (dèrn), a. [A. Sax. dearn, secret.] 1. Hidden; secret; private.

But as they looked in Bernisdale
By a derne street

Old ballad.

Then came there a knight riding. 2. Sad; solitary. Dr. H. More. Dern (dèrn), n. In arch. sce DEARN. Derne (dérn), v. t. To hide one's self, as in a hole. [Old English and Scotch.]

He at length escaped them by derning himself in a fox-earth. H. Miller. Dernful,ta. Solitary; hence, sad; mournful. The birds of ill presage this lucklesse chance foretold. By dernfull noise. Brysket. Dernier (der-nya), a. [Fr., from a hypothetical L. adjective deretranus, which gives derrain, whence derrainier, derenier, dernier-de, and retro, behind, backward.] Last; final; ultimate; as, dernier ressort (last resort).

Dernly + (dèrn'li), adv. Secretly; solitarily; hence, sadly; mournfully. Spenser. Derogate (de'ro-gat), v.t. pret. & pp. derogated; ppr. derogating. [L. derogo, derogatum, to repeal part of a law, to restrict, to modify-de, priv., and rogo, to ask, to propose. In ancient Rome rogo was used in proposing new laws, and derogo in repealing some section of a law. Hence the sense is to take from or annul a part.] 1. To repeal, annul, or destroy the force and effect of some part of a law or established rule; to lessen the extent of a law: distinguished from abrogate.

By several contrary customs many of the civil and Hale. canon laws are controlled and derogated.

2. To lessen the worth of a person or thing; to disparage.

[Rare.]

There is none so much carried with a corrupt mind... that he will derogate the praise and honour due to so worthy an enterprise. Hooker. Derogate (de'rō-gāt), v. i. 1. To take away; to detract; to lessen by taking away a part. as, say nothing to derogate from the merit or reputation of a brave man. [The word is generally used in this sense.] 2. To act beneath one's rank, place, or birth. [Rare.] Would Charles X. derogate from his ancestors?" Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line? Hazlitt Derogate (de'rō-gāt), a. Lessened in value

Once name you derogately, when to sound your name It not concerned me. Shak. Derogation (de-rô-gā'shon), n. 1. The act of annulling or revoking a law, or some part of it; the act of taking away or destroying the value or effect of anything, or of limiting its extent, or of restraining its operation; as, an act of parliament is passed in derogation of the king's prerogative; we cannot do anything in derogation of the moral law-2 The act of taking something from merit, reputation, or honour; a lessening of value or estimation; detraction; disparagement: with from or of; as, I say not this in derogation of Virgil; let nothing be said in derogation from his merit.

He counted it no deregation of his manhood to be seen to weep. Robertson.

Derogative (dē-rog'a-tiv), a. Derogatory.
Absurdly derogative to all true nobility.'
State Trials, 1661. [Rare.]
Derogatorily (de-rog'a-to-ri-li), adv. In a
detracting manner.

Derogatoriness (dé-rog'a-to-ri-nes), n. The quality of being derogatory.

Derogatory (dé-rog'a-to-ri), a. Detracting or tending to lessen by taking something from; that lessens the extent, effect, or value: with to.

His language was severely censured by some of his brother peers as derogatory to their order.

Macaulay.

-A derogatory clause in a testament, a sentence or secret character inserted by the testator, of which he reserves the knowledge to himself, with a condition that no will he may make hereafter shall be valid, unless this clause is inserted word for word a precaution to guard against later wills extorted by violence or obtained by sugges

tion

Derrick, Derric (de'rik), n. [A word curiously derived from a London hangman in the beginning of the seventeenth century, whose true name, Theodoric, was thus corrupted, and who is frequently mentioned in old plays. He rides circuit with the devil, and Derrick must be his host, and Tyborne the inn at which he will light.' The Bellman of London, 1616. The name came afterwards to be applied to the gallows, and hence to any contrivance resembling it.] An apparatus for hoisting heavy weights, variously constructed, but usually consisting of a boom supported by a central post which is steadied by stays and guys, and furnished with a purchase, either the pulley or the wheel and axle and pulley combined. - To rig a derrick (naut.), to raise a single pole (frequently a spare top-mast or boom), and to step it over and immediately before the main-mast, and inclining over the main hatchway of the vessel. The foot is stepped into a piece of wood secured to the deck, and hollowed to receive it.Derrick-crane, a kind of crane combining

Derrick-crane.

the advantages of the common derrick and those of the ordinary crane. The jib of this crane is fitted with a joint at the foot, and has a chain instead of a tension-bar attached to it at the top, so that the inclination, and consequently the sweep of the crane, can be altered at pleasure. In the ordinary derrick-crane the chain-barrel is a plain

7

cylinder, but in that known as Henderson's derrick-crane the barrel on which the chain is taken up in raising the jib is of a parabolic form, similar to the fusee of a watch, and decreases in diameter as the jib approaches the horizontal position, so that the power to raise the weight is at all times equal.

Derring + (dêr'ing), a. Daring. Derring-dot (der'ing-dö), n. Daring deeds; manhood.

