or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future aspiration, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned in turn for others appearing more feasible. A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a strong man. Previous to his injury, though untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, smart business man, very energetic and persistent in executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his friends and acquaintances said he was no longer Gage.'

CHADBOURNE, Paul Ansel, an American educator, born in New Berwick, Me., Oct. 21, 1823; died in New York city, Feb. 23, 1883. He was graduated at Williams College, at the head of his class, in 1848, and became a teacher in Willis's Academy, Freehold, N. J. From

PAUL ANSEL CHADBOURNE.

Freehold he went to the Theological Seminary, East Windsor, Conn., and after graduation went to Exeter, Mass., where he married. His wife and two children survive him.

Mr. Chadbourne next became tutor in his Alma Mater, and in 1853 was raised to the professorship of Chemistry and Natural His

tory. It is worthy of note that he was also, without giving up his chair at Williams, elected to the same chair in Bowdoin College, and did the duty of both for seven years. He served as professor in the Berkshire Medical College, Mass., and for thirteen years was Chemical Lecturer in Mount Holyoke Seminary.

In 1855 he visited Newfoundland. Two years later he was at the head of a scientific party in Florida; and two years after this he visited Europe. For the purpose of studying the geysers and volcanoes, he extended his tour to Iceland. In 1869 he made a journey to Greenland, for exploration and research.

With all his devotion to science and learning, Dr. Chadbourne was a careful observer of public affairs, and quite as anxious to do his share in this line of duty as in any other. He was elected to the Senate of Massachusetts in 1865, and in 1876 was a delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention. For the benefit of his health he removed to the West, and was soon after elected President of the

University of Wisconsin. He discharged the duties of this post for three years, and then passed two years in examinations and experiments among the Rocky Mountain mines.

At this date (1872) he was chosen to succeed the venerable Dr. Mark Hopkins as President of Williams College. His occupancy of this office may be called the great work of his life. Under his able and skillful oversight the college prospered greatly; the number of its students was increased, and funds were liberally poured in for its support. He held the office for nine years, with unvarying success, after which he resigned, in order to carry ont some extensive literary plans which he was very desirous to execute.

Dr. Chadbourne was first President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and in 1882 was reelected to that post. He also held it at the time of his death. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, of the Albany Institute, and of other learned societies abroad as well as at home. Two honorary degrees were conferred upon him by Amherst College, and the degree of M. D. by the Berkshire Medical College. He was the author of several books, among which were "Natural Theology," "Instinct in Animals and Man," and the "Relations of Natural History." He was chief editor of an elaborate work entitled "The Public Service of the State of New York." He was actively interested in manufacturing enterprises, as well as financial operations, and was a marvel to those who knew the

amount and number of works to which he put his hand and carried through successfully, despite the infirmities of body and the perils of uncertain health. He started for a visit to New York on the 13th of February, but, before leaving the cars, he was seized with what proved to be a fatal attack. He was carried to the residence of his brother-in-law, Mr. A. Schenck, peritonitis ensued, and he died on Friday, the 23d.

Dr. Chadbourne was a man of mark in many ways. As a scholar of varied acquirements, and an educator of rare skill and ability, he has had few equals in his day. Activity and zeal were specially prominent in his career, and his experiences of life were multiform. He was born in Maine, fitted for college in New Hampshire, and graduated at college in Massachusetts. He traveled extensively in his own country as well as in foreign lands. His life was full of adventure, of singular vicissitudes, and of noble, memorable work. He served four institutions of learning, three of them as president. He led parties for scientific exploration and research; he managed large and important business enterprises; and he published a number of learned scientific books. He was a theologian, too, of no mean power, and his mind and heart were at rest in possessing and enjoying those truths firmly held by the denomination with which he was connected.

