CHANZY, Antoine Eugène Alfred, a French general, died in Chalôns, January 4th. He was born at Nouart, in the Ardennes, on the 18th of March, 1823. His father was a captain of cuirassiers. He entered the navy at the age of sixteen, and a year and a half later joined a regiment of artillery; was then received into the Academy of St. Cyr, and in 1843 was commissioned sub-lieutenant of zouaves, was given a lieutenancy in the line in 1848, became captain in 1851, and was then appointed chief of the Arab bureau in Hemsan. He became chief of battalion in 1856, fought in the Italian campaign, and as lieutenant-colonel took part in the Syrian expedition. Being promoted to a colonelcy, he commanded a regiment stationed at Rome, and in 1864 was transferred back to Algiers, and became general of brigade and commandant, first of Bel-Abbes and then of Hemsan.

At the beginning of the German war he went to Paris, and asked to be assigned to a command, but Marshal Leboeuf ignored him.

After the surrender of the imperial army at Sedan, and the investment of Paris, when the Government of National Defense marshaled the raw bodies made up of the remaining fighting material of the country, in the hope of still redeeming vanquished France, Chanzy was made a general of division, as most of the superior officers of the army were prisoners of war. After the retirement of General d'Aurelle de Paladines he was selected by Gambetta as "the true soldier revealed by events" to lead this second Army of the Loire in its stubborn resistance.

He has been spoken of as the one great soldier produced by France in 1870-'71, and the magnificent stand he made against the

Philippe V. of Spain, Duc d'Anjou (d. 1746).

Charles III. of Spain (d. 1788).

Don Carlos (d. 1853).

Don Carlos (b. 1822).

Don Carlos
(b. 1848).

Prince Jaime
(b. 1870).
[principal line
of Spain].

Ferdinand I. (d. 1825). [Branch of the Two Sicilies.]

Philippe (d. 1785). [Ducal line of Parma.]

The Infante Gabriel (d. 1788). [Cadet branch of Spain, represented by the children of the Infante Sebastian.]

Philippe, Duc d'Orleans (d. 1701).

Philippe, Duc d'Orleans, the Regent (d. 1723).

Louis Joseph
Philippe
(d. 1798).

Louis Philippe,
King of the
French
(d. 1850).
[Branch of
Orleans.]

huge German forces in the region of the Loire gained the respect and admiration of Europe. The quality of his troops at this time was of the poorest, and discipline scarcely existed.

With Chanzy in immediate command under the direction of Gen. d'Aurelle, a new spirit was breathed into this mass. The Sixteenth Corps, joined with the Fifteenth, was now given the name of the Army of the Loire, and, by Nov. 1, 1870, it held the country to the north of the river, between Beaugency, Blois, and Marchenoir. D'Aurelle now resolved to march on Orleans, which had been captured by a raid from Paris, and, if possible, to cut off a Bavarian detachment, which was the only hostile body in his path. For this purpose he advanced his two corps, combining his operations with a French division which was to descend on Orleans from the upper Loire. These movements led to the battle of Coulmiers, the one French victory gained in the war, and though, owing to the delay of the distant French wing, the Bavarians contrived to effect their escape, they were rudely handled and badly beaten. Chanzy was in command of the French left, but, through the mistake of a cavalry leader, his operations were not brilliant.

The apparition of a victorious army perplexed the counsels of the Germans at Versailles; and it is now known that the French commander might have struck with great effect. The Bavarian detachment, not 20,000 strong, was literally the only hostile force between D'Aurelle and the capital of France, and had that general advanced boldly with his 60,000 or 70,000 men, he would almost certainly have crushed Von der Tann, very probably have defeated the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, who was hurriedly sent off with a

few thousand men to attempt to reach his Bavarian colleague, and might possibly have raised the siege of Paris, for Von Moltke contemplated even this contingency. D'Aurelle, however, fell back on Orleans, his object being to make the position an intrenched camp of formidable strength, and a base for future offensive movements. Chanzy protested against this, urged his chief to advance to the line of the Coulie and be ready to assume the offensive, and especially entreated him to attack in detail Von der Tann, the Grand Duke, and Prince Frederick Charles, as, gathering together from wide distances and presenting their flanks to their collected enemy, these generals slowly converged on Orleans.

