-

Ovid, and other eminent men of his time, and highly esteemed as a poet; but none of his works have come down to us. - 54. The series of elegiac poets, according to Ovid, is, therefore: Gallus, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovidius. — 56. Thalia mea my muse. Thalia, at least in later times, was "the Muse of comedy and of merry and idyllic poetry." 57. Populo legi; i. e. in public, either in the Forum or the baths. The practice had become a common one at the time here referred to. - 60. The real name of the Corinna,

Sidonius

celebrated in the Amores of Ovid, is not known to us. Apollinaris says that she was Julia, the daughter of Augustus, and some modern scholars think this not improbable. — 63. Quum fugerem when I went into exile. Placitura which would perhaps have pleased. At this time he burned the Metamorphoses. See Life.-64. Studio. Gr. 391. I. A. & S. 222, R. 1.

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susceptible and by no means proof against 66. Moveret. See ref. on v. 44. — 67. such; i. e. thus See Life. — 73. of the Fabii and

65. Molletelis the arrows of Cupid. Essem is subjunctive after quum causal. Hic susceptible. 68. Fabula scandal. — 69-72. Ultima. She was connected with the noble house also with the imperial family. -74. Conjux. Gr. 547. I. A. & S. 271, N. 2. — 75, 76. Filia—avum; i. e. his daughter, Perilla, was twice married, and had a child by each husband. — 77, 78. Since a lustrum is a period of five years, Ovid's father had reached the age of ninety. 79. Me. Gr. 371. 3. 1). A. & S. 232 (2) and N. 1. Some editors read, me... adempto. — 80. Proxima justa = the last honors. His mother died soon after her husband. -83. Me. Gr. 381 and 1. A. & S. 238. 2. — 84. Nihil. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 232 (3). — 85. Si-restat; i. e. if death is not annihilation; if the soul is immortal. -86. Gracilis = thin, insubstantial. Cf. leves populos, Met. X. 14.—89, 90. Causam jussae fugae = that the cause of my banishment. Errorem. Ovid says again and again that his offence was an error, not a crime. See Life. —91. Studiosa (sc. mei) = devoted. - 92. Pectora. See on Met. X. 71. It would seem from this line that friends had requested him to write this sketch of his life. — 94. Antiquas; i. e. gray. — 95, 96. Pisaea — equus; i. e. ten times had the horses won the prize in the Olympian The Olympian games were celebrated, once in four years, near Pisa, in Elis. Ovid here (as in Ep. ex Pont. IV. 6. 5, where he uses the expression, quinquennis Olympias) makes the Olympiad equal to the Roman lustrum (see on v. 78). He was fifty-one years old at the time of his banishment. 97. See Life. —101. Ovid repeatedly complains of the treachery of those about him. Cf. Ep. ex Pont. II. 7. 62: Ditata est spoliis perfida turba meis. — 106. Cepi — arma= = I took up the arms of my situation; i. e. I met the change

races.

=

Some editors 113. Refera

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bravely. 108. The hidden pole is the Southern; the visible, the Northern. Cf. Virg. G. I. 242 foll. — 110. Sarmatis ora = the Sarmatian shore. Sarmatia was the general name for the northeastern part of Europe and the northwestern part of Asia. The Danube separated it from Thrace, just within whose boundaries the Getae lived. 111. Circumsoner. Gr. 516. II. and 3. read circumsonor. Compare quamvis ... est, v. 113. tur. Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. 7. 116. Lucis Gratia... tibi is thy favor; i. e. I owe to thee. the sentence is the clause depending on quod. from the Danube; i. e. from this place of exile. number in nos... mihi, see Met. V. 517, 518; 120. Helicone. See on v. 23. -122. Ab exsequiis = post exsequias.-123. Detrectat praesentia; i. e. depreciates the works of living authors. 124. Nostris; sc. operibus. - 128. Plurimus. See on Met. XI. 140.130. Protinus tuus; i. e. though I die, I shall not be forgotten. Cf. Hor. C. II. 7. 21; III. 30. 6. Cf. also the closing verses of the Metamorphoses:

vitae. -117. The subject of 119. Ab Istro= For the change of XI. 132, 133, etc.—

Famque opus peregi quod nec Jovis ira nec ignes,
Nec poterit ferrum nec edax abolere vetustas.
Quum volet illa dies quae nil nisi corporis hujus
Jus habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi;
Parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis
Astra ferar nomenque erit indelebile nostrum,
Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris
Ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fama,
Si quid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam !

THE LIFE OF VIRGIL.

P. VIRGILIUS (or VERGILIUS) MARO, was born on the 15th of October, B. C. 70, in the first consulship of Cn. Pompeius Magnus, and M. Licinius Crassus, at Andes, a small village near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. The tradition, though an old one, which identifies Andes with the modern village of Pietola, may be accepted as a tradition, without being accepted as a truth. The poet Horace, afterwards one of his friends, was born B. C. 65; and Octavianus Caesar, afterwards the Emperor Augustus, and his patron, in B. C. 63, in the consulship of M. Tullius Cicero. Virgil's father probably had a small estate which he cultivated: his mother's name was Maia. The son was educated at Cremona and Mediolanum (Milan), and he took the toga virilis at Cremona on the day on which he commenced his sixteenth year, in B. C. 55, which was the second consulship of Cn. Pompeius Magnus and M. Licinius Crassus. It is said that Virgil subsequently studied at Neapolis (Naples), under Parthenius, a native of Bithynia, from whom he learned Greek; and the minute industry of the grammarians has pointed out the following line (Georg. I. 437) as borrowed from his master:

Glauco et Panopeae et Inoo Melicertae.