CHAMBERS, William, a Scottish author and publisher, born at Peebles in 1800, died in Edinburgh, May 20, 1883. At the age of thirteen, after receiving the education which the schools of his native town afforded, he was apprenticed to a printer in Edinburgh. Three years later he opened a book-stall, and before 1832, when his brother Robert joined him, he eked out the profits of a small trade by working at case and press, and in 1830 published his "Book of Scotland," an elaborate and comprehensive account of the usages and institutions, the schools, social system, and civil and religious organization of that country. Previous to this time the brothers united in preparing a "Gazetteer of Scotland," which was written in the intervals of business and published in 1832. In February of that year appeared the first number of the "Edinburgh Journal," designed "to supply intellectual food of the best kind, and in such a form and at such a price as must suit the convenience of any man in the British dominions." It almost immediately attained a circulation of 50,000, whereupon the brothers united their business (Robert having also carried on a small book-store) into one establishment. The "Journal" has remained for fifty-two years one of the roost widely circulated of British periodicals, and is at present conducted by Robert Chambers, son and nephew of the original founders. In 1834 W. & R. Chambers began the publication of a series of scientific and historical treatises, written in a popular style, under

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the title of "Information for the People," the average sale of the numbers of which was more than 100,000 copies. They were followed by the "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen (1835); "Cyclopædia of English Literature" (1844); the "Popular Edition of Standard English Works," Papers for the People," "Miscellany," Repository of Instructive and Entertaining Tracts," and other similar collections - all of which were in a cheap form, and were widely read. "Chambers's Educational Course," which has been completed by degrees, includes works in almost every branch of knowledge, and was followed by "Chambers's Encyclopædia" (10 vols. 8vo, 1860-'68; new edition, 1871-'72)— all of which were in whole or part edited by William Chambers and his brother. The former contributed numerous essays to the "Journal," of which he was for many years after his brother's death the editor, and gave his impressions of the United States in a work entitled "Things as they are in America" (republished in New York in 1854). He was also the author of "Slavery and Color in America," "Peebles and its Neighborhood," "About Railways," "Wintering at Mentone," "Youth's Companion and Counselor," and "Improved Dwelling-Houses for the Humble and other Classes in Cities," suggested by his experiments in improving the dwellings of his tenantry on his estate of Glenormiston, near Peebles. He presented to his native town, at a cost of $150,000, a substantial building and an excellent library, known as the "Chambers Institution," and served two terms as Lord Provost of Edinburgh. In 1872 he published his last work, entitled "Robert Chambers, with Autobio graphical Reminiscences." The crowning act of his long career was the restoration, at a cost of $150,000, of the interior of the old Cathedral Church of St. Giles, Edinburgh, to its former state of grandeur. Three days before the cathedral was to be reopened with appropriate ceremonies, the restorer was no more. The publishing-house of W. & R. Chambers is the largest in Scotland, employing more than three hundred persons.

CHAMBORD, Comte de (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, Duc de Bordeaux), the last of the principal line of Bourbons, and, under the laws of the old French monarchy, heir to the throne of France, died at Frohsdorf, in Lower Austria, Aug. 24, 1883. He was born in the Tuileries, Sept. 29, 1820, eight months after his father, the Duc de Berry, son of the Comte d'Artois, afterward Charles X, was assassinated by a political fanatic. The birth of a prince in the continuation of the elder line, the one which preserved, untainted by any compromise with the Revolution, the traditions and principles of the monarchy, was hailed with ostentatious demonstrations by the royalists. The infant received the surname "Child of a Miracle,” and was christened Deodonatus, or "God given." A national sub

scription was opened, and with the proceeds the beautiful castle and estate of Chambord were purchased, and presented to the Prince as a public offering. The title of Duc de Bordeaux was given him out of compliment to the city which was the first to proclaim the Bourbons after the fall of Napoleon. He was now created Count de Chambord by the King, his great-uncle.

The birth of the Prince occurred at the time when a reaction against liberal ideas had set in, the main cause of the revival of royalist ideas being the murder of his father. The Duke of Orleans, who was descended from Philippe of

COMTE DE CHAMBORD.