By the close of November, the Fifteenth

ANTOINE EUGÈNE ALFRED CHANZY.

and Sixteenth Corps had been reenforced by the Seventeenth, the Eighteenth, and the Twentieth, and the French army, 200,000 strong, filled the region around and in front of Orleans. The purpose of D'Aurelle was to await the attack of the enemy in his intrenched camp. Gambetta, however, believing himself as capable of directing armies as he was of levying troops, having heard that Trochu was about to make a great effort to break out of Paris, insisted upon a general movement in the very teeth of Prince Frederick Charles.

For this purpose the Eighteenth Corps was prematurely thrown forward on Beaune-laRolande, the Twentieth failing to give it support, while the Fifteenth, the Sixteenth, and the Seventeenth were ordered to make what really was a flank march within reach of a foe at this moment all but concentrated. The Eighteenth Corps was at once defeated; and then the Prince, by a masterly movement, combined with his supports on the left, fell on the French center, the Fifteenth Corps, and shattered it after a brave resistance. This stroke forced Chanzy, who up to this time had gained slight advantages, to fall back with the Sixteenth on the Seventeenth Corps; the German commander followed up his success with energy and skill, and the result was that the Fif

teenth Corps was all but ruined as a military force; Orleans and the intrenched camp were carried, and the Army of the Loire was rent in twain, the Eighteenth and Twentieth Corps being driven across the river, while the Sixteenth and Seventeenth and the wreck of the Fifteenth were rallied by Chanzy on the northern bank. A succession of false movements had inflicted a ruinous defeat on France; neither the defensive strategy of D'Aurelle nor the bolder plans of his able lieutenant had had a chance to be carried out.

D'Aurelle was dismissed. The divided parts of the Army of the Loire were separated into two bodies, the first army given to Bourbaki, and the second remaining under Chanzy, whose forces had been strengthened by the Twenty-first Corps, and by a flying column from Tours. By Dec. 6th he had placed the army between Marchenoir, Josnes, and Beaugency, having skillfully chosen a strong defensive line, with his flanks covered by a great forest and the Loire. He was forthwith attacked by Prince Frederick Charles, who, having entered Orleans on the 4th and 5th, turned against the enemy hanging on his flank, no doubt confident of easy success; but his calculations were completely baffled. In a series of stern and sustained engagements, Chanzy for four days repelled his assailant, inflicting considerable loss, and though the Prince was reënforced from Orleans by a detachment under the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, he made no impression on his heroic enemy, until a demonstration from the Loire and Blois placed a German corps on the French rear.

Chanzy's skill was not more remarkable than his confidence and tenacious energy; his presence electrified his young levies, and from this moment he held absolute sway over the hearts of officers and men. The astonish

ing efforts which he made once more disconcerted the strategists of Versailles. The great sortie from Paris had, no doubt, failed; but it had cost the Germans thousands of lives, and the proud city still defied its enemy. D'Aurelle had succumbed with Orleans; but a fresh army had arisen from the wreck, and it had found a chief who could make it accomplish feats that seemed impossible to professional soldiers.

While Chanzy was making his heroic stand, exposed to the whole weight of his enemy's force, Bourbaki did nothing, and declared that he could not detach a man from his quarters at Bourges to aid his colleague. This remissness enabled the Germans to make the movement along the Loire which endangered the flank of Chanzy when it had been found impossible to break his front, and it compelled him to leave his position. The great object of the French Government was to direct a relieving force on Paris, already besieged for four months. Accordingly, Chanzy resolved to ascend from the Loire toward the capital by the northwest, and by the 13th of December the French army was in position around Vendôme.

