18, 1918; South Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918; Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918; Louisiana, August 9, 1918 (date on which approved by Governor); Florida, December 3, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 1919; Ohio, January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January 8, 1919; Maine, January 8, 1919; West Virginia, January 9, 1919; California, January 13, 1919; Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washington, January 13, 1919; Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; Illinois, January 14, 1919; Indiana, January 14, 1919; Alabama, January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919; New Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, January 15, 1919; Nebraska, January 16, 1919; North Carolina, January 16, 1919; Utah, January 16, 1919;

Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming, January 16, 1919; Minnesota, January 17, 1919; Wisconsin, January 17, 1919; New Mexico, January 20, 1919; Nevada, January 21, 1919; New York, January 29, 1919; Vermont, January 29, 1919; Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919; New Jersey, March 9, 1922. (The assignment of the 36 States whose ratifications made the Amendment valid is arbitrary and based on the final chronological record. The certificate of adoption dated January 29, 1919, included two States which ratified later than January 16 and omitted four which had ratified earlier but which had not then given notice thereof.) Connecticut failed to act and Rhode Island rejected the proposal.

ARTICLE [XIX]

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The nineteenth amendment 13 was ratified by the several State legislatures on the following dates: Illinois, June 10, 1919 (readopted June 17, 1919); Michigan, June, 10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York, June 16, 1919; Ohio, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919; Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; Iowa, July 2, 1919; Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August 2, 1919 (date on which approved by Governor); Nebraska, August 2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New Hampshire, September 10, 1919 (date on which approved by Governor); Utah, October 2, 1919; California, November 1, 1919; Maine, November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December 1, 1919; South Dakota, December 4, 1919 (date on which certified); Colorado, December 15, 1919 (date on which approved by Governor); Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, January 6, 1920; Oregon,

13 The nineteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on June 4, 1919, when it passed the Senate [58 Cong. Rec. (66th Cong., 1st sess.) 635], having previously passed the House on May 21, [Id., 94]. It appears officially in 41 Stat. 362. Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920, when the thirtysixth State (Tennessee) approved the amendment, there being then 48 States in the Union. On August 26, 1920, Secretary of State Colby certified that it had become a part of the Constitution [41 Stat. 1823]. A proposed amendment which would authorize Congress to limit, regulate and prohibit the labor of persons under 18 years of age was passed by Congress on June 2, 1924. It appears officially in 43 Stat. 670. It was ratified and rejected in two periods between 1924 and 1927 and between 1933 and 1937. Altogether 28 ratifications by States, of which 12 were preceded by rejections, were made, as well as 27 rejections, of which 15 were maintained. During those periods 36 ratifications were requisite for validity of an amendment. The Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939) declared that ratification should take place within a reasonable time, the setting of which was a political question for Congress to decide; see also Wise v. Chandler, 270 Ky. 1 (1937), 303 U.S. 634 (1938), 307 U.S. 474 (1939), and Coleman v. Miller, 146 Kan. 390 (1937).

January 13, 1920; Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920; Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey, February 9, 1920; Idaho, February 11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico, February 21, 1920 (date on which approved by Governor); Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington, March 22, 1920; Tennessee, August 28, 1920;

Connecticut, September 14, 1920 (confirmed September 21, 1920); Vermont, February 8, 1921; Maryland, March 29, 1941 (after rejection on February 24, 1920; ratification certified on February 25, 1958); Alabama, September 8, 1953 (after rejection on September 22, 1919).

The amendment was rejected by Georgia, July 25, 1919; South Carolina, January 28, 1920; Virginia, February 12, 1920; Mississippi, March 29, 1920; Delaware, June 2, 1920; Louisiana, July 1, 1920. No action was taken by Florida and North Carolina.