Orleans, second son of Louis XIV, and was the son of Philippe Egalité of the Revolution, stood heir to the murdered Duke in default of male issue. He was the hope of the party of liberalconstitutional ideas. Between the throne and the Duke of Orleans were, in the regular line of succession, the Comte d'Artois, brother to the reigning King, the infirm Louis XVIII, and the Comte's surviving eldest son, the childless Duc d'Angoulême. It was in the hope of destroying the elder branch of the Bourbons that the saddler Louvel assassinated the Duc de Berry, under the portico of the Opera-House, Feb. 13, 1820. The Liberal ministers were driven from office, and the supporters of the Duke of

Orleans were accused of inspiring the crime. When the Duchesse de Berry gave birth to a prince, the report was circulated by the Liberals that the child was a changeling.

The education of Henri was planned to foster in his mind the principles of absolutism and divine right. The chiefs of the ancient nobility, who served him as tutors and governesses, filled his brain with their romantic ideas of the ancient régime. When he was in his fifth year his grandfather succeeded the shrewd and prudent Louis XVIII, as Charles X, and the glories of the old monarchy were revived, and, in the exhibitions of royal splen

dor, the handsome little prince was inade a central figure. Dressed in white and blue until he was six years old, in token of his dedication to the Virgin Mary, he reviewed his regiment of hussars, and distributed boons and pardons to suppliant crowds. In 1830 Charles X, with the assistance of his minister, Prince Polignac, attempted to reassume the prerogative of the kings of France. After twice dissolving the Liberal Chamber, he issued an ordinance, on the 25th of July, 1830, abrogating the charter of 1815. At the end of three days of barricade-fighting, the royal troops were beaten by the people of Paris. The Duke of Orleans accepted the crown as King of the French, and the deposed monarch journeyed slowly in royal state to Cherbourg, still expecting to be restored to the throne by an uprising of the provinces, and then set sail with all his family, followed by a frigate, which had orders to sink the ship if she should put back for the coast of France.

The proscribed King set up a court in the palace of Holyrood, at Edinburgh, until the ministry of William IV gave him to understand that there were political inconveniences attending the stay of the royal family in Great Britain. Before settling at Hradjin, near Prague, where they

next established themselves, the Duchesse de Berry, a princess of energetic character and adventurous spirit, undertook an expedition into France, for the purpose of heading a movement to place her son on the throne. With her boy she landed secretly in the Vendée. The plans of the expedition were well laid, and the Legitimists formed in a military body without detection. But the Breton peasants did not flock to the white flag as was expected, not understanding the grounds for upsetting one Bourbon King to establish another. In a single engagement with the King's troops the insurgent band was routed. The Duchess was betrayed into the hands of the Government, and, when confined

in the Château de Blaye, was discovered to be pregnant, and declared that she had contracted a secret marriage with an Italian, Count Lucchesi-Palli. This episode not only brought the cause of Henri V into ridicule, but separated the young pretender thenceforward from his mother, as Charles X could never forgive her misalliance. Henri, who was safely brought back from the unlucky expedition by faithful adherents, was placed by his grandfather under the guardianship of the Duchesse d'Angoulême, a woman of strong will and masculine nature, while the Duchesse de Berry, who was a princess of Naples, was banished to the land of her nativity.

Chateaubriand, the celebrated expositor of clerico-royalist theories, filled with ideas similar to those which stirred Disraeli, Bismarck, and other statesmen, made the pilgrimage to Prague, in the hope of taking the direction of the young prince's education and bringing him up to become a democratic ruler, who should realize under the old patriarchal forms the popular aspirations of the Revolution, which the bourgeoisie, after becoming the dominant class under Louis Philippe, had selfishly forgotten. But democratic ideas were regarded with dread and aversion by the people surrounding the young Duc de Bordeaux. He was trained by his tutor, the Duc de Damas, in doctrines at variance with the whole movement of the century, and in the hope of simply restoring the old order as he was taught to conceive it by clerical guides, who made him believe that the kings of France were all men of saintly character, and that the dalliance of the aristocracy with Voltairean heresies was the cause of the fall of the monarchy. Henri grew up a religious devotee, completely ignorant of the world, and possessing ideas of the religious nature of the kingly office which created astonishment in the courts of Europe, when in his twentieth year he made a tour by the counsel of Cardinal Lambruschini, who feared the effects of his ascetic devotions upon the mind of the Prince. The family lived for some years at Goertz, or Göritz, in Istria, where Charles X died in 1836. When he was twentyone years old he was thrown from his horse and sustained a fracture of the thigh, which made him slightly lame for life and unfitted him for robust exercise. The same year the Duchesse d'Angoulême purchased the castle and estate of Froschdorf, or Frohsdorf, forty miles from Vienna. The Comte de Chambord (which was the title that the Prince was called by after the expulsion of his family from France) was not able to leave his bed for two years after his accident. Shortly after his own mishap, the popular Duc d'Orleans, Louis Philippe's heir, was thrown from his carriage and killed, leaving the infant Comte de Paris as next heir, with the prospect of a regency under the Duc de Némours, who was not popular. In November, 1843, as soon as he left his sickbed, he took up his residence in London, and