On Dec. 15th Chanzy was attacked again, Prince Frederick Charles having rightly judged that he was the foe to strike down at all cost. The French made a gallant resistance; but on the second day their right wing was turned, and shattered by an attack in flank. Chanzy decided on a retreat to Le Mans, a strong position upon the Huisne, and a strategic point of no little value, his object being still to attain Paris. He drew off his army without difficulty, and having been re-enforced by a Breton detachment, he reached Le Mans on Dec. 20th. During three weeks of incessant fighting he had held the main German army at bay. Haying soon established his army on the Huisne, he threw out posts to the Bruye and the Loire. Meanwhile Prince Frederick Charles had fallen back, holding a long line from Chartres to Orleans, his worn-out troops being in sore distress. A panse in the contest now occurred.

The position of France was very far from hopeless, but another interference of Gambetta's brought disaster. He rejected the judicious scheme of the general, and adopted the fatal project of detaching the First Army far to the east in order to raise the siege of Belfort and reach the German communications with the Rhine. Bourbaki, thus sent off to destruction amid the snows of the Jura, freed Prince Frederick Charles from an enemy on his flank, and enabled him to turn his whole forces against the one chief he had found invincible. Drawing together his army and that of the Grand Duke, the German commanders in the first week in January began to move toward Le Mans and the Huisne. The advanced posts of Chanzy were gradually driven in, though not without a tenacious resistance; but his trust was in his positions on the Huisne, which he had strengthened with remarkable skill, and

he fell back on them with unabated confidence. He had still 90,000 men, against 60,000 or 70,000 Germans; but his troops were not to be compared to their foes. The attack began on Jan. 10th, but the decisive effort was made next day; and the Prince struck home with his full strength. The defense was stern and sustained; Chanzy's tenacity, and his strong positions, made up for the defects of his soldiers, and after ten hours of desperate fighting the French were still in possession of their lines.

A sudden attack, made after nightfall, by a German corps, discomfited the Breton levies, and placed a hostile force on Chanzy's flank. Scenes of confusion and panic followed, an effort to drive away the enemy failed; and Chanzy was compelled to make a general retreat. Although part of the French army disbanded, and several thousand were taken prisoners, it was in tolerable order within two days. By the 20th, having been scarcely pursued, so heavy had been the loss of the Germans, Chanzy was once more in a good position, around Laval and upon the Mayenne, and having been joined by a new corps, he still expected to make, as quickly as possible, good use of his force, and to march to the relief of Paris. But the fall of that city on Jan. 28th, and the catastrophe of Bourbaki's army, prevented him from attempting that march. He received the thanks of the Assembly at Versailles, and held afterward high coinmand.

After the close of the war he was elected deputy to the National Assembly for Ardennes, and became the leader of the Left Center, declaring in favor of the republic from "patriotic and rational" grounds. Gen. Chanzy was reputed to be attached to the cause of the Orleanist monarchists, and it is certain that through his secret protection the Orleans princes entered the army under assumed names, and fought in the final campaign. After he was appointed on the committee of defense, on July 29, 1872, and placed in command of the Seventh Army Corps, he took no further part in political discussions.

On June 15, 1873, he was appointed Governor-General of Algeria, where he had difficulties with his subordinates, and declared a state of siege in the commune of Algiers. On Dec. 10, 1875, he was made a Senator, and in the election for President on Jan. 30, 1879, received 99 votes. On Feb. 18, 1879, he was appointed embassador to St. Petersburg, his political activity and ambition having awakened distrust in France. He was a persona grata at the Russian court, and his suspected royalist proclivities led to his recall toward the close of 1881. From Feb. 19, 1882, he commanded the Sixth Army Corps at Châlons.

