An infinitive may depend upon :— A noun; as, "Flee from the wrath to come." A verb; as, "He went to see the show." An adjective; as, "The gods are hard to reconcile." A participle; as, "The rain threatening to fall, we left." An adverb; as, " He told me when to come." The infinitive is often understood; as, "I considered him [to be] honest." The sign to may be omitted before all but the first of two or more infinitives in the same construction; as, "They tried to cheat, rob, and murder me." Parse: I. I come not here to talk. 2. I cannot see to spin my flax. 3. In sooth, deceit maketh no mortal gay. 4. I saw along the winter snow a spectral column pour. 5. Let the great world spin forever down the ringing grooves of change. 6. He lived to die, and died to live. 7. It is a brave thing to understand something of what we see. 8. It is better to fight for the good than to rail at the ill. 9. Let us be content in work, To do the thing we can, and not presume To fret because it's little. 10. One day with life and heart, Is more than time enough to find a world. II. Needful auxiliars are our friends, to give 12. Learn well to know how much need not be known, 13. Let him not violate kind nature's laws, 14. But own man born to live as well as die. The blood more stirs To rouse a lion than to start a hare. 15. He that lacks time to mourn, lacks time to mend. Eternity mourns that. — HENRY Taylor. ADVERBS CCXXXVII. ADVERBS 223 RULE XVIII. -Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, participles, and adverbs. Adverbs sometimes modify phrases and entire propositions; as, "He lives just over the hill"; "Verily, ye are the people." Adverbs are frequently used as expletives; as, "Well, that is a strange story"; "There, now, you have said enough." The adverbs yes, no, aye, yea, and nay are generally answers to questions, and are equivalent to a whole sentence. They are then used independently, or modify the sentences preceding or following them. Ex. “Are you angry? — No.” "Yea, they shall sing in the ways of the Lord"; "Nay; but it is really true." = Two contradictory negatives in the same clause are equivalent to an affirmative; as, “I can not write no more - I can write more. Hence, two negatives should never be employed to express a negation. Say, "I want no assistance,” not, "I don't want no assistance."__Two or more negatives, not contradictory, do not destroy the negative character of a sentence; as, "He will never consent, no, never, not he, nor I neither." When the quality of an object, and not the manner of an action, is to be expressed, an adjective should be used as predicate; as, “He arrived safe,” not “safely”; “She looks beautiful," not "beautifully." The use of from before whence, hence, and thence should be avoided. Say, "Whence came you?" not "From whence came you?" The word modified by an adverb is sometimes omitted; as, “Down, royal state!" Supply "fall." "Up in the morning early." Supply "get" or "rise." "I'll hence to London." Supply "go." There is frequently used as an expletive to introduce a sentence; as, "There was no grass there"; "There were three of us." The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives, preceded by the definite article, are often used as adverbs; as, "The longer 1 study, the better I like it"; "He lives best who acts the noblest." The articles in these expressions are used adverbially. Adverbs should be so placed as to render the sentence clear, correct, and elegant. The sense intended to be conveyed depends upon their position. Compare "He is thought to be generally honest," with "He is generally thought to be honest." Analyze and parse: 1. All the world was ours once more. 2. Therein the patient must minister to himself. SHAKESPEARE. 3. I saw the blue Rhine sweep along. 4. Death erects his batteries right over against our homes. 5. Slowly the throng moves o'er the tomb-paved ground. 6. The complication of a town is often happily unraveled by starting from a main trunk. 7. Man desires not only to be loved, but to be lovely. 8. Westward the course of empire takes its way. 9. Your menaces move me not. 10. We see but dimly through the mists and vapors. 11. Man by man and foot by foot did the soldiers proceed over the Alps. 12. Finally, the war is already begun, and we must either conquer or perish. 13. He heaped up great riches, but passed his time miserably. 14. Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund Day 15. Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain's top. — SHAKESPEARE. 16. Not a word to each other; we kept the great pace 18. Who does the best his circumstance allows, BYRON. - BROWNING. Guard well thy thought, our thoughts are heard in heaven. -YOUNG, COÖRDINATE CONJUNCTIONS CCXXXVIII. PREPOSITIONS 225 RULE XIX.-A preposition shows the relation of its object to the word upon which the latter depends. Analyze and parse: 1. The man is dependent upon his relatives. 2. I differ with you on that point. 3. The man was killed with a sword, and died by violence. 4. The two thieves divided the money between them. 5. In his lifetime, he was twice shipwrecked. 6. Above the clouds and tempests' rage, Across yon blue and radiant arch, Upon their long, high pilgrimage, I watched their glittering armies march. Conjunctions are sometimes omitted; as, "He is rich, noble, wise, [and] generous." In a series of similar terms, the conjunction is usually omitted, except between the last two; as, "Henry, Horace, and Samuel are my pupils." When great emphasis is required, the conjunction should be supplied; as, "You have been an honest, and a bold, and a faithful hound." Dissimilar or disproportionate terms should never be joined by conjunctions; as, "I always have [been] and always shall be of this opinion." Conjunctions are sometimes used as introductory words, either to awaken expectation or to make the introduction of a sentence less abrupt; as, “And it came to pass in those days," etc.; "So you are going to New Orleans, it seems. Analyze and parse:· 99. 1. We moved along silently and cautiously. 2. To play is more ADV. GRAM. — 15 pleasant than to work. 3. They either could not or would not learn. 4. He can brag, but he is not able to do much. 5. That lot is preferable to and cheaper than yours. 6. He looks as though he were hungry. 7. He has no love or veneration for him. 8. I cannot tell whether he has returned or no. 9. All were drowned save me. 10. Neither James nor John came home yesterday. II. I always 'desire and wish for your society. 12. The boy would have and did have his own way. 13. The parliament addressed the king and was prorogued the same day. CCXL. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS RULE XXI.—Subordinate conjunctions join dissimilar elements. A subordinate connective is almost invariably placed at the beginning of the clause which it introduces. When this clause is used as the subject of a sentence, or is put in apposition with a noun in any case, the connective is a mere introductory word; as, "That you have deceived me doth appear from this"; "The rumor that he is insane is unfounded." Parse: 1. Come as the winds come, when navies are stranded. 2. I never thought that it could be so. 3. He locks the door after the horse is stolen. 4. I now know why you deceived me. 5. He will have friends wherever he may be. 6. I could distinguish the merchant to whom the ship was consigned. 7. However stern he may seem, he is a good man. 8. While there is life, there is hope. 9. Blessed are the merciful for they shall obtain mercy. 10. He rushes to the fray as if he were summoned to a banquet. II. Whether the planets are inhabited, was discussed last evening. 12. I consent to the constitution, because I expect no better, and because I am not sure it is not the best. 13. I do not know where he is. 14. There was so much noise that I could not sleep. 15. We meet in joy, though we part in sorrow; We part to-night, but we meet to-morrow. |