publicly called upon his partisans to come and take the oath of allegiance. The Legitimist members of the Chamber and the House of Peers, with thousands of others, flocked to his mansion in Belgrave Square to pay homage to Henri V. A vote of condemnation passed by the Chamber on the conduct of these deputies had the effect of exposing the weakness of Louis Philippe's tenure of the throne and the seeming hopefulness of Chambord's prospects. The censured deputies resigned, and were all reelected. It became the fashion in Paris to praise the Comte, and rave over the glories of the old régime. He strengthened his position and augmented his great fortune by marrying Maria Theresa, daughter of the Duke of Modena, in 1847.

With the brilliant Berryer to lead his party, which grew in numbers and importance up to the Revolution of 1848, there was an opportunity, if Chambord had been daring, unscrupulous, and despotic, and willing to sacrifice his principles to expediency, of obtaining the crown after the ignominious overthrow of Louis Philippe, though scarcely of holding it. But Chambord's lack of courage and decision of character kept him from making the attempt. It was necessary that he should pledge himself to rule constitutionally, a condition which he had already accepted in letters and addresses, and in the columns of his organs.

The communistic outbreak of June decided the fate of the second republic. After its rigorous suppression by Cavaignac, a Chamber was elected containing a strong group of Legitimists, and a large number who were ready to rally around Chambord, provided he would issue a manifesto embodying a charter of popnlar representation. He appointed many meetings with his political friends, and made frequent promises to adopt this course, but whenever the moment for decision arrived he escaped from his political advisers to meditate in some monastery and take priestly counsel. Prince Louis Napoleon canvassed the country, and secured the election to the presidency. The Legitimists voted for him, to keep out Cavaignac. The Comte de Chambord could not bring himself to renounce the absolutist theory of the monarchy by right divine and the re-establishment of the old ecclesiastico-feudal order. He shrank still more from the employment of military force. There was no hope of re-erecting the old Bourbon throne under any compromise or possible concessions without a sharp, sanguinary conflict with the democracy of the cities. While Thiers, Guizot, and Berryer were laboring to bring about a fusion between the Legitimists and Orleanists, which advanced to the point of direct negotiations with the Comte de Chambord at Wiesbaden after the death of Louis Philippe, and while Marshal Bugeand, the first general of the French army at the time, held 50,000 of the choicest troops ready to strike at the orders of Henri Cinq, Prince Bonaparte strengthened his grasp on the cen

tralized administrative machinery, and two years later destroyed the hopes of the royalists by himself establishing an absolute monarchy, and subsequently assuming the duty of defending the temporal power of the Pope. The Comte de Chambord still expected that the French people would fall at the feet of their hereditary sovereign, and accept him unconditionally.

