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TABLE 11.-Retail price and farmers' share: Butter and oleomargarine, annual 1919-47; by months, 1946-48

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Source: Price Spreads Between Farmers and Consumers, Miscellaneous Publication No. 576, U. S. Department of Agriculture, September 1945. Marketing and Transportation Situation, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture periodical.

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TABLE 12.-Regulations pertaining to oleomargarine: Specified foreign countries, 1946-47

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Source: Compiled from reports of Foreign Service Officers of the United States to the U. S. Department of Commerce. Some of the reports have been published in "Industry Reports, Fats and Oils" and "World Trade in Commodities"; others were consulted in the offices of the Foodstuffs Division, Office of International Trade, U. S. Department of Commerce.

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TABLE 13.-Violations of the oleomargarine law, number of violations, quantity and value of oleomargarine involved, and penalties collected, 1902-1947

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Source: Compiled from reports of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

The CHAIRMAN. This morning the question came up as to how many men in the Bureau of Internal Revenue are devoting their time to checking up on oleo. The number, I am informed, is approximately 96 in the 64 collection districts, plus an additional 4 working in Washington, making a total of 100.

The next witness is Paul Potter, labor consultant for the dairy industry.

How do you do, Mr. Potter? Will you identify yourself for the reporter, please?

STATEMENT OF PAUL POTTER, PARTNER, PAUL POTTER & ASSOCIATES, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CONSULTANTS TO THE DAIRY INDUSTRY, CHICAGO, ILL.

Mr. POTTER. My name is Paul Potter, of the firm of Paul Potter & Associates, Chicago.

We are labor-relations consultants for the dairy industry.

We requested an opportunity to appear before your committee today, because we thought we would be serving the interests of the committee as well as the dairy industry in bringing to your attention some of the possible impacts of this proposed legislation on the employment and the labor situation in the dairy industry.

I have been connected with the dairy industry in one capacity or another since 1922, and have had intimate opportunity to study the effect of various operations in the dairy industry upon employment.

In the first place, I think it is erroneous to get the impression that all labor is in favor of the repeal of oleomargarine taxes. I, per

sonally, have had an opportunity to talk with a number of influential labor representatives, officers of various unions in the last few days, whose membership would stand to lose by the passage of the repeal of these taxes. They would not only lose employment, but they would lose earnings, built up over a long period of time in this industry, which has a record of very fair wages, and very constant employment in the dairy industry.

These men give us three particular reasons why they are apprehensive about this legislation.

In the first place, the upsetting of the employment in the dairy industry would be unfavorable, especially to these local unions I have mentioned, members of the International Teamsters, the CIO, and the United Mine Workers, whose members are employed in the dairy industry.

In the second place, they are apprehensive because they are beginning to realize that instead of lowering the retail prices of butter and oleomargarine, which would be in favor of the consumers, actually, once oleomargarine could be sold to look like and replace butter, higher prices would be charged for it, and the consumer will actually not benefit thereby.

These men are also expressing concern about the fraudulent sales of oleomargarine which might take place without the proper safeguard, such as is now a matter of law.

I cite briefly here, as indications of this new trend which is taking place among these unions, the fact that the current issue of a newspaper published for all the CIO members of the State of Michigan carries a detailed article this week, this past week, warning its members that repeal of these taxes would mean an increase in the price for oleomargarine.

I cite also a resolution passed earlier this month by representatives of the various dairy plant workers in the State of Minnesota, meeting in Minneapolis, in which their resolution indicated in substance that they made no objection to the sale of oleomargarine as such, but they protested against any change in the laws which would permit oleomargarine to be sold as a substitute for butter.

I have talked with not only the local, but some of the national officials of these organizations, and they have a little different idea than they first had, when they were first told the story by the oleomargarine people, as to what might take place.

The second point I would like to emphasize is the serious maladjustment in employment in thousands of these local communities where creameries are a vital part of the local economy. We estimate there are approximately 4,000 creameries in the United States, engaged in the manufacture of butter, employing in excess of 40,000 workers.

This is in contrast to the 26 manufacturers of oleomargarine, whose plants are strategically located, and so operated as to employ less than 2,000 workers, and who are in position to increase the capacity of their plants without greatly increasing employment.

We would like to point out that many other people who work in these almost 4,000 local communities who depend for their livelihood upon the selling of supplies and services in connectnon with the handling of the cream from the farm to the creameries, and from the creameries to market, also would be affected, as well as all of the people who make the machinery and supplies that go into this very

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