CHEMISTRY. Chemical research during 1883 can not be said to have exhibited very marked progress in any one department, nor has it yielded much that is particularly striking in the way of new discoveries. There has been clearly apparent, however, on the part of those

devoted to the advancement of chemistry, a disposition to test the later results of investigation, with a view to the elimination of error, and the compacting and strengthening of the foundations of the science. This is seen in the study and discussion, by eminent authorities, of such questions as the variability of the law of definite proportions; the principles that should govern in the simplification and extension of the nomenclature; the revision of atomic weights; and the verification of old and the introduction of new and improved methods of analysis; while much valuable work has also been done in simplifying and perfecting methods and processes in the several departments of practical and applied chemistry. Chemical Philosophy. In a paper presented to the Chemical Society of Paris, Boutlerow alluded to the announcement by Schützenberger, that in analyzing some hydrocarbons, the sum of the carbon and hydrogen was 101 for 100 parts of material; the result under other conditions being normal. The question thus raised, as to whether the law of definite proportions may not, like Boyle's and Mariotte's laws, vary within small limits, Boutlerow has undertaken to examine by a series of experiments. If we disregard the physicist's theory that atoms are definite indivisible particles, the atomic weight of an element represents merely that weight of matter which carries a fixed quantity of chemical energy. The quantity of forms of energy other than chemical is not determined by the mass of the portion of matter in which they reside. The energy may increase while the mass remains the same, as when the velocity of a moving body increases, and it is supposable that chemical energy varies similarly to a very slight extent. This would make possible a variation in the composition of compounds, but the varieties would be identical as far as their chemical properties are concerned. The properties of a compound result simply from the reciprocal action of the mutually saturated combined elements, and this state of saturation would remain unchanged in these varieties, since the quantities of chemical energy acting on each side are still the same, only the mass of the carriers changing. This paper was followed by a statement from Schützenberger of his views on the subject. His researches would seem to show that within the very narrow range through which a body may vary in composition, is a ratio which gives the maximum stability, and this ratio represents the normal composition. Crystallization imposes a rigid constancy of combining proportions, but the composition of bodies can generally be varied by varying the circumstances under which they are formed. Among the cases enumerated by Schützenberger are the following: 1. Hydrocarbons, such as are obtained from Caucasian petroleum, or even turpentine, when burned in a combustion-tube with CuO and a current of oxygen, show always a loss of carbon of 1 to 11 per cent. when effected at a low

temperature and under circumstances where no carbonous oxide or empyreumatic products could escape. 2. When diamond is burned at a high temperature in pure oxygen, the carbon dioxide formed has oxidizing properties which it does not possess when produced by the combustion of an organic compound at the expense of CuO. 3. Barium carbonate obtained by precipitating baryta-water pure, boiling, by an excess of CO2, washing and drying at 100°, then at 440°, contains, as Berzelius showed, 21.7 per cent. CO, for 78.5 per cent. BaO. Heated to a red heat in a current of dry oxygen, it increases considerably in weight without losing CO2; and the product gives 22.0 to 22:05 of CO, to 76'6 of BaO. 4. Numerous analyses of metallic oxides show variation in composition within narrow limits, according to their mode of formation. HgO derived from the nitrate produces, in oxidizing formic acid, more carbon dioxide than the precipitated oxide. Ferric oxide obtained from the nitrate gives the atomic weight 54 for Fe, from the formula Fe,O,; while the ferric oxide obtained by roasting ferrous oxalate gives 56. The same differences are observed with tin, manganese, lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper oxides.

Prof. A. W. Williamson, in his address at the British Association, on “Chemical Nomenclature," remarked that the chief object songht in the nomenclature had been to state in a name, as briefly as possible, certain important facts. The first condition and requirement of a name was that it should call to mind, without ambiguity, some particular thing or one particular idea. The more a name could be defined and shortened the better it would be for chemistry. In the modern progress of the scienceparticularly in the department of the carbon compounds-the purpose of obtaining clearness and avoiding ambiguity in the nomenclature had been, with few exceptions, satisfactorily attained; but the chief object of convenience had not been reached to an equal extent in giving names to some of the more complex compounds. Some of the names told their story in a manner really free from any ambiguity, but in a very long and inconvenient word. On the other hand, the systematic process had been adopted to a considerably less degree in the names of common substances, which in the case of the older names were based upon facts indeed, but upon facts which were by no means the only ones to be recalled. Other names had grown up which were purely empirical, which did not recall any particular properties, but seemed with great convenience and without ambiguity to indicate the body. It was sometimes proper to change a name under the sanction of new information, but this should be done as little as possible, especially when a name once given had come to be used in relation to a particular substance. When changes tended to introduce confusion, they were necessarily injurious to the progress of

