Home and nouns denoting manner are frequently in the objective case without a governing word; as, "We drove home in a storm"; "They marched Indian-file."

The names of things, following the passive forms of the verbs ask, lend, teach, refuse, provide, and some others, are in the objective case without a governing word, or in the objective case governed by a preposition understood; as, “He was asked a question"; “John was refused admittance;" "I was taught grammar."

To be analyzed and parsed:

1. The horse ran a mile. 2. I do not care a straw. 3. He is worth a million of dollars. 4. The child is nine years old. 5. He wore his coat cloak-fashion. 6. Spring has already covered thy grave, twelve times, with flowers. 7. The ship sailed four knots an hour. 8. This is worth remembering. 9. The tower is two hundred and fifty feet high. 10. How many square yards of plastering in a room twenty-one feet long, fifteen feet wide, and ten feet high? II. The poor, dissipated student was refused his diploma.

RULE IX..

CCXXVIII. PRONOUNS

Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, gender, and number.

The person, gender, and number of an interrogative pronoun are indeterminate when no answer is given to the question in which it is found; as, "Who owns that vessel?" The answer may be, "Mr. Gordon owns it," "Jones & Smith own it," "I own it," "He and I own it," or "You yourself own it." The interrogative, however, should be parsed as being in the third person and singular number, because it requires the verb to be in the third person and singular number. Its gender is indeterminate. When an answer is given, or when one can be inferred from well-known facts, these properties are determinate; as, "Who owns that vessel?—I own it." "Who" is the first person, common gender, singular number, agreeing with "I." "Who com

manded the allied forces at the battle of Waterloo?" "Who" is in the third person, masculine gender, singular number—the answer, though not given, being well known.

There being no pronoun of the third person singular used in common for either sex, the masculine forms, he, his, him, are used in its place. Do not say, "Each pupil should learn his or her lesson": use his alone. Say, "Should any one desire to consult me, let him call at my office," even though the invitation be intended for both sexes. Should the gender of the person referred to be known, use a masculine or feminine pronoun, as the case requires.

Things personified should be represented as masculine or feminine by the pronouns referring to them; as, "Night, sable goddess, from her ebon throne"; "Grim-visaged War hath smoothed his wrinkled front.” A pronoun sometimes precedes its antecedent; as, "Thy chosen temple, Lord, how fair!"

The relative pronoun is frequently omitted; as, "That is the house [which] we live in"; "This is the book [which] you inquired for."

That, as a relative, should generally be used after a, all, every, same, and very; after who, used interrogatively; after an adjective in the superlative degree; and when both persons and things are referred to. Ex. "He is a man that all respect"; "I gave him all that I had"; "Is this the same book that I lent you?" "It is the very book that you lent me"; "He is the wisest that says the least"; "Who that has once heard him does not wish to hear him once again?" "Here are the persons and things that were sent for."

A pronoun should not be used in the nominative absolute case by pleonasm. Say, "The horse ran away," not "The horse, it ran away"; "Many words darken speech," not "Many words, they darken speech." To avoid ambiguity, a relative pronoun should be placed as near as possible to its antecedent.

Ex. "A purse was lost in the street, which contained a large sum of money." The clause introduced by "which," should be placed immediately after "purse."

A pronoun whose antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of unity, should be in the neuter singular; one whose antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, should be plural, taking the gender of the individuals composing the collection.

It is used to represent (1) a noun or a pronoun in any person, in either number, or of any gender; (2) a sentence, or a part of

a sentence; or (3) it may be used to represent an indefinite ante

cedent.

"It

Ex. "It is I"; "It was land warrants that I purchased"; was Milton who wrote Paradise Lost"; "You have wronged me, and will repent of it”; "It snows"; "We roughed it in the woods."

To be parsed:

I. The hand that governs in April, governed in January. 2. I perish by this people which I made. 3. Many a man shall envy him who henceforth limps. 4. I venerate the man whose heart is warm. 5. Your sorrows are our gladness. 6. The blooming morning oped her dewy eyes. 7. Men are like birds that build their nests in trees that hang over rivers. 8. He was followed by another worthless rogue, who flung away his modesty instead of his ignorance. 9. A bird is placed in a bell glass, A, which stands over the mercury.