For ever, who in derring-doe were dreade,

The loftie verse of hem was loved aye. Spenser. Derring-doert (dêr'ing-dö-ér), n. A daring and bold doer. Spenser. Derry (de'ri). [Ir. dore, an oak-wood, from dair, an oak.] A frequent element in placenames in Ireland; as, Derry, Derrybrian, Londonderry.

The ancient name of Londonderry was Derry. calgagh, the oak-wood of Calgach. After St. Columba erected his monastery there, in 546, it was called Derry-Columkille, until James I. granted it to a company of London merchants, who named it Londonderry. Scotsman newspaper.

Dervis, Dervish (dêr'vis, dêr'vish), n. [Per. derwesh, poor, indigent; as a noun, a religious monk; derwaze, begging; derwa, helpless; from O. Per. derew, to beg.] A Moham

Travelling Dervis of Khorasan.

medan priest or monk, who professes extreme poverty, and leads an austere life, partly in monasteries, partly itinerant. Dervises are highly respected by the people, and reputed to be able to work miracles. They generally carry about a wooden bowl, into which the pious cast alms. One of their practices is to dance in a ring or whirl about, and to shout for hours together Allah (that is God), or some religious formula, in order to work themselves into a state of religious frenzy, in which condition they are regarded as inspired. Written also Dervise. Darweesh.

Desart (de'zért), n. Same as Desert. Desatir (de-sa'tir), n. A book which professes to be a collection of the writings of fifteen old Persian prophets, together with the book of Zoroaster. Some authorities regard it as spurious, and ascribe it to a Parsee who lived in the fourth century of the Hegira. It has been translated into English.

DESCENSION

And look you get a pray'r-book in your hand, And stand between two churchmen, good my lord, For on that ground I'll make a holy descant. Shak. Descant (des-kant), v.i. 1. In music, to run a division or variety with the voice, on a musical ground in true measure; to sing.2. To discourse; to comment; to make a variety of remarks; to animadvert freely. A virtuous man should be pleased to find people descanting on his actions. Addison. Descanter (des-kant'èr), n. One who des

cants.

From these our Henry lineally descends. Shak. 7. To proceed, as from father to son; to pass from a preceding possessor, in the order of lineage, or according to the laws of succession or inheritance.

To heirs unknown descends th' unguarded store,
Or wanders, heaven-directed, to the poor. Pope.

8. To pass, as from general to particular con-
siderations; as, having explained the general
subject, we will descend to particulars.-
9. To come down from a certain moral or
social standard; to lower or abase one's self
morally or socially; as, to descend to acts of
meanness; to descend to an inferior posi-
tion. 10. To condescend; to stoop.
scending to play with little children.'
lyn.

DeEve

Descendable (de-send'a-bl), a. Capable of descending by inheritance. See DESCEND

IBLE.

Descend (dé-send), v. t. To walk, move, or pass downward upon or along; to pass from the top to the bottom of; as, to descend a hill; to descend an inclined plane.

But never tears his cheeks descended.

Byron.

Descendant (de-send'ant), n. [Fr. descendant; L. descendens, ppr. of descendo. See DESCEND.] An individual proceeding from an ancestor in any degree; issue; offspring, in the line of generation, ad infinitum; as, we are all descendants of Adam and Eve. Descendent (de-send'ent), a. 1. Descending; falling; sinking. The descendent juice.' Ray. 2. Proceeding from an original or ancestor.

More than mortal grace Speaks thee descendent of ethereal race. Pope. Descender (dē-send'ér), n. One who descends. The Descendibility (de-send'i-bil"i-ti), n. quality of being descendible, or capable of being transmitted from ancestors; as, the descendibility of an estate or of a crown. Descendible (dě-send'i-bl), a. 1. That may be descended or passed down; as, the hill is descendible.-2. That may descend from an ancestor to an heir. 'A descendible estate.' Sir W. Jones.

groundwork of musical compositions, consisting in the orderly disposition of concords, answering to simple counterpoint. Figurative or florid descant is that part of an air in which some discords are concerned. Double descant is when the parts are so contrived that the treble may be made the bass, and the bass the treble.

Insomuch that twenty doctors expound one text twenty different ways, as children make descant upon playne song. Tindal.

2. A song or tune with various modulations, The wakeful nightingale;

She all night long her amorous descant sung.
Milton.

3. A discourse; discussion; disputation; animadversion, comment, or a series of comments.

Descending.

ing downward; proceeding
from an ancestor; coming
from a higher to a lower
place; falling; sinking; pro-
ceeding from an original. -
2. In her. a term used for a
lion or other animal, the
head of which is turned
towards the base of the
shield. Descending series,
in math. a series in which
each term is numerically

less than that preceding it. Descension (de-sen'shon), n. [L. descensio, a going down, descending, from descendo, descensum. See DESCEND.] The act of going downward; descent; a falling or sinking; declension; degradation.

DESCENSIONAL

In Christ's descension we are to consider both the place from which it did commence, and the place to which it did proceed. South.

In old astron. right descension is an arc of the equinoctial, intercepted between the next equinoctial point and the intersection of the meridian, passing through the centre of the object, at its setting, in a right sphere. Oblique descension is an arc of the equinoctial, intercepted between the next equinoctial point and the horizon, passing through the centre of the object, at its setting, in an oblique sphere; as also an arc of the equator which descends with the sun below the horizon of an oblique sphere. Descension of a sign is an arc of the equator, which sets with such a sign or part of the zodiac, or any planet in it. Right descension of a sign is an arc of the equator which descends with the sign below the horizon of a right sphere; or the time the sign is setting in a right sphere.