He was also instructed by Syron, an Epicurean, and probably at Rome. Virgil's writings prove that he received a learned education, and traces of Epicurean opinions are apparent in them. His health was always feeble, and there is no evidence of his attempting to rise by those means by which a Roman gained distinction, oratory and the practice of arms. Indeed, at the time when he was born, Cisalpine Gaul was not included within the term "Italy," and it was not till B. C. 89 that a Lex Pompeia gave even the Jus Latii to the inhabitants of Gallia Transpadana, and the privilege of obtaining the Roman civitas by filling a magistratus in their own cities. The Roman civitas was not given to the Transpadani till B. C. 49. Virgil, therefore, was not a Roman citizen by birth, and he was above twenty years of age before the civitas was extended to Gallia Transpadana.

It is merely a conjecture, though it is probable, that Virgilius retired to his paternal farm, and here he may have written some of the small pieces which are attributed to him, the Culex, Ciris, Moretum, and others. The defeat of Brutus and Cassius by M. Antonius and Octavianus Caesar at Philippi, B. C. 42, gave the supreme power to the two victorious generals, and when Octavianus returned to Italy, he began to assign to his soldiers lands which had been promised them for their services. But the soldiers could only be provided with land by turning out many of the occupiers, and the neighborhood of Cremona and Mantua was one of the districts in which the soldiers were planted, and from which the former possessors were dislodged. There is little evidence as to the circumstances under which Virgil was deprived of his property. It is said that it was seized by a veteran named Claudius or Clodius; and that Asinius Pollio, who was then governor of Gallia Transpadana, advised Virgil to apply to Oc tavianus at Rome for the restitution of his land, and that Octavianus granted his request. It is supposed that Virgil wrote the Eclogue which stands first in our editions, to commemorate his gratitude to Octavianus Caesar. Whether the poet was subsequently disturbed in his possession and again restored, and whether he was not firmly secured in his patrimonial farm till after the peace of Brundusium, B. C. 40, between Octavianus Caesar and M. Antonius, is a matter which no extant authority is sufficient to determine.

Virgil became acquainted with Maecenas before Horace was, and Horace (Sat. I. 5, and 6. 55, etc.) was introduced to Maecenas by Virgil. This introduction was probably in the year B. C. 38; but, since the name of Maecenas is not mentioned in the Eclogues of Virgil, we may perhaps conclude that it was not until after they were written that the poet was on those intimate terms with Maecenas which ripened into friendship. Horace, in one of his Satires (Sat. I. 5), in which he describes the journey from Rome to Brundusium, mentions Virgil as one of the party, and in language which shows that they were then in the closest intimacy. The time to which this journey relates is somewhat uncertain, but the best authorities agree in fixing it in the year B. C. 37. (See Hor. Sat. I. 5. Introd.)

The most finished work of Virgil, his Georgica, an agricultural poem, was undertaken at the suggestion of Maecenas, and it was probably not commenced earlier than B. C. 37. "The tradition that Maecenas himself suggested the composition of Georgics may be accepted, not in the literal sense which has generally been attached to it, as a means of reviving the art of husbandry and the cultivation of the devastated soil of Italy; but rather to recommend the principles of the ancient Romans, their love of home, of labor, of piety, and or der; to magnify their domestic happiness and greatness; to make

men proud of their country, on better grounds than the mere glory of its arms and the extent of its conquests. It would be absurd to suppose that Virgil's verses induced any Roman to put his hand to the plough, or to take from his bailiff the management of his own estates; but they served undoubtedly to revive some of the simple tastes and sentiments of the olden time, and to perpetuate, amidst the vices and corruptions of the empire, a pure stream of sober and innocent enjoyments. . . . . To comprehend the moral grandeur of the Georgics, in point of style the most perfect piece of Roman literature, we must regard it as the glorification of Labor. . . . . On the labors of the husbandman, hard and coarse as they seem to the unpurged vision, Virgil throws all the colors of the radiant heaven of the imagination. Labor improbus, incessant, importunate labor, conquers all things; subdues the soil, baffles the inclemency of the seasons, defeats the machinations of Nature, that cruel stepmother, and wins the favor and patronage of the gods.'

The concluding lines of the Georgica were written at Naples (Georg. IV. 559), but we can hardly infer that the whole poem was written there, though this is the literal meaning of the words,

Haec super arvorum cultu pecorumque canebam.

We may however conclude that it was completed after the battle of Actium, B. C. 31, while Caesar was in the East.

The epic poem of Virgil, the Aeneid, was probably long contemplated by the poet. Like Milton, he appears from a very early period to have had a strong desire of composing an epic poem, and, like him also, to have been long undecided on his subject. He is said to have begun a metrical chronicle of the Alban Kings, but afterwards to have given it up because of the harshness of the names. After the completion of the Georgics, or perhaps somewhat earlier, he laid down the plan of a regular epic on the wanderings of Aeneas, and the Roman destinies; to form a sort of continuation of the Iliad to Roman times, and to combine the features of that poem and the Odyssey. The idea was sufficiently noble, and the poem, long before its publication or even conclusion, had obtained the very highest reputation. While Virgil was at work upon it Propertius wrote with generous admiration (Eleg. II. 34, 65):

Cedite, Romani scriptores! cedite, Graii!
Nescio quid majus nascitur Iliade!

Augustus, while absent on his Cantabrian campaign, wrote repeatedly to Virgil for extracts from his poem in progress; but the poet declined, on the ground that his work was unworthy the perusal of the prince. The correspondence is recorded by Macrobius (Saturnalia, I.), but its genuineness is very questionable. We may infer * Merivale, Hist. of the Romans under the Empire, Vol. IV. p. 440.