Fierce spirit of the glass and scythe! What power
Can stay him in his silent course, or melt

His iron heart to pity?- PRENTICE.

II.

"Banished from Rome!"

What's banished, but set free

From daily contact of the things I loathe?

"Tried and convicted traitor!" Who says this?

Who'll prove it, at his peril, on my head? — CROLY.

CCXXIX. ANTECEDENTS CONNECTED BY "AND"

RULE X.-A pronoun, with two or more antecedents in the singular, connected by and, must be plural.

When the antecedents are but different names for the same person or thing, the pronoun must be singular; as, "The eminent lawyer and statesman has resigned his office."

When the antecedents are emphatically distinguished, the pronoun should be singular; as, “The mind as well as the body has its diseases"; "The country and not the government has its admirers.”

When the antecedents are limited by each, every, or no, the pronoun must be singular; as, "Each man and each boy did his duty"; "Every

ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES

215

hill and every mountain has its echo"; "There is no day and no hour without its cares."

When the antecedents taken together are regarded as a single thing, the pronoun must be singular; as, "The horse and wagon is in its place."

Analyze and parse:·

1. Charles and Henry are flying their kites. 2. You and I should study our lessons. 3. The child wants some bread and milk; will you get it? 4. The good man, and the sinner, too, shall have his reward. 5. The great philosopher and statesman is laid in his grave. 6. He bought a horse and a wagon, and sold them at a profit. 7. Every house and lot has its price set opposite its number.

RULE XI.—A pronoun, with two or more antecedents in the singular, connected by or or nor, must be singular.

When one of the antecedents is plural, it should be placed last, and the pronoun should be plural; as, "Neither the farmer nor his sons were aware of their danger.”

Analyze and parse:

1. Henry or Samuel will lend you his book. 2. If thy hand or thy foot offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee. 3. Neither James nor John has gained much credit for himself. 4. Either Mary or Sarah will recite her lesson. 5. Even a rugged rock, or a barren heath, though in itself disagreeable, contributes by contrast to the beauty of the whole. 6. Either James or his father was mistaken in his opinion. 7. Neither the teacher nor the scholars used their books in the class.

CCXXXI. ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES

RULE XII. An adjective or a participle belongs to some noun or pronoun.

An adjective used as the predicate of a sentence, may modify an infinitive or a substantive ciause, used as the subject; as, “To lie is sinful"; "That all men are created equal, is self-evident."

After infinitives and participles of the copula, adjectives are frequently used which do not belong to any particular noun or pronoun; as, "To be good is to be happy"; "The main secret of being sublime, is to say great things in few and plain words." In parsing, say that they modify some noun or pronoun not expressed.

An adjective should agree in number with the noun to which it belongs; as, that kind, those kinds; one man, two men. To denote a collective number, a singular adjective may precede a plural noun; as, "One thousand dollars"; "The census is taken every ten years." To denote plurality, many a is used instead of many; as, “Many a time”; "Many a morning."

In poetry, an adjective relating to a noun or a pronoun is sometimes used instead of an adverb modifying a verb or a participle; as, "Incessant still you flow"; "Swift on his downy pinions flies from woe."

Two adjectives are frequently connected by a hyphen, forming a compound adjective; as, “A sweet-faced girl."

Analyze and parse:·

1. His spirit was so birdlike and so pure. 2. Dim, cheerless, is the scene my path around. 3. This life of ours is a wild Æolian harp of many a joyous strain. 4. Every tree top has its shadow. 5. With fleecy clouds the sky is blanched. 6. Still stands the forest primeval. 7. 'Tis impious in a good man to be sad. 8. To hope the best is pious, brave, and wise. 9. Time wasted is existence; used, is life.

IO.

II.

12.

Thoughts shut up, want air,

And spoil, like bales unopened to the sun. YOUNG.

Tell me not in mournful numbers,

Life is but an empty dream.

- LONGFELLOW.

Pray for the living in whose breast
The struggle between right and wrong
Is raging terrible and strong.