Descensional (de-sen'shon-al), a. Pertaining to descension or descent.-Descensional difference, in old astron. the difference between the right and oblique descension of the same star or point of the heavens. Descensive (de-sen'siv), a.

Descending;

tending downward; having power to descend.

Descensorie, n. [Fr] A vessel used in ancient chemistry in which distillation by descent was performed. Chaucer. See under DESCENT.

Descent (dē-sent'), n. [Fr. descente; L. descensus, from descendo, descensum. See DESCEND.] 1. The act of descending; the act of passing from a higher to a lower place by any form of motion, as by walking, riding, rolling, sliding, sinking, or falling.-2. Inclination downward; obliquity; slope; declivity. Down the dark descent.' Milton. 3. A sinking or decline, as in station, virtue, quality, or the like; fall from a higher to a lower state or station.

O foul descent, that I who erst contended
With gods to sit the highest, am now constrain'd
Into a beast.
Milton.

4. Incursion; invasion; sudden attack.
They feared that the French and English fleets
would make a descent upon their coasts. Fortin.
5. In law, a passing from an ancestor to an
heir; transmission by succession or inherit-
ance; the hereditary succession of property
vested in a person by the operation of law,
that is, by his right of representation as
heir at law-defined by 3 and 4 Wm. IV.
cvi. to be, 'the title to inherit lands by
reason of consanguinity as well where the
heir shall be an ancestor or collateral rela-
tion, as where he shall be a child or other
issue.'
Descent is lineal when it proceeds
directly from the father to the son, and from

the son to the grandson; collateral when it proceeds from a man to his brother, nephew, or other collateral representative. -6. A proceeding from an original or progenitor; hence, extraction; lineage; pedigree.

Trust me, Clara Vere de Vere,

From yon blue heavens above us bent,
The grand old gardener and his wife

Smile at the claims of long descent. Tennyson. 7. A generation; a single degree in the scale of genealogy; distance from the common ancestor. From son to son some four or five descents.' Shak.

No man living is a thousand descents removed from Adam himself. Hooker.

8. Offspring; issue; descendants.

If care of our descent perplex us most, Which must be born to certain woe. Milton. 9. A rank; a step or degree.

Infinite descents Beneath what other creatures are to thee. Milton. 10. Lowest place.

Shak.

From the extremnest upward of thy head To the descent and dust beneath thy feet. 11. In music, a passing from one note or sound to another lower in the scale. - Descent of bodies, in mech. their motion or tendency toward the centre of the earth, either directly or obliquely along inclined planes or curves. The curve of swiftest descent is the cycloid.-Distillation by descent, in old chem. a mode of distillation in which the fire was applied at the top and round the vessel, whose orifice was at the bottom, by which the vapours were made to distil downwards. SYN. Declivity, slope, gradient, fall, degradation, debasement, extraction, pedigree, generation, lineage, assault, invasion, incursion, attack. Describable (dé-skrib'a-bl), a. be described; capable of description.

That may

8

Describe (de-skrib), vt. pret. & pp. described; ppr. describing. [L. describo, to write down, to sketch, to delineate-de, down, and scribo, to write. See SCRIBE.] 1. To delineate or mark the form or figure of; to trace out; as, to describe a circle by the compasses.-2. To form or trace by motion; as, a star describes a circle or an ellipsis in the heavens.-3. To show or represent to others orally or by writing; to give an account of; to depict in words; as, the poet describes the Trojan horse; the geographer describes countries and cities.-4. To dis

tribute into classes or divisions; to distribute into proper heads.

Men passed through the land, and described it by cities into seven parts in a book. Jos. xviii. 9. SYN. To represent, delineate, relate, recount, narrate, express, explain, depict, portray. To represent in words; to use the power of describing.

Describe (de-skrib'), v. i.

Similes are like songs in love:

They much describe, they nothing prove. Prior.

Describent (de-skrib'ent), n. In geom. the

line or surface from the motion of which a surface or solid is supposed to be generated or described.

Describer (dē-skrib'ér), n. One who describes by marks, words, or signs. Descrier (de-skrī'ér), n. [See DESCRY.] One who espies or discovers; a discoverer; a detector.

Description (dē-skrip'shon), n. [L. descriptio, descriptionis, a marking out, delineation, description, from describo, descriptum. See DESCRIBE.] 1. The act of delineating, or representing the figure of anything by a plan, to be presented to the eye.-2. The figure or appearance of anything delineated or represented by visible lines, marks, colours, &c. Gregory.-3. The act of representing a thing by words or by signs, or the passage containing such representation; an account of the nature, properties, or appearance of a thing, so that another may form a just conception of it; as, Homer abounds with beautiful and striking descriptions.

For her own person
It beggared all description.
Shak
Milton has fine descriptions of morning.
D. Webster.

4. The qualities expressed in a representation; the combination of qualities which go to constitute a class, genus, species, or individual; hence, class; species; variety; kind. A friend of this description.' Shak. 'Persons of different descriptions.' Sir W. Scott. The plates were all of the meanest description. Macaulay. SYN. Account, statement, delineation, representation, sketch, cast, turn, kind, sort. Descriptive (de-skriptiv), a. Containing description; tending to describe; having the quality of representing; as, a descriptive figure; a descriptive narration; a story descriptive of the age.-Descriptive or physical geology, that branch of geology which restricts itself to a consideration of facts and appearances as presented in the rocky crust of the earth. --Descriptive geometry, a term introduced by the French geometers to express that part of science which consists in the application of geometrical rules to the representation of the figures, and the various relations of the forms of bodies, according to certain conventional methods. In the descriptive geometry, the situation of points in space is represented by their orthographical projections, on two planes, at right angles to each other, called the planes of projection. The most immediate application of this kind of geometry is the representation of bodies, of which the forms are susceptible of a rigorous geometrical definition. It has been applied by the French to civil and military engineering and fortification.

Descriptively (dé-skrip'tiv-li), adv. By description.

Descriptiveness (de-skrip'tiv-nes), n. State
of being descriptive.
Descrive (de-skriv'), v.t. To describe. [Old
English and Scotch.]

Let me fair Nature's face descrive. Burns.

Descry (dě-skri'), v. t. pret. & pp. descried; ppr. descrying. [Prefix de, and cry. Lit. to make an outcry on discovering something one has been on the watch for, then simply to discover. See CRY. The 8 has probably got in through the influence of the O. E. descrive, to describe, O. Fr. descrire; or through the O. E. descure, O. Fr. descouvrir,

DESERT

to discover.] 1. To espy; to explore; to examine by observation.

Judg. i. 23.

The house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel, 2. To detect; to find out; to discover anything concealed.

Scouts each coast light-armed scour, Each quarter to descry the distant foe. Miton. 3. To see; to behold; to have a sight of from a distance; as, the seamen descried land. 4. To give notice of something suddenly discovered; to discover. 'He would to him descrie great treason to him meant.' Spenser. Descry (de-skri'), n. Discovery; thing discovered. Shak. [Obsolete and rare.] Desecrate (de'se-krat), v.t. pret. & pp. desecrated; ppr. desecrating. [This word appears to be formed from the negative prefix de, and L. sacer, sacred, to express the opposite of consecrate.] 1. To divert from a sacred purpose or appropriation; to treat in a sacrilegious manner; to render unhallowed: opposed to consecrate; as, to desecrate a donation to a church.

The profane theatrical monument which some superannuated or careless dean has permitted to disgrace and desecrate the walls of Westminster Abbey. Theodore Hook. 2. To divest of a sacred character or office.

The clergy cannot suffer corporal punishment, without being previously desecrated. Tooke. Desecration (de-sē-krā’shon), n. The act of diverting from a sacred purpose or use to which a thing had been devoted; the act of divesting of a sacred character or office; the act of treating sacrilegiously or rendering unhallowed.

Various profanations of the Sabbath have of late years been evidently gaining ground among us so as to threaten a gradual desecration of that holy day. Bp. Porteous. Desert (de'zért), a. [L. desertus, pp. of desero, desertum, to forsake, abandon-de, priv., and sero, sertum, to unite, to join together.] Uninhabited; untilled; waste: uncultivated; pertaining to or having the appearance of a desert; as, a desert island; a desert land or country.

He found them in a desert land and in the waste howling wilderness. Deut. xxxii. 10.

Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Gray. Desert (de'zért), n. [L. desertum, neut. sing. pp. of desero. See the adjective.] 1. An uninhabited tract of land; a region in its natural state; a wilderness; a solitude; particularly, a vast sandy, stony, or rocky expanse, almost destitute of moisture and vegetation; as, the deserts of Arabia and Africa

Oh! that the desert were my dwelling-place,
With one fair spirit for my minister. Byron.
One simile that solitary shines.
Pope.

Desert (de-zért'), v.t. [See the adjective.] 1. To forsake; to leave utterly; to abandon; to quit with a view not to return to; as, to desert a friend; to desert our country; to desert a cause.

In the dry desert of a thousand lines.

Deserted at his utmost need

By those his former bounty fed.

Dryden.

2. To leave without permission; to forsake, the service in which one is engaged, in violation of duty; as, to desert the army; to desert one's colours; to desert a ship.-To desert the diet, in Scots criminal law, to abandon proceedings in the particular libel in virtue of which a panel has been brought into court. Forsake, Desert, Abandon. See under FORSAKE. SYN. To forsake, leave, abandon, relinquish, quit, depart from. Desert (de-zert), v.i. To quit a service or post without permission; to run away; as, to desert from the army.

The poor fellow had deserted, and was not afraid of being overtaken and carried back. Goldsmith. Desert (dē-zért'), n. [0. Fr. deserte, merit, recompense, from deservir, to merit. See DESERVE.] 1. A deserving; that which gives a right to reward or demands, or which renders liable to punishment; merit or demerit; that which entitles to a recompense of equal value, or demands a punishment equal to the offence; good conferred, or evil done, which merits an equivalent return; as, a wise legislature will reward or punish men according to their deserts.

All desert imports an equality between the good conferred and the good deserved or made due. South.

He either fears his fate too much,
Or his deserts are small,
That dares not put it to the touch,
To gain or lose it all. Marg. of Montrose.