His wavering conduct during this crisis disgusted his adherents. Yet many still upheld his pretensions as embodying the principles of Legitimism. In his comfortable retirement at Frohsdorf, where he maintained a stately court as a king in exile, he entertained courteously all who came from France. He enjoyed sport, following the hunt in a carriage, but occupied his mind chiefly with ecclesiastical antiquities, acquiring a remarkable acquaintance with the shrines of all countries and the religious relics they contained. The imperial court of France always treated him with deep respect, as a means of conciliating the old nobility, who kept aloof from the Tuileries, and after a while he seemed to be completely forgotten. When he abandoned the hope of having children, not only was the chief motive for establishing his claim to the throne taken away from him, but a deterrent sentiment took its place. Like all his family, Chambord hated the house of Orleans. The fall of the empire in 1870 drew him from his retirement at the age of fifty to resume the active role of a pretender. The crown was almost thrust upon him by his energetic partisans, and the dangers threatening the Church gave his cause a political significance which was lacking in 1848-52, but he performed his part in a more reluctant, vacillating, and half-hearted way than before. After Sedan, he issued from Geneva a manifesto bewailing the fate of France, rather than announcing his candidacy. The royalists were politically active in the midst of the war, and the precipitate election of February, 1871, they turned to their advantage.

After the suppression of the Commune, the Comte resided for a time in his castle at Chambord. He wrote a series of letters disclaiming any intention of abolishing the tricolor, or rep. resentative government, or political equality, or of reviving church tithes. After launching a second manifesto, he withdrew to Marienbad. On the understanding that the Comte de Chambord would accept the crown as a constitutional monarch, and would appoint the Comte de Paris his heir, the Legitimists pursued their efforts to undermine the Thiers republic, and in the winter of 1872 they went to Bruges to pay homage to the pretender. Thiers declared that he would prosecute the actors in this demonstration, and have Chambord escorted across the frontier if he showed himself in France. On May 24, 1873, the royalist cabal overthrew Thiers, and on the 5th of August the Comte de Paris went to Frohsdorf in acknowledgment of the claims of the head

of the family. In October the Comte de Chambord was at Versailles, and everything was ready for the coup de main which his friends urged upon him. The royalist majority in the Assembly would hail him King by acclamation, if he would only enter the hall and declare himself; while Marshal MacMahon stood ready to uphold his rights with the But he shrank from such a course, army. perceiving that the French people were not in sympathy with the restoration of the Bourbons. A deputation from the Right waited upon him at Salzburg and made a formal offer of the crown in the name of the parliamentary majority. The Prince, racked by the old questions, wavered and vacillated as before. To the delegates he replied that he accepted the crown, and would leave it to the National Assembly to frame a Constitution. His friends supposed that all difficulties were removed, and state carriages and decorations were ready on the 25th of October for the solemn entry of the King. Six days later his official organ, L'Union, published a manifesto declaring that he would never disown the white flag of Henri IV, or consent to become "the King of the Revolution." The re

The Orleanists were indignant. publicans praised the Prince for his consistency of character and firmness of principle. The slender group of pure royalists clung still closer to the Comte de Chambord.

The Royal Succession.-The legitimate successor to the French throne is now the Comte de Paris, chief of the Orleans branch, who was formally accepted as such in the meeting between the heads of the two houses at Frohsdorf in 1883. Still the question can be raised by the dwindling party which adheres to the principles of feudalism and absolutism, whether the Spanish Bourbons, who are the eldest branch by descent, do not come legally next in the order of succession, since they are cut off from the Spanish throne.

The cadet branch of Orleans is almost as old as the Bourbon dynasty, being sprung from Philippe, Duke of Örleans, second son of Louis XIII, who was the son and successor of Henri IV, the first of the line. All the other living Bourbons are descended from Louis XIV, the elder son of Louis XIII. The appended genealogical table on page 107 exhibits the relationship of the various branches of the Bourbon family.

The house of Orleans has many living members, descended from Louis Philippe. His eldest son, who was accidentally killed, July 13, 1842, left two sons; the eldest, Louis Philippe, Comte de Paris, born Aug. 28, 1838, has a son, Louis Philippe Robert, born Feb. 6, 1869. His brother, the Duc de Chartres, has two sons. His uncle, the Duc de Némours, has sons and grandsons; and of his other uncles, the Prince de Joinville, the Duc de Montpensier, and the Duc d'Aumale, the two former have male issue.