ARTICLE [XX]

SECTION 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

SEC. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SEC. 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

SEC. 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

SEC. 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

SEC. 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

14

The twentieth amendment was ratified by the legislatures of all 48 States on the following dates: Virginia, March 4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932; Mississippi, March 16, 1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March 17, 1932; New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932; Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode Island, April 14, 1932; Illinois, April 21, 1932; Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania, August 11, 1932; Indiana, August 15, 1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932; California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North Dakota, January 9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January 13, 1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska, January 13, 1933; Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January 16, 1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington, January 19, 1933; Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January 20, 1933; South Dakota, January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; Idaho, January 21, 1933; New Mexico, January 21, 1933; Missouri, January 23, 1933;

Georgia, January 23, 1933; Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933; Colorado, January 24, 1933; Massachusetts, January 24, 1933; Wisconsin, January 24, 1933; Nevada, January 26, 1933; Connecticut, January 27, 1933; New Hampshire, January 31, 1933; Vermont, February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24, 1933; Florida, April 26, 1933.

ARTICLE [XXI]

SECTION 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

SEC. 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

SEC. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

The twenty-first amendment 15 was ratified by the several State conventions on the following dates: Michigan, April 10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933;

14 The twentieth amendment was proposed by Congress on March 2, 1932, when it passed the Senate [75 Cong. Rec. (72d Cong., 1st sess.) 5086], having previously passed the House on March 1 [Id., 5027]. It appears officially in 47 Stat. 745. Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933, when the thirty-sixth State approved the amendment, there being then 48 States in the Union. On February 6, 1933, Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson certified that it had become a part of the Constitution [47 Stat. 2569].

The assignment of State ratifications which made the amendment valid is based on the final chronological list of ratifications, which indicates January 23, 1933, as the effective date. The certificate of adoption issued February 6, 1933, includes four States which ratified after that date and omits four which ratified before that date but from which no "official notice" had been received. Of the four States which ratified on January 23, only one of which was required to make the requisite 36, Missouri acted earliest, 10:01 a.m., Central Standard time. [Data from Department of State memorandum, October 15, 1933].

15 The twenty-first amendment was proposed by Congress on February 20, 1933, when it passed the House [76 Cong. Rec. (72d Cong., 2d sess.) 4516], having previously passed the Senate on February 16 [Id., 4231]. It appears officially in 47 Stat. 1625. Ratification was completed on December 5, 1933, when the thirty-sixth State (Utah) approved the amendment, there being then 48 States in the Union. On December 5, 1933, Acting Secretary of State William Phillips certified that it had been adopted by the requisite number of States [48 Stat. 1749].

Rhode Island, May 8, 1933; Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933; Delaware, June 24, 1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933; Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York, June 27, 1933; Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July 10, 1933; Connecticut, July 11, 1933; New Hampshire, July 11, 1933; California, July 24, 1933; West Virginia, July 25, 1933; Arkansas, August 1, 1933; Oregon, August 7, 1933; Alabama, August 8, 1933; Tennessee, August 11, 1933; Missouri, August 29, 1933; Arizona, September 5, 1933; Nevada, September 5, 1933; Vermont, September 23, 1933; Colorado, September 26, 1933; Washington, October 3, 1933; Minnesota, October 10, 1933; Idaho, October 17, 1933; Maryland, October 18, 1933; Virginia, October 25, 1933; New Mexico, November 2, 1933; Florida, November 14, 1933; Texas, November 24, 1933; Kentucky, November 27, 1933; Ohio, December 5, 1933; Pennsylvania, December 5, 1933; Utah, December 5, 1933;

Maine, December 6, 1933; Montana, August 6, 1934.

The amendment was rejected by a convention in the State of South Carolina, on December 4, 1933. The electorate of the State of North Carolina voted against holding a convention at a general election held on November 7, 1933. Nebraska, Oklahoma and South Dakota scheduled conventions in 1934, but did not hold them. Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and North Dakota did not pass laws to provide for conventions.