science. The best way to obtain a name was as the result of experiment, and then there could be no ambiguity. Names intended to indicate molecular constitution had better be avoided, because investigations in this direction had not arrived at finality. The chemists of fifty years ago were as confident as the chemists of the present day in the matter of nomenclature; and therefore the more they could obtain names without ambiguity and without liability to change in the future, the more probable was it that such natues would stand and continue to be used.

New Substances.-Jannay, working under the direction of Von Meyer, has produced, by the action of hydroxylamine upon various ketones, a new class of organic bodies which he calls acetoxims. The term acetoxim is applied to a body containing the group CNOH= combined on both sides with carbon. If hydrogen saturates on one side, a body is formed to which Jannay gives the name aldoxim. The simplest acetoxim is dimethyl-acetoxim, CH,-CNOHCH,, or acetoxin proper, analogous to dimethylketone or acetone, and is produced by the action of hydroxylamine upon acetone in the cold in aqueous solution. It is easily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, fuses at 59° to 60°, and boils at 134-8°. Petraczek bas studied the aldoxims in the same laboratory, and describes ethyl-aldoxim C,H,NO, or CH-CNOH-HI, and others. They are formed by the action of hydroxylamine upon the respective aldehydes.

Von Lippmann has examined the incrustations formed upon the pans in which beet-juice is evaporated. Besides finding in them citric, aconitic, tricarballylic, and malonic acids, he has isolated a new acid, which was obtained by fractional solution in ether and evaporation. The resulting sirup, after standing two years, became a mass of needle-shaped crystals soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and having the formula C.H.Os. The acid is tribasic, and appears to be identical with the oxycitric acid described by Pawolleck as obtained from chlorcitric acid.

softens at about 30° without melting, and is quite stable when kept in close tubes. Its composition is represented by the formula SO,Te, and it is decomposed by water into tellurium, tellurium monoxide, tellurous acid, sulphurous and sulphuric acid. It appears to exist in two modifications, as the red variety is at 90° converted instantaneously into a brown substance of identically the same composition.

Victor Meyer was led by certain observations to the conclusion that some difference existed between the benzene obtained from coal-tar and that from benzoic acid. He continued his experiments, and succeeded in isolating from coal-tar benzene a peculiar substance containing sulphur, which he calls thiophene. It is a light, limpid, very mobile oil, with a slight odor suggesting that of benzene. It does not solidify in a mixture of ice and salt. It dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid, giving a deep-brown solution. Its derivatives under the action of various reagents resemble the corresponding derivatives of benzene, and their constitution is similar, except that they are derived from a mother-substance containing sulphur. It is stable toward alkalies and even toward the alkali metals. All commercial benzene contains thiophene.

Dr. Albert R. Leeds has formed from the union of oenanthol with the aromatic bases the oils of closely related physical properties, oenantholaniline, a reddish mobile oil of pleasant ethereal smell, oenantholxylidine and cenantholnaphthylamine. The ethereal smell of the latter oil is very pronounced and agreeable, and resembles the odor of pineapple. The processes of the formation of these substances are accompanied by great energy and a remarkable elevation of temperature. The compounds are permanent, and can be sublimed with only partial decomposition. By the sublimation of xylidinacrolein was obtained an oil with an unpleasant smell and very bitter taste, which forms crystalline salts with sulphuric, hydrochloric, and other acids. From the hydrochloric salt was obtained an oil of reddish color and unpleasant smell, having the composition of cryptidine. This is the first attempt to isolate this member of the pyridine series, only its salts having been obtained before, and it is of further interest as being accomplished by a process of synthesis.