2. That which is deserved; reward or pun

DESERT

ishment merited. Render to them their desert' Ps. xxviii. 4.-SYN. Merit, worth, excellence, due.

Desert (de-zért'), n. Same as Dessert. Johnson.

Deserter (de-zért'èr), n. A person who forsakes his cause, his post, or his party or friend; particularly, a soldier or seaman who quits the service without permission, and in violation of his engagement. Desertful (dé-zèrt'ful), a High in desert; meritorious. [Rare.]

Till I be more desertful in your eye. Beau. & FL Desertion (dê-zêr'shon), n. 1. The act of forsaking or abandoning, as a party, a friend, a country, an army or military band, or a ship; the act of quitting, with an intention not to return.-2. The state of being deserted or forsaken; as, the king in his desertion. 'The desertion in which we lived Godwin -3. The state of being forsaken by God; spiritual despondency. agonies of a soul under desertion.

The

South.

Desertion of the diet, in Scots law, the abandoning judicially, in a criminal process, proceedings on the particular libel in virtue of which a panel has been brought into court

Desertless (dē-zért ́les), a. Without merit

9

Desiccant (de-sik'ant), a. [See DESICCATE.] Drying.

Desiccant (de-sik'ant), n. A medicine or application that dries a sore.

Desiccate (dē-sik'āt), v.t. pret. & pp. desiccated; ppr. desiccating. [L desicco, to dry up-de, intens., and sicco, to dry.] To dry; to exhaust of moisture; to exhale or remove moisture from. 'Bodies desiccated by heat

or age." Bacon. Desiccate (de-sik'at), v.i. To become dry. Desiccation (de-sik-kä'shon), n. The act of making dry; the state of being dried. Desiccative (dě-sik'a-tiv), a. Drying; tending to dry; that has the power to dry. Desiccative (dē-sik'a-tiv), n. A drying or absorbing substance; an application that dries up secretions.

The ashes of a hedgehog are said to be a great desiccative of fistulas. Bacon.

Desiderate (dē-sid'èr-āt), v.t. [L. desidero, desideratum, to long for, to feel the want of. See CONSIDER.] To want; to feel the want of; to miss; to desire. 'A work so much desired, and yet desiderated.' Sir T. Browne.

Please to point out one word missing that ought to have been there; please to insert a desiderated stanza. You cannot. Prof. Wilson.

ing

It has pleased you, gentlemen, rather in your indulgence than your wisdom, to observe in your elec. tion to the chair the Shaksperian maxim of choosing the most desertless man to be constable. Lord Ellesmere.

Desertlessly (de-zért 'les-li), adv. Undeservedly.

Desertness (de'zért-nes), n. Desert state or

Desire is aroused by hope, while desideration is inflicted by reminiscence. I'm. Taylor.

2. The thing desiderated. Desiderative (dē-sid'ér-āt-iv), a. Having or implying desire; expressing or denoting desire; as, a desiderative verb.

Envious commands, invented with design
To keep them low, whom knowledge might exalt.
Milton.
Hence 3. In a bad sense, an evil intention
or purpose, such as a scheme to acquire
what is not one's own, or to do an injury to:
commonly followed by upon; as, he had
designs upon the crown. A sedate settled
design upon a man's life.' Locke.-4. Con-
trivance; the adaptation of means to a pre-
conceived end; as, the evidence of design in
a watch.
See what a lovely shell,

With delicate spire and whorl,
How exquisitely minute,
A miracle of design.

Tennyson.

5. The realization of an artistic idea; specifically, the emblematic or decorative figuring upon embroidery, medals, fabrics, and the like.

Silent light

Slept on the painted walls, wherein were wrought Two grand designs. Tennyson.

6. In music, the invention and conduct of the subject; the disposition of every part, and the general order of the whole.-Schools of design, institutions in which persons are instructed in the arts and in the principles of design for manufacturing purposes, and with the view of diffusing a knowledge of, and a taste for, the fine arts among the people generally.

C'dall.

Desertrice, Desertrixt (dē-zėrt'ris, dēzért riks), n. A female who deserts. Milton.

ject of desire.-2. In gram. a verb formed from another verb, and expressing a desire of doing the action implied in the primitive verb.

Capable of being designed or marked out; distinguishable. "The designable parts.' Boyle.

That riches grow in hell; that soil may best
Deserve the precious bane.
Milton.

2 To merit by labour or services; to have a just claim to an equivalent for good conferred; as, the labourer deserves his wages; he deserves the value of his services.-3. To merit by good actions or qualities in general, to be worthy of, on account of excellence.

'Tis not in mortals to command success;
But we'll do more, Sempronius; we'll deserve it.
Addison.

4. To be worthy of, in a bad sense; to merit by an evil act; as, to deserve blame or punishment.

God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth Job xi. 6.

5 To serve; to treat; to benefit. 'A man that hath so well deserved me.' Massinger. Deserve (dé-zèrv'), v. i. To merit; to be worthy of or deserving; as, he deserves well or ill of his neighbour.

Those they honoured, as having power to work or rease, as men deserved of them. Hooker.

Deservedly (dé - zèrv'ed-li), adv. Justly; according to desert, whether of good or evil

A man deservedly cuts himself off from the affections of that community which he endeavours to subAddison.

vert

Deserver (dē-zêrv'ěr), n. He who deserves or merits; one who is worthy of: used generally in a good sense.

Deserving (de-zérv'ing), a. Worthy of reward or praise; meritorious; possessed of good qualities that entitle to approbation; as, a deserving officer.

Deserving (de-zerv'ing), n. The act of meriting; desert; merit.

Ye have done unto him according to the deserving of his hands. Judg. ix. 16.

siderata (dě-sid'èr-a"ta). [L., neut. of desideratus, pp. of desidero, to desire.] That which is desired; that which is not possessed, but which is desirable; any perfection or improvement which is wanted.

To correct this inconvenience has long been a desideratum in that act. Paley.

The great desiderata are taste and common sense. Coleridge. Desidiose, Desidioust (de-si'di-ōs, de-si'di-us), a. [L. desidiosus, idle-de, intens., and sido, to sit.] Idle; lazy. Desidiousnesst (de-sid'i-us-nes), n. Laziness; indolence. N. Bacon. Desightment (de-sit'ment), n. The act of making unsightly; disfigurement. [Rare.] Substitute jury-masts at whatever desightment or damage in risk.

Times.

Design (de-sin' or de-zin'), v.t. [L. designo, to mark out, to point out, to contrive-de, and signo, to seal or stamp, from signum, mark, sign.] 1. To plan and delineate by drawing the outline or figure of; to sketch, as in painting and other works of art, as for a pattern or model; to project or plan. Thus while they speed their pace, the prince deThe new-elected seat, and draws the lines.

signs

Dryden.

2. To contrive for a purpose; to project with an end in view; to form in idea, as a scheme.

Ask of politicians the end for which laws were originally designed, and they will answer,.. 'As a protection of the poor and weak, against the oppression of the rich and powerful." Burke.

3. To mentally devote to; to set apart in intention; to intend; as, we design this ground for a garden.

One of those places was designed by the old man Clarendon. to his son.

4. To mark out by tokens; to indicate; to denote; to give a name to; as, he designed himself John Smith.

Meet me to-morrow where the master And this fraternity shall design. Beau, & Fl. SYN. To sketch, plan, invent, contrive, purpose, intend, devote, project, mean. Design (de-sin' or de-zin), v.i. 1. To set out or start, with a certain destination in view; to direct one's course.

From this city she designed for Collin (Cologne) conducted by the Earl of Arundel. Evelyn.

2. To intend; to purpose; as, to design to write an essay or to study law. Design (dē-sin'), n. 1. A plan or representation of a thing by an outline; sketch; general view; first idea represented by visible lines, as in painting or architecture.

nated; ppr. designating. [L. designo, designatum. See DESIGN.] 1. To mark out or show so as to make known; to indicate by visible lines, marks, description, or something known and determinate; as, to designate the limits of a country; to designate the spot where a star appears in the heavens; to designate the place where the troops landed.-2. To point out; to distinguish from others by indication; to name and settle the identity of; as, to be able to designate every individual who was concerned in a riot.-3. To appoint; to select or distinguish for a particular purpose; to assign: with for; as, to designate an officer for the command of a station: or with to; as, this captain was designated to that station.-SYN. TO name, denominate, style, entitle, characterize, describe.

Designate (de'sig-nat), a. Appointed; marked out; as, the bishop designate. Designation (de-sig-na'shon), n. 1. The act of pointing or marking out by signs or objects; a distinguishing from others; indication; as, the designation of an estate by boundaries.-2. Appointment; direction; as, a claim to a throne grounded on the desig nation of a predecessor.

He is an High-priest, and a Saviour all-sufficient. First, by his Father's eternal designation. Hopkins. 3. Appointment; a selecting and appointing: assignment; as, the designation of an officer to a particular command.-4. Import; distinct application.

Finite and infinite are primarily attributed in their first designation to things which have parts. Locke. 5. Description; character; disposition.

Such are the accidents which, sometimes remem. bered, and perhaps sometimes forgotten, produced that particular designation of mind, and propensity for some certain science or employment which is commonly called Genius. Johnson.

6. That which designates; distinctive appellation; specifically, in Scots law, addition to a name, as of title, profession, trade, or occupation, to distinguish the person from others.-7. In Scots law, the setting apart of manses and glebes for the clergy from the church lands of the parish by the presbytery of the bounds.

Designative (de'sig-nāt-iv), a. Serving to designate or indicate.

Designator (de'sig-nat-ér), n. 1. One who designates or points out.-2. In Rom. antiq. an officer who assigned to each person his rank and place in public shows and ceremonies.

Designatory (de'sig-na-to-ri), a. That designates; designative.

Designedly (dé-sin'ed-li or de-zin'ed-li), adv.

DESIGNEDNESS

By design; purposely; intentionally: opposed to accidentally, ignorantly, or inadvertently.

Designedness (dé-sin'ed-nes or de-zin'ednes), n. The attribute or quality of being designing; cunning scheming.

Barrow.

All the portraiture of human nature is drawn over with the dusky shades and irregular features of base designedness and malicious cunning. Designer (dé-sin'èr or dē-zīn'èr), n. 1. One who designs, marks out, or plans; one who frames a scheme or project; a contriver.2. One who plots; one who lays a scheme: in a bad sense. 'Ambitious designers.' Hammond.-3. In manuf. and the fine arts, one who conceives or forms a design to be afterwards more elaborately executed; one who designs figures and patterns for ornamental or artistic purposes. Designful (de-sin'ful or de-zin'fyl), a. Full of design; designing.

Designfulness (de-sin'ful-nes or de-zin'fulnes), n. The state or quality of being designful or given to artifice. 'Base designfulness and malicious cunning.' Barrow. Designing (de-sin'ing or de-zīn'ing), pp. and a. Artful; insidious; intriguing; contriving schemes of mischief; as, designing men are always liable to suspicion.

Designment (de-sin'ment or de-zin'ment), n. 1. Design; sketch; delineation.

For though that some mean artist's skill were shown
In mingling colours, or in placing light,
Yet still the fair designment was his own.

Dryden.

2. Design; purpose; aim; intent; scheme. She received advice both of the king's desperate estate and of the duke's designments against her. Sir F. Hayward. 3. Enterprise.

The desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turks, That their designment halts. Shak. Desilver (dē-sil'věr), v. t. To deprive of silver; as, to desilver lead. Desilverisation, Desilverization (dē-sil'ver-iz-a"shon), n. The act or process of depriving lead of the silver present in its ore. Desilverise, Desilverize (dē-sil'vêr-iz), v.t. To deprive of silver, as lead. Desinencet (de'sin-ens), n. [L. desino, to give over, to cease, to end-de, down, and sino, to leave.] End; close. Bp. Hall. Desinent (de'sin-ent), a. Ending; extreme; lowermost. In front of this sea were placed six Tritons . . . their desinent parts fish.' B. Jonson.

Desipient (dē-si'pi-ent), a. [L. desipiens, desipio, to dote de, priv., and sapio, to be wise.] Trifling; foolish; playful. Smart. Desirability (de-zir'a-bil'i-ti), n. The state or quality of being desirable; desirableness. Desirable (dē-zira-bl), a. [See DESIRE.] Worthy of desire; that is to be wished for with sincerity or earnestness; calculated or fitted to excite a wish to possess. 'Desirable amplitude and extent of thought.' Watts.

It is a thing the most desirable to man, and most agreeable to the goodness of God, that he should send forth his light and his truth by a special revelation. Rogers. Desirable (de-zir'a-bl), n. Anything desired or worthy of being desired.

The unseen desirables of the spiritual world. Watts Desirableness (de-zir'a-bl-nes), n. The quality of being desirable. Desirably (dē-zīr'a-bli), adv. In a desirable

manner.

Desire (dē-zir'), n. [Fr. désir, from the verb (which see)] 1. An emotion or excitement of the mind, directed to the attainment or possession of an object from which pleasure, sensual, intellectual, or spiritual, is expected; a passion excited by the love of an object, or uneasiness at the want of it, and directed to its attainment or possession. The desire of the moth for the star, Of the night for the morrow, The devotion to something afar

From the sphere of our sorrow. Shelley. We endeavoured... to see your face with great desire. 1 Thes. ii. 17. Desire is the uneasiness a man finds in himself upon the absence of anything, whose present enjoyment carries the idea of delight with it. Locke. 2. A prayer or request to obtain.

He will fulfil the desire of them that fear him.

Ps. cxlv. 19.

SYN. Wish, craving, inclination, eagerness, aspiration, longing.

Desire (de-zir'), v. t. pret. & pp. desired; ppr. desiring. [Fr. désirer, from L. desidero, to desire.] 1 To wish for the possession or enjoyment of, with a greater or less degree of earnestness; to covet. It expresses less strength of affection than longing.

Neither shall any man desire thy land. Ex. xxxiv. 24. When one is contented, there is no more to be desired; and where there is no more to be desired, there is an end of it. Trans of Don. Quixote,

2. To express a wish to obtain; to ask; to request; to petition.

Then she said, Did I desire a son of my Lord? 2 Ki. iv. 28.

3. To require; to claim.

Spenser.

A doleful case desires a doleful song. 4. To long for, as some lost object; to desiderate; to regret.

His chair desires him here in vain. Tennyson. He (Jehoram) reigned in Jerusalem eight years, and departed without being desired. 2 Chron. xxi. 20.

SYN. To long for, hanker after, covet, wish, beg, ask, request, solicit, entreat. Desire (de-zir'), v.i. To be in a state of desire or anxiety.

For not to desire or admire, if a man could learn it,

were more

Than to walk all day like the sultan of old in a garden of spice. Tennyson. Desired (dē-zird), p. and a. Wished for; coveted; requested; entreated.

He bringeth them unto their desired haven.

Ps cvii. 30. Desirer (de-zir'ėr), n. One who desires or asks; one who wishes.

Desirous (de-zir'us), a. 1. Wishing for; wishing to obtain; wishful; covetous; solicitous; anxious; eager.

John xvi. 19. With desire;

The state

2. † Desirable. Desirously (dē-zir'us-li), adv. with earnest wishes. Desirousness (dē-zir'us-nes), n. or affection of being desirous. Desist (dé-sist'), v.i. [L. desisto, to stand off or aloof, to desist-de, away from, and sisto, to stand.] To stop; to cease to act or proceed; to forbear: often with from; as, he desisted from his purpose; sometimes with the infinitive. 'To desist from his bad practice.' Massinger. Desist to build at all.' Shak. SYN. To stop, forbear, leave off, cease, discontinue. Desistance, Desistence (de-sist'ans, desist'ens), n. A ceasing to act or proceed; a stopping. Desistance from giving.' Boyle. Desistive (dē-sist'iv), a. Ending; concluding. [Rare.]

Desition (de-si'shon), n. [L. desitus, from desino, desitum-de, down, and sino, to leave.] End.

Desitive (de'sit-iv), a. [See DESITION.] Final; conclusive. Desitive propositions.'

Watts.

Desitivet (de'sit-iv), n. In logic, a proposition which relates to an end or termination.

Desk (desk), n. [A. Sax. disc, a table, a dish; L. L. discus, a desk, L. discus, Gr. diskos, a disk, a quoit. See DAIS, DISH, DISK.] An inclining table for the use of writers and readers, often made with a box or drawer underneath, and sometimes with a bookcase above; a frame or case to be placed on a table for the same purpose. The name is sometimes extended to the whole structure or erection to which such a sloping table is attached, as, in the Church of England, to the raised seat from which the morning and evening service is read, in Scotch churches to the seat of the precentor, and in the United States to the pulpit in a church. He is drawn leaning on a desk, with his bible before him. Iz. Walton.

desk; to treasure. In a walnut shell was desked.' Tomkins. [Rare.] Deskwork (desk'wèrk), n. Work at the desk; work at writing, as the work of a clerk, a literary man, &c.

All my poor scrapings from a dozen years
Of dust and deskwork.
Tennyson.

N.

DESOLATE

Desman (des'man), n. The musk-rat (Galemys pyrenaica). See MUSK-RAT, 2. Desmid, Desmidian (des'mid, des-mi'di-an), A plant of the order Desmidiaceæ. Desmidiaceæ, Desmidieæ (des-mi'di-a"se-e, des-mi-di'ē-ē), n. pl. [Gr. desmos, a chain, and eidos, resemblance.] A nat. order of microscopic, fresh-water, confervoid Algæ. They are green gelatinous plants composed of variously formed cells having a bilateral symmetry, which are either free, or in linear series, or collected into bundles or into starlike groups, and imbedded in a common gelatinous coat. The reproduction is by cell division, by germinating spores after conjugation, or by zoospores. Desmidiaceæ differ from Diatomaceæ in their green colour and absence of silex. Desmine (des'min), n. [Gr. desmos, a ligament.] A zeolitic mineral that crystallizes in little silken tufts, accompanying spinellane in the lava of extinct volcanoes on the banks of the Rhine. It is a silicate of alumina and lime. Called also Stilbite. Desmiospermeæ (des'mi-o-spėr'mē-ē),n. pl. [Gr. desmios, binding, from desmos, a chain, and sperma, seed.] One of the divisions of rose-spored Algæ, in which the spores are not scattered, but form distinct chains like little necklaces.

Desmobrya (des-mo'bri-a), n. pl. [Gr. desmos, a chain, and bryon, a kind of mossy sea-weed.] A term given to the ferns in which the fronds are produced terminally, that is, from the apex of the caudex, and are adherent to it.

Desmodium (des-mō'di-um), n. [Gr. desmos, a band, in allusion to its stamens being joined.] A genus of plants, nat. order Leguminosæ, consisting of herbs, shrubs, or trees, with leaves of three or five leaflets, or sometimes reduced to a single leaflet. The smallish flowers are in terminal or lateral racemes, and the pods are flat and jointed, each joint with one seed. The best known

Semaphore Plant (Desmodium gyrans).

species is D. gyrans, the semaphore plant, remarkable for the peculiar rotatory movements of its leaflets. This motion goes on though the air be quite still, and is scarcely at all influenced by mechanical irritation. The leaflets move in nearly all conceivable ways; two of them may be at rest and the other revolving, or all three may be moving together. The movements are most obvious when the plant is in a hot-house, with a strong sun shining. Upwards of 130 species are known, natives of the warmer regions of the earth.

Desmodus (des'mo-dus), n. A genus of bats, including the true vampires. See VAMPIRE. Desmography (des-mog'ra-fi), n. [Gr. desmos, a ligament, and grapho, to describe.] A description of the ligaments of the body. Desmoid (des'moid), a. [Gr. desmos, a band, a bundle, and eidos, resemblance.] Resembling a bundle; specifically, in surg. applied to certain fibrous tumours, which, on section, present numerous white, glistening fibres, intimately interwoven or arranged in bundles, constituting circles or loops intercrossing each other.

Desmology (des-mol'o-ji), n. [Gr. desmos, a ligament, and logos, a discourse.] The name given to that branch of anatomy which treats of the ligaments and sinews. Desmotomy (des-mot'o-mi), n. [Gr. desmos, and tome, a cutting.] The act or art of dissecting the ligaments.

Desolate (de'sō-lat), a. [L. desolatus, pp. of desolo, desolatum, to leave alone, to forsake. See the verb.] 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants; desert; uninhabited; denoting either stripped of inhabitants, or never