ARTICLE [XXII]

SECTION 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative, from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

SEC. 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

The twenty-second amendment 16 was ratified by the several State legislatures on the following dates: Maine, March 31, 1947; Michigan, March 31, 1947; Iowa, April 1, 1947; Kansas, April 1, 1947; New Hampshire, April 1, 1947; Delaware, April 2, 1947; Illinois, April 3, 1947; Oregon, April 3, 1947; Colorado, April 12, 1947; California, April 15, 1947; New Jersey, April 15, 1947; Vermont,

16 The twenty-second amendment was proposed by Congress on March 21, 1947, when the House agreed to Senate amendment [93 Cong. Rec. (80th Cong. 1st. Sess.) 2389], having previously been passed in the House of Representatives on February 6, 1947 [93 Cong. Rec. (80th Cong. 1st Sess.) 872), and in the Senate on March 12, 1947, with an amendment [93 Cong. Rec. (80th Cong. 1st. Sess.) 1978]. It appears officially in 61 Stat. 959. Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951, when the legislature of the thirty-sixth State (Minnesota) approved the amendment, there being then forty-eight States in the Union. On March 3, 1951, the Administrator of General Services, Jess Larson, certified that this amendment had become a part of the Constitution [16 F.R. 2019 and 65 Stat. 777].

April 15, 1947; Ohio, April 16, 1947; Wisconsin, April 16, 1947; Pennsylvania, April 29, 1947; Connecticut, May 21, 1947; Missouri, May 22, 1947; Nebraska, May 23, 1947; Virginia, January 28, 1948; Mississippi, February 12, 1948; New York, March 9, 1948; South Dakota, January 21, 1949; North Dakota, February 25, 1949; Louisiana, May 17, 1950; Montana, January 25, 1951; Indiana, January 29, 1951; Idaho, January 30, 1951 (after rejection by the Senate on January 25, 1949); New Mexico, February 12, 1951; Wyoming, February 12, 1951; Arkansas, February 15, 1951; Georgia, February 17, 1951; Tennessee, February 20, 1951; Texas, February 22, 1951; Utah, February 26, 1951; Nevada, February 26, 1951; Minnesota, February 27, 1951;

North Carolina, February 28, 1951; South Carolina, March 13, 1951; Maryland, March 14, 1951; Florida, April 16, 1951; Alabama, May 4, 1951.

Massachusetts rejected the proposal on June 9, 1949, and Oklahoma in June 1947 (uncertified). Arizona, Kentucky, Rhode Island, Washington and West Virginia took no action.

ARTICLE [XXIII]

SECTION 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of

amendment.

SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The twenty-third amendment1 was ratified by the several State legislatures on the following dates: Hawaii, June 23, 1960 (technical correction, June 30, 1960); Massachusetts, August 22, 1960; New Jersey, December 19, 1960; New York, January 17, 1961; California, January 19, 1961; Oregon, January 27, 1961; Maryland, January 30, 1961; Idaho, January 31, 1961; Maine, January 31, 1961; Minnesota, January 31, 1961; New Mexico, February 1, 1961; Nevada, February 2, 1961; Montana, February 6, 1961; Colorado, February 8, 1961; Washington, February 9, 1961; West Virginia, February 9, 1961; Alaska, February 10, 1961; Wyoming, February 13, 1961; South Dakota, February 14, 1961 (date of filing

17 The twenty-third amendment was proposed by Congress on June 16, 1960, when the Senate agreed to S.J. Res. 39, 86th Cong., as passed by the House of Representatives on June 14; which action consisted of substituting H.J. Res. 757 for the original text of S.J. Res. 39 (106 Cong. Rec. (86th Cong., 2d sess.) 12571). S.J. Res. 39 as approved by the Senate on February 2, 1960 (106 Cong. Rec. (86th Cong., 2d sess.) 12850–58), for the first time since 1789, proposed several unrelated articles of amendment, though several amendments cover several points in sections of an article; as finally proposed it dealt with a single matter. It appears officially in 74 Stat. 1057 under date of June 16, 1960. Ratification was completed on March 29, 1961, when the legislature of the thirty-eighth State (Ohio) approved the amendment, there being then fifty States in the Union. The identity of the thirtyeighth State was in doubt until New Hampshire by "official notice" determined March 30 as the date of its ratification. On April 3, 1961, the Administrator of General Services, John L. Moore, certified that this amendment had become a part of the Constitution (26 F.R. 2808 and 75 